Chapter-1.3-Four-Basic-Computer-periods.pptx

information age summary

1. Chapter 1. Intro to Information and Communication Technology Course Learning Outcomes Create a brief history of the information Technology Intended Learning Outcomes Summarize key events in the history of information technology; Discover the milestone of information and communication technology and its impact and issues; and Explain the role of technology in media and how it affects communication

2. LESSON 1.3 FOUR BASIC COMPUTER PERIODS There are 4 main ages that divide up the history of information technology. Only the latest age (electronic) and some of the electromechanical age really affects us today, but it is important to learn about how we got to the point we are at with technology today. Information technology has been around for a long time. Basically, as long as people have been around, information technology has been around because there were always ways of communicating through technology available at that point in time.

3. LESSON 1.2 Four Basic Computer Periods 1. Pre-mechanical Age (3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D.) The pre-mechanical age is the earliest age of information technology. In 3000 B.C., the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (what is today southern Iraq) devised a writing system. The system, called cuneiform, used signs corresponding to spoken sounds, instead of pictures, to express words. When humans first started communicating, they would try to use language or simple pictures or drawings known as petroglyphs, which were usually carved in rock. Early alphabets were developed such as the Phoenician alphabet.

4. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods As alphabets became more popular and more people were writing information down, pens and paper began to be developed. It started off as just marks in wet clay, but later paper was created out of papyrus plant. The most popular kind of paper made was probably by the Chinese who made paper from rags. Now that people were writing a lot of information down, they needed ways to keep it all in permanent storage. This is where the first books and libraries are developed. Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest "books"" a collection of rectangular clay tablets, inscribed with cuneiform and packaged in labeled containers — in their personal "libraries."

5. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. The Egyptians kept scrolls - sheets of papyrus wrapped around a shaft of wood. Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together. The dictionary and encyclopedia made their appearance about the same time. The Greeks are also credited with developing the first truly public libraries around 500 B.C. Also during this period were the first numbering systems. Around 100A.D. was when the first 1-9 system was created by people from India. However, it wasn’t until 875A.D. (775 years later) that the number zero (0) was invented. And yes now that numbers were created, people wanted stuff to do with them so they created calculators. A calculator was the very first sign of an information processor. The popular model of that time was the abacus.

6. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. THE TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE PRE-MECHANICAL AGE Around 2000 B.C. , Phoenicians further simplified writing by creating symbols that expressed single syllables and consonants WRITING AND ALPHABETS In 3000 B.C., Sumerians devised a writing system called “cuneiform ”

7. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. The Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today WRITING AND ALPHABETS In The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels

8. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. About 2600 B.C., Egyptians discovered that they could write on the papyrus plant 2. PAPER AND PENS Sumerians use stylus for their input technology. Around 100 A.D., Chinese developed techniques for making paper from rags, on which modern-day papermaking is based

9. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. 3. BOOKS AND LIBRARIES: PERMANENT STORAGE DEVICES Sumerians use stylus for their input Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest "books"" a collection of rectangular clay tablets, inscribed with cuneiform and packaged in labeled containers — in their personal "libraries." . The Egyptians kept scrolls - sheets of papyrus wrapped around a shaft of wood.

10. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. 3. BOOKS AND LIBRARIES: PERMANENT STORAGE DEVICES Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together. The dictionary and encyclopedia made their appearance about the same time. The Greeks are also credited with developing the first truly public libraries around 500 B.C. .

11. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. 4. THE FIRST NUMBERING SYSTEM The Egyptians struggled with a system that depicted the numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom. The first numbering systems similar to those in use today were invented between 100 and 200 A.D. by Hindus in India who created a nine-digit numbering system. Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was developed. It was through the Arab traders that today's numbering system — 9 digits plus a 0 — made its way to Europe sometime in the 12th century. .

12. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. 5. THE FIRST CALCULATOR The existence of a counting tool called the abacus, one of the very first information processors, permitted people to "store" numbers temporarily and to perform calculations using beads strung on wires. It continued to be an important tool throughout the Middle Ages. .

13. LESSON 1.2 Four Basic Computer Periods 2. Mechanical Age (1450 – 1840) The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections between our current technology and its ancestors. A lot of new technologies are developed in this era as there is a large explosion in interest with this area. Johann Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany, invented the movable metal-type printing process in 1450 and sped up the process of composing pages from weeks to a few minutes. The printing press made written information much more accessible to the general public by reducing the time and cost that it took to reproduce written material. In the early 1600s, William Oughtred , an English clergyman, invented the slide rule, a device that allowed the user to multiply and divide by sliding two pieces of precisely machines and scribed wood against each other. The slide rule is an early example of an analog computer — an instrument that measures instead of counts.

14. LESSON 1.2 Four Basic Computer Periods Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician, invented the Pascaline around 1642 which was a very popular mechanical computer; it used a series of wheels and cogs to add and subtract numbers. An eccentric English mathematician named Charles Babbage, frustrated by mistakes, set his mind to create a machine that could both calculate numbers and print the results. In the 1820s, he was able to produce a working model of his first attempt, which he called the Difference Engine, the name was based on a method of solving mathematical equations called the "method of differences". Made of toothed wheels and shafts turned by a hand crank, the machine could do computations and create charts showing the squares and cubes of numbers. He had plans for a more complex Difference Engine but was never able to actually build it because of difficulties in obtaining funds, but he did create and leave behind detailed plans.

15. LESSON 1.2 Four Basic Computer Periods Designed during the 1830s by Babbage, the Analytical Engine had parts remarkably similar to modern-day computers. For instance, the Analytical Engine was to have a part called the "store," which would hold the numbers that had been inputted and the quantities that resulted after they had been manipulated. Babbage also planned to use punch cards to direct the operations performed by the machine — an idea he picked up from seeing the results that a French weaver named Joseph Jacquard had achieved using punched cards to automatically control the patterns that would be woven into cloth by a loom.

16. LESSON 1.2 Four Basic Computer Periods Lady Augusta Ada Byron helped Babbage design the instructions that would be given to the machine on punch cards and to describe, analyze, and publicize his ideas. She has been called the "first programmer". Babbage eventually was forced to abandon his hopes of building the Analytical Engine, once again because of a failure to find funding. There were lots of different machines created during this era and while we have not yet gotten to a machine that can do more than one type of calculation in one, like our modern-day calculators, we are still learning about how all of our all-in-one machines started. Also, if you look at the size of the machines invented in this time compared to the power behind them it seems (to us) absolutely ridiculous to understand why anybody would want to use them, but to the people living in that time all of these inventions were huge.

17. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. THE TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE MECHANICAL AGE 1. THE FIRST INFORMATION EXPLOSION Johann Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany, invented the movable metal-type printing process in 1450 and sped up the process of composing pages from weeks to a few minutes. The development of book indexes (alphabetically sorted lists of topics and names) and the widespread use of page numbers also made information retrieval a much easier task. These new techniques of organizing information would become valuable later in the development of files and databases.

18. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. THE TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE MECHANICAL AGE 2. MATH BY MACHINE The first general purpose "computers" were actually people who held the job title "computer: one who works with numbers." Difficulties in human errors were slowing scientists and mathematicians in their pursuit of greater knowledge. 3. Slide Rules, the Pascaline and Leibniz's Machine SLIDE RULE In the early 1600s, William Oughtred , an English clergyman, invented the slide rule, a device that allowed the user to multiply and divide by sliding two pieces of precisely machines and scribed wood against each other. The slide rule is an early example of an analog computer — an instrument that measures instead of counts.

19. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. THE TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE MECHANICAL AGE Blaise Pascal built one of the first mechanical computing machines as a teenage, around 1642. It was called a Pascaline , and it used a series of wheels and cogs to add and subtract numbers. Gottfried von Leibniz was able to improve on Pascal's machine in the 1670s by adding additional components that made multiplication and division easier. Pascaline LEiBNIZ’S MACHINE

20. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. THE TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE MECHANICAL AGE 4. BABBAGE’S MACHINES THE DIFFERENCE MACHINE In the 1820s, Charles Babbage was able to produce a working model of his first attempt, which he called the Difference Engine. Made of toothed wheels and shafts turned by a hand crank, the machine could do computations and create charts showing the squares and cubes of numbers.

21. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. THE TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE MECHANICAL AGE 4. BABBAGE’S MACHINES THE ANALYTICAL ENGINE Designed during the 1830s by Babbage, the Analytical Engine had parts remarkably similar to modern-day computers. Babbage also planned to use punch cards to direct the operations performed by the machine.

22. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. THE TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE MECHANICAL AGE 4. BABBAGE’S MACHINES THE ANALYTICAL AUGUSTA ADA BYRON She helped Babbage design the instructions that would be given to the machine on punch cards (for which she has been called the "first programmer") and to describe, analyze, and publicize his ideas. Babbage eventually was forced to abandon his hopes of building the Analytical Engine, once again because of a failure to find funding.

23. LESSON 1.2 Four Basic Computer Periods 3. THE ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE (1840 - 1940) Now we are finally getting close to some technologies that resemble our modern-day technology. The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this period. Knowledge and information could now be converted into electrical impulses. These are the beginnings of telecommunication. The discovery of a reliable method of creating and storing electricity, with a Voltaic Battery, at the end of the 18th century made possible a whole new method of communicating information. . The telegraph was created in the early 1800s. It is the first major invention to use electricity for communication purposes and made it possible to transmit information over great distances with great speed.

24. LESSON 1.2 Four Basic Computer Periods Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835. Morse devised a system that broke down information (in this case, the alphabet) into bits (dots and dashes) that could then be transformed into electrical impulses and transmitted over a wire (just as today's digital technologies break down information into zeros and ones). The telephone (one of the most popular forms of communication ever) was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. This was followed by the discovery that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an effect far from the point at which they originated. These two events led to the invention of the radio by Marconi in 1894..

25. LESSON 1.2 Four Basic Computer Periods By 1890, Herman Hollerith, a young man with a degree in mining engineering who worked in the Census Office in Washington, D.C., had perfected a machine that could automatically sort census cards into a number of categories using electrical sensing devices to "read" the punched holes in each card and thus count the millions of census cards and categorize the population into relevant groups. The company that he founded to manufacture and sell it eventually developed into the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). Howard Aiken, a Ph.D. student at Harvard University, decided to try to combine Hollerith's punched card technology with Babbage's dreams of a general-purpose, "programmable" computing machine. With funding from IBM, he built a machine known as the Mark I , which used paper tape to supply instructions (programs) to the machine tor manipulating data (input on paper punch cards), counters to store numbers, and electromechanical relays to help register results.

26. LESSON 1.2 Four Basic Computer Periods By 1890, Herman Hollerith, a young man with a degree in mining engineering who worked in the Census Office in Washington, D.C., had perfected a machine that could automatically sort census cards into a number of categories using electrical sensing devices to "read" the punched holes in each card and thus count the millions of census cards and categorize the population into relevant groups. The company that he founded to manufacture and sell it eventually developed into the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). Howard Aiken, a Ph.D. student at Harvard University, decided to try to combine Hollerith's punched card technology with Babbage's dreams of a general-purpose, "programmable" computing machine. With funding from IBM, he built a machine known as the Mark I , which used paper tape to supply instructions (programs) to the machine tor manipulating data (input on paper punch cards), counters to store numbers, and electromechanical relays to help register results.

27. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. THE TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE 1. THE BEGINNINGS OF TELECOMMUNICATION FIRST INFORMATION EXPLOSION VOLTAIC BATTERY The discovery of a reliable method of creating and storing electricity (with a voltaic battery) at the end of the 18th century made possible a whole new method of communicating information. TELEGRAPH The telegraph, the first major invention to use electricity for communication purposes, made it possible to transmit information over great distances with great speed.

28. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. THE TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE 1. THE BEGINNINGS OF TELECOMMUNICATION FIRST INFORMATION EXPLOSION MORSE CODE In 1835 by Samuel Morse devised a system that broke down information (in this case, the alphabet) into bits (dots and dashes) that could then be transformed into electrical impulses and transmitted over a wire (just as today's digital technologies break down information into zeros and ones).

29. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. THE TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE 1. THE BEGINNINGS OF TELECOMMUNICATION FIRST INFORMATION EXPLOSION TELEPHONE AND RADIO Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. This was followed by the discovery that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an effect far from the point at which they originated. These two events led to the invention of the radio by Marconi in 1894

30. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. THE TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE 2. Electromechanical computing Herman Hollerith and IBM By 1890, Herman Hollerith had perfected a machine that could automatically sort census cards into a number of categories using electrical sensing devices to "read" the punched holes in each card and thus count the millions of census cards and categorize the population into relevant groups. The company that he founded to manufacture and sell it eventually developed into the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).

31. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. THE TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE 2. Electromechanical computing MARK I Howard Aiken decided to try to combine Hollerith's punched card technology with Babbage's dreams of a general-purpose, "programmable" computing machine. With funding from IBM, he built a machine known as the Mark I, which used paper tape to supply instructions(programs) to the machine tor manipulating data (input on paper punch cards), counters to store numbers, and electromechanical relays to help register results.

32. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. THE TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE 2. Electromechanical computing MARK I Howard Aiken decided to try to combine Hollerith's punched card technology with Babbage's dreams of a general-purpose, "programmable" computing machine. With funding from IBM, he built a machine known as the Mark I, which used paper tape to supply instructions(programs) to the machine tor manipulating data (input on paper punch cards), counters to store numbers, and electromechanical relays to help register results.

33. LESSON 1.2 Four Basic Computer Periods 4. THE THE ELECTRONIC AGE (1940 - Present) The electronic age is what we currently live in. It can be defined as the time between 1940 and right now. The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. This computer was designed to be used by the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables. This machine was even bigger than the Mark 1 taking up 680 square feet and weighing 30 tons - HUGE. It mainly used vacuum tubes to do its calculations.

34. LESSON 1.2 Four Basic Computer Periods There are 4 main sections of digital computing. The first was the era of vacuum tubes and punch cards like the ENIAC and Mark 1. Rotating magnetic drums were used for internal storage. The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, punch cards were replaced with magnetic tape, and rotating magnetic drums were replaced by magnetic cores for internal storage. Also during this time high-level programming languages were created such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The third generation replaced transistors with integrated circuits, magnetic tape was used throughout all computers, and magnetic core turned into metal oxide semiconductors. An actual operating system showed up around this time along with the advanced programming language BASIC. The fourth and latest generation brought in CPUs (central processing units) which contained memory, logic, and control circuits all on a single chip. The personal computer was developed (Apple II). The graphical user interface (GUI) was developed.

35. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. THE TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE ELECTRONIC AGE First tries In the early 1940s, scientists around the world began to realize that electronic vacuum tubes, like the type used to create early radios, could be used to replace electromechanical parts. Eckert and mauchly 1. The First High-Speed, General-Purpose Computer Using Vacuum Tubes (ENIAC) John Mauchly and J. Prosper Eckert developed the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) in 1946. It could add, subtract, multiply and divide in milliseconds and calculate the trajectory of an artillery round in about 20 seconds .

36. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. THE TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE ELECTRONIC AGE 2. THE FIRST STORED-PROGRAM COMPUTER A problem with the ENIAC was that the machine had no means of storing program instructions in its memory - to change the instructions, the machine would literally have to be rewired. Mauchly and Eckert began to design the  EDVAC - the Electronic Discreet Variable Computer  -to address this problem. John von Neumann joined the team as a consultant and produced an influential report in June 1945 synthesizing Maurice Wilkes completed the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) two years before EDVAC was finished, thereby taking the claim of the first stored-program computer. and expanding on Eckert and Mauchly's ideas, which resulted in von Neumann being credited as the originator of the stored program concept.

37. LESSON 1.2: Four Basic Computer Periods. THE TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE ELECTRONIC AGE 2. THE FIRST STORED-PROGRAM COMPUTER A problem with the ENIAC was that the machine had no means of storing program instructions in its memory - to change the instructions, the machine would literally have to be rewired. Mauchly and Eckert began to design the  EDVAC - the Electronic Discreet Variable Computer  -to address this problem. John von Neumann joined the team as a consultant and produced an influential report in June 1945 synthesizing Maurice Wilkes completed the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) two years before EDVAC was finished, thereby taking the claim of the first stored-program computer. and expanding on Eckert and Mauchly's ideas, which resulted in von Neumann being credited as the originator of the stored program concept.