Chapter-1,2, Biology-Introduction.pptx biolo

Biology

1. Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan , Jaipur B.Tech . IV Semester Biology 4EE2-01 Credit: 2 Max. Marks: 100 (IA: 20 , ETE: 80) Presented by Prof. Archana Saxena Department of Chemistry

2. RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA I V Semester Electrical Engineering 4EE2-01: Biology Credit: 2 2 L Max. Marks: 1 00 ( IA: 2 , ETE: 8 ) End Term Exam: 3 Hours SN CONTENTS Hours 1 Introduction: Objective, scope and outcome of the course. 1 2 Introduction: Purpose: To convey that Biology is as important a scientific discipline as Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. Bring out the fundamental differences between science and engineering by drawing a comparison between eye and camera, Bird flying and aircraft. Mention the most exciting aspect of biology as an independent scientific discipline. Why we need to study biology? Discuss how biological observations of 18th Century that lead to major discoveries. Examples from Brownian motion and the origin of thermodynamics by referring to the original observation of Robert Brown and Julius Mayor. These examples will highlight the fundamental importance of observations in any scientific inquiry.         1 3 Classification: Purpose: To convey that classification per se is not what biology is all about. The underlying criterion, such as morphological, biochemical or ecological be highlighted. Hierarchy of life forms at phenomenological level. A common thread weaves this hierarchy Classification. Discuss classification based on (a) cellularity- Unicellular or multicellular (b) ultrastructureprokaryotes or eucaryotes . (c) energy and Carbon utilization -Autotrophs, heterotrophs, lithotropes (d) Ammonia excretion- aminotelic , uricotelic , ureotelic (e) Habitata - acquatic or terrestrial (e) Molecular taxonomy- three major kingdoms of life. A given organism can come under different category based on classification. Model organisms for the study of biology come from different groups. E.coli , S.cerevisiae , D. Melanogaster, C. elegance, A. Thaliana, M. musculus         3

3. S. No. CONTENTS Hours 4. Genetics: Purpose: To convey that “Genetics is to biology what Newton’s laws are to Physical Sciences”. Mendel’s laws, Concept of segregation and independent assortment. Concept of allele. Gene mapping, Gene interaction, Epistasis. Meiosis and Mitosis be taught as a part of genetics. Emphasis to be give not to the mechanics of cell division nor the phases but how genetic material passes from parent to offspring. Concepts of recessiveness and dominance. Concept of mapping of phenotype to genes. Discuss about the single gene disorders in humans. Discuss the concept of complementation using human genetics.       3 5. Biomolecules: Purpose: To convey that all forms of life has the same building blocks and yet the manifestations are as diverse as one can imagine. Molecules of life. In this context discuss monomeric units and polymeric structures. Discuss about sugars, starch and cellulose. Amino acids and proteins. Nucleotides and DNA/RNA. Two carbon units and lipids.     3 6. Enzymes: Purpose: To convey that without catalysis life would not have existed on earth. Enzymology: How to monitor enzyme catalysed reactions. How does an enzyme catalyse reactions? Enzyme classification. Mechanism of enzyme action. Discuss at least two examples. Enzyme kinetics and kinetic   3 7. Information Transfer: Purpose: The molecular basis of coding and decoding genetic information is universal. Molecular basis of information transfer. DNA as a genetic material. Hierarchy of DNA structure- from single stranded to double helix to nucleosomes. Concept of genetic code. Universality and degeneracy of genetic code. Define gene in terms of complementation and recombination.     3

4. CONTENTS Hours 8. Macromolecular analysis: Purpose: To analyse biological processes at the reductionistic level. Proteins- structure and function. Hierarch in protein structure. Primary secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. Proteins as enzymes, transporters, receptors and structural elements.   4 9. Metabolism: Purpose: The fundamental principles of energy transactions are the same in physical and biological world. Thermodynamics as applied to biological systems. Exothermic and endothermic versus endergonic and exergonic reactions. Concept of Keq and its relation to standard free energy. Spontaneity. ATP as an energy currency. This should include the breakdown of glucose to CO2 + H2O (Glycolysis and Krebs cycle) and synthesis of glucose from CO2 and H2O (Photosynthesis). Energy yielding and energy consuming reactions. Concept of Energy charge.       4 10. Microbiology: Concept of single celled organisms. Concept of species and strains. Identification and classification of microorganisms. Microscopy. Ecological aspects of single celled organisms. Sterilization and media compositions. Growth kinetics.   3

5. Introduction: Objectives, scope and outcomes of the course

6. Objectives In this century of biology, significant advances in the understanding and application of biological systems are expected. The significant impact on the world is expected in terms of better healthcare, better processes, better products and overall better quality of life. Any engineer has a high probability of using the disciplinary skills towards designing/improving biological systems in the future.

7. Scope With the upcoming focus in the future on nanotechnology, bioelectronics and smart electronic systems, an understanding of biology will be fundamental to the development of these new systems for all engineering majors. Engineering biology will use biological phenomena to illustrate concepts relevant to engineers. Biological systems are considered to be very much efficient and their correlation with engineering majors will improve the overall scenario.

8. Scope Visions of engineering in the new century identifies the area of bioengineering, biotechnology and nanotechnology as technology drivers that will fuel advancements to improve the quality of our lives. The time is ripe enough to broaden the engineering education by including the understanding the biology, so that we can efficiently work in engineering interdisciplinary research areas on genomics, nanotechnology, smart electronic system, renewable energy and so many others

9. Applications Several industries like process, manufacturing, production have developed by adopting new technologies received from knowledge of biology. Using the knowledge of biology and engineering has allowed us very well for identification of some important modules. Life Matrix: This draws analogies between biological and electronic substrate, information processes, transport and control elements. Biological circuits and biological information theory: Uses the biological information theory and the exploration of biomolecules and DNA based finite state machines to conduct simple computing machines.

10. Signal transduction: Uses cellular signalling pathways that resemble electronic circuits. Proteins and protein kinase cascade (enzyme transfer) act as amplifier or switches. Central systems and feed back controls: Control loops are found everywhere and can be found from transcriptional and physiological control (bacterial and antagonistic hormones) Sensors and detectors: Conveys elements of communication circuits in bacterial system as well as our immune systems using computer security system analogy. Human genome system focuses on enabling technology advancements in computing informatics, water manufacturing as well as novel computational tools.

11. Biology for engineers Physics explains the working of natural world, and maths attempts to idealize the world. Chemistry and biology are descriptive sciences rely on memorization of volumes of descriptive facts and nomenclature. Engineering = Science + Arts Scientific knowledge used by engineers is classified and organized in a way that allows easy recall when the art component of engineering requires it

12. Science and Engineering About knowing About doing Synthesis of knowledge by understanding nature’s law Application of knowledge to transform nature for serving people Studies what is Studies what never was Both streams complement each other

13. Examples of association between science and engineering Avian adaptation of flying to develop aircrafts The fundamental of flight in aircraft is similar to that of bird. Aircrafts were designed in the shape of bird. As birds position their legs close to the body while taking off and flying, similarly wheels of the airplane hide inside the body after taking off and lowered during landing. Airplane also uses its wings to change the directions like birds.

14. Structure of eye in development of camera Camera resembles the human eye EYE CAMERA Eye lid Shutter Iris Diaphragm Pupil Aperture Lens Camera lens Retina Light sensitive film

15. In both the cases image formed is small and inverted

16. Biology and its applications Biology covers the following areas: Genetic transfer Relationship between diet and disease Development of new food plants Use of advanced knowledge in the field of medicine, agriculture and industry. Ecological aspects: relation between living and non living.

17. Various aspects of biology Molecular biology : Production of food and protection of health. Agricultural process : For crop production and to kill harmful insects. Medical field : Causes of diseases, curing diseases and formulating drugs. Industries : Fishing, pearl and silk industries have developed by knowledge received from biology. Biotechnology: The science dealing with the industrial scale production of pharmaceuticals and biological compounds using genetically modified organisms such as plants, animals, fungi and bacteria.

18. Examples from 18 th century that lead to major discoveries Brownian motion: A random movement of microscopic particles suspended in liquid or gases resulting from the impact of molecules of fluids surrounding the particles. No preferential direction of flow exists in transport phenomena. This motion was named after a botanist Robert Brown in 1827 while looking through the microscope the pollens of a plant Clarkia pulchella . Einstein in 1905 explained that the motion was the result of the pollen being moved by individual water molecules. This explanation served as evidence that atoms and molecules exist.

19. Concept of Thermodynamics In 1842 Julius Mayer proposed the concept of conservation of energy, which was later known as first law of thermodynamics. He described oxidation as the primary source of energy. Plants convert light energy to chemical energy. Plants take in one form of energy (light) and converts it in another form of energy (Organic substance).

20. THANKS