Chapter 1 - Introduction to Computer System Sesi 1 2024-2025.pptx

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Computer System Sesi 1 2024-2025

1. Chapter 1 – Computer Hardware

2. Learning Outcome Understand cable types and connectors. Understand computer motherboards. Understand power supplies and cooling. Understand storage devices. Understand system memory and CPU . Understand printer and multifunction devices.

3. Basic Personal Computer System A computer system consists of hardware and software components. Hardware is the physical equipment such as the case, storage drives, keyboards, monitors, cables, speakers, and printers. Software is the operating system and programs. The operating system instructs the computer how to operate. Programs or applications perform different functions.

4. INTERFACES, PORTS, AND CONNECTIONS Interfaces - An interface is the point at which two devices connect and communicate with each other. Port - A physical Port is a hardware interface that you can use to connect devices to a computer. Connections - Computer connections are the physical access points that enable a computer to communicate with internal or external devices. They include the ports on both the computer and the connected devices, plus a transmission medium, which is either a cable with connectors at each end or a wireless technology.

5. A computer connection between an external USB hard drive and a desktop computer.

6. I/O PORTS AND CABLES Input and output (I/O) ports allow additional devices to be connected to the PC. Some ports are designed for a particular type of device (such as a graphics port). Other ports (such as USB) support different device types. External ports are positioned at the rear or front of the PC through cut-outs in the case. They can be provided on the motherboard or with an expansion card.

7. I/O ports on a motherboard.

8. cable and connectors

9. cable and connectors: Universal serial bus ( USB ) High-Definition Multimedia Interface ( HDMI ) Thunderbolt and Lightning Serial Advanced Technology Attachment ( SATA )

10. Universal serial bus (USB) The Universal Serial Bus (USB) has become the standard means of connecting peripheral devices to a computer. It is an example of a multipurpose cable that can be used to attach a wide range of peripherals and storage devices USB bus consists of a host controller and up to 127 devices.

11. USB STANDARDS USB 2.0 (High Speed) standard - specifies a data rate of 480 Mbps USB 3.0 (SuperSpeed) mode - improves the bus bandwidth tenfold (to 5 Gbps or 5000 Mbps) and makes the link full duplex , so a device can send and receive at up to 5 Gbps simultaneously. USB 3.1 (SuperSpeed+) mode - a data rate of 10 Gbps. USB 3.2 - promises 20 Gbps, but only over USB-C ports and cabling. USB 3.x receptacles and connectors often have a blue connector tab or housing to distinguish them.

12. USB CONNECTORS AND PORTS USB 2.0 ports and connectors. Type A Type B Type B Mini Type B Micro 4-pin 4-pin 5-pin 5-pin Connection to the host Connection to a device Smaller connector for connection to a device An updated connector for smaller devices, such as smartphones and tablets. Connector and port are shaped like flat rectangles Connector and port are square, with a beveled top. Type of connector was seen on early digital cameras but is no longer widely used. The micro connector is distinctively flatter than the older mini type connector

13. USB CONNECTORS AND PORTS USB 3.0 and 3.1 connectors and ports Type A Type B Type B Micro Type C 4-pin 4-pin 5-pin 24-pin USB 3.1 defines a new USB-C 24-pin connector type. This should provide a single consistent hardware interface for the standard. The connector is reversible, meaning it can be inserted either way up. The connector design is also more secure and robust . USB-C can use the same type of connector at both ends or you can obtain USB-C to USB Type A or Type B converter cables

14. USB POWER Power is supplied by the host at 5V and a single device may draw up to 500 mA (milliamps) or 2.5 W (increased to 4.5 W with the USB 3.0 specification). Devices that require more power than this, such as printers, must be connected to an external power supply. Note: Devices supporting fast charging can supply 7.5 W if the port is in charging mode (no data transfer is possible in charging mode). Devices conforming to the USB Power Delivery version 2.0 specification are able to deliver up to 100 W of power.

15. USB Cable Length The maximum cable length for Low Speed devices is 3m while for Full Speed and High Speed the limit is 5m . SuperSpeed capable cables do not have an official maximum length but up to about 3m is recommended. USB ON THE GO (OTG) OTG allows a port to function either as a host or as a device. For example, a port on a smartphone might operate as a device when connected to a PC but as a host when connected to a keyboard.

16. High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) HDMI capable of transmitting high-quality and high-bandwidth streams of audio and video between devices. HDMI uses a proprietary 19-pin (Type A) connector. There is a Type B connector (29- pin) to support dual-link connections but it is not widely used. HDMI v1.3 introduced the Mini HDMI connector (Type C) for use on portable devices, such as camcorders. HDMI v1.4 also introduced the even smaller Micro HDMI connector (Type D), still with 19 pins.

17. THUNDERBOLT (TB) The Thunderbolt (TB) interface was developed by Intel® and is primarily used on Apple® workstations and laptops. Used as a display interface (like DisplayPort or HDMI) and as a general peripheral interface (like USB). Versions 1 TB - uses the same physical interface as MiniDP and is compatible with DisplayPort. Version 2 TB - supports links of up to 20 Gbps. Up to six devices can be connected to a single port by daisy-chaining the devices. Version 3 TB - changes the physical interface to use the same port, connector, and cabling as USB-C.

18. LIGHTNING Apple's iPhone® and iPad® mobile devices use a proprietary 8-pin Lightning port and connector. The Lightning connector is reversible (can be inserted either way up). The Lightning port is found only on Apple's mobile devices. To connect such a device to a PC, you need a suitable adapter cable, such as Lightning-to-USB A or Lightning- toUSB C.

19. Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) connector Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) is the standard means of attaching internal storage drives to a desktop PC . Each SATA host adapter port supports a single device. Internal SATA cables can be up to 1 m (39"). The cables are terminated with compact 7-pin connectors.

20. eSATA connector There is also an eSATA standard for the attachment of external drives, with a 2 m (78") cable. Use eSATA cable to connect to an external eSATA port.

21. legacy cable types

22. legacy cable types Video/Display Cables Small Computer System Interface Integrated Drive Electronics Interface Serial Cables Adapter Cables

23. VIDEO/Display Port & Cables DVI Port HDMI Port S-Video Port S-Video Cable DVI Cable VGA Cable VGA Port Video Graphics Array (VGA) Digital Visual Interface (DVI) High-Definition Multimedia Interface ( HDMi ) Component Video Super Video Port Cable

24. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) A small computer systems interface (SCSI) is a standard interface for connecting peripheral devices to a PC. SCSI can connect up to 16 peripheral devices using a single bus including one host adapter. SCSI is used to increase performance, deliver faster data transfer transmission and provide larger expansion for devices such as CD-ROM drives, scanners, DVD drives and CD writers. SCSI is also frequently used with RAID , servers, high-performance PCs and storage area networks  SCSI could support up to 320 Mbps data rates.

25. Integrated Drive Electronics Interface PATA (IDE) data cable Has 40 conductors (wire cable), up to two 40 pin connectors and 40 pin connector for the drive controller. PATA (EIDE) data cable Has 80 conductors (wire cable), up to two 40 pin connectors and 40 pin connector for the drive controller. SATA data cable Has 7 conductor, one keyed connector for the drive and one keyed connector for the drive controller

26. SERIAL CABLES &PORTS (RS-232 AND DB-9) The serial port (or RS-232) - data is transmitted over one wire one bit at a time. RS-232 serial port supports data rates up to about 115 Kbps only. Serial ports – previously used for connecting external modems, establish dial-up Internet connections , also used on network equipment . RS-232 (Recommended Standard #232) specifies a 25-pin hardware interface, but in practice, PC manufacturers used the cheaper 9-pin D-shell ( DB-9 ) male port shown above. In Windows® , the serial port is referred to as a Communications (COM) port .

27. Computer internal hardware

28. Computer internal hardware MOTHERBOARD POWER SUPPLY STORAGE DEVICES (SSD, HDD,RSD,OD & RAID) MEMORY PROCESSOR / CPU

29. Understand Internal PC components ( Motherboard, Adapter Cards & Expansion Slots )

30. Motherboards A printed circuit board, variously called the motherboard, mobo , system board, or main board, houses the processor, chipset, memory, and expansion slots . The type of motherboard influences system speed and upgrade capabilities . There are many motherboard manufacturers, including AOpen (Acer), ASRock, ASUSTek , Biostar , EVGA Corporation, Gigabyte, Intel, MSI, Shuttle, Tyan, and Via.

31. Motherboard Form Factors The form factor of motherboards relates to the size and shape of the board. It also describes the physical layout of the different components and devices on the motherboard. Various form factors exist for motherboards.

32. Motherboard Form Factors

33. Motherboard Form Factors

34. 36 Sockets, internal and external connectors, and various ports are also placed on the motherboard.  

35. Back Panel Connector & Ports

36. Mmmm…..My motherboard doesn't have a Northbridge! So how? As manufacturers look for new ways to improve performance and lower the overall cost, they are moving the functions of the Northbridge chip to other parts of the CPU and Southbridge . Placed all Northbridge functions onto the CPU.

37. AT (Advanced Technology)

38. ATX (Advanced Technology Extended )

39. Balanced Technology Extended (BTX) – Latest Motherboard Technology

40. Adapter Cards Adapter cards increase the functionality of a computer by adding controllers for specific devices or by replacing malfunctioning ports. Examples of adapter cards : Sound adapter and video adapter USB, parallel, and serial ports Network Interface Card (NIC), wireless NIC, and modem adapter Types of expansion slots: Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) PCI-Express (PCI-E) Mini PCI (laptops)

41. Example of Adapter/PC CARDS 47

42. Sound Card Sound card is an expansion card that enable computers to play audio. Sound card can be install in ISA or PCI slots. Built in the motherboard. 48

43. Network Interface Card (NIC) Network card is an expansion card that you insert into an PCI or ISA slot of computer to enable it connect to a network. Built in the motherboard.

44. Graphic Cards Graphic card is an interface card that used to show image ,text, graphic on the monitor. Types of graphic card slot PCI Express or AGP Built in the motherboard.

45. Understand types of power supply, connector types and their purposes

46. Power Supplies unit (PSU) The PSU converts alternating-current (AC) power coming from a wall outlet into direct-current (DC) power , which is a lower voltage. DC power is required for all the components inside the computer.

47. Power Supplies

48. Power Supply Connectors A Molex / SATA connector used to connect to an optical drive or a hard drive . A Berg / 4-pin Floppy connector is a keyed connector used to connect to a floppy drive . A 20-pin or 24-pin slotted connector is used to connect to the motherboard . A 4-pin to 8-pin auxiliary power connector has two rows of two to four pins and supplies power to all areas of the motherboard . Berg ATX 20 and 24-pin

49. Power Supply Connectors ATX 20-pin to 24-pin connector ATX 20-pin ATX 20 + 4 connector AT, P8, P9, black to black ATX 24-pin connector 4-pin 12v

50. Power Supply Connectors 12v power for PCI express SATA power connector Berg connector Molex connector

51. Power supply wattage rating Power supplies have two basic ratings to be concerned with – wattage and efficiency . Wattage Rating - The rating that is given to a device specifying the maximum power within which the device can be safely handled. The wattage is simple; it’s the maximum amount of power the supply can output when under a 100% load. So, a 650W power supply can distribute UP TO 650 watts to the PC’s components. Choosing a PSU with 600 or 650-watt output could be a good option.

52. Understand Internal PC components ( Storage Devices )

53. Mass storage devices Hard Disk Drives (HDD) Solid-State Drives (SSD) Removable Storage Drives (RSD) Optical Drives (OD) Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID)

54. Hard Disk Drives (HDD) The hard disk drive (HDD) is a magnetic storage device. The storage capacity is measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB). Desktop/Laptop/Workstation PC - store the operating system files, application program files, system software files (such as drivers), and user data. Server PC - store individual user files and shared sources of information, such as databases . HDD 3.5" - used in PCs , HDD 2.5" - used for laptops and as portable external drives. Hard Disk performance – measured in Revolutions Per Minute (RPM) ( High performance drives are rated at 15,000 or 10,000 rpm; average performance is 7,200 or 5,400 rpm.)

55. Hard Disk Drives (HDD) Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T) is a monitoring system included in HDD and SDD - to detect and report various indicators of drive reliability with the intent of anticipating imminent hardware failures. Some of the major hard drive vendors include Seagate, Western Digital, Maxtor, Hitachi, Fujitsu, Toshiba, and Samsung.

56. Hard disk structure

57. Hard disk structure A hard disk consist of five major components as: Magnetic Platter - contains Sector, Track and File System (FAT or NTFS) Spindle / Small motor – spin the platters the entire time the computer is running. Read and write head – move to the FAT to determine the current or new location of data. Head Actuator – positions the read/write head over the correct location on the platter to read or write data. Circuit board – controls the movement of the actuator and small motor (spindle)

58. Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA)

59. SOLID STATE DRIVES (SSD) Solid state drives (SSDs) – flash memory, do not have moving parts, which results in faster access to data, higher reliability, reduced power usage. SSD use static RAM instead of magnetic platters to store data. SSD advantages: Quiet because no moving part More power efficient Faster Lighter Shock-resistant Disadvantages More expensive

60. Removable Storage Drives (RSD) Removable media is any type of storage device that can be removed from a computer while the system is running. Removable media makes it easy for a user to move data from one computer to another. Example of RSD: CDs DVDs Blu-ray discs USB drives SD cards floppy disks magnetic tape

61. Optical Drives (OD) An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to read data on the optical media. The three types are CD drives, DVD drives, and BD (Blu-ray) drives . Optical drives are considerably larger than hard disks ( 5.25" form factor ). An internal unit would be installed to a 5.25" drive bay and connected to the motherboard via SATA data and power connectors.

62. Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) Uses multiple hard drives. Increases performance. Provide protection against data lost. RAID Level : RAID 0 (Striping) RAID 1 (Mirroring) RAID 5 (S triping with Distributed Parity) RAID 1+0(RAID 10)

63. Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) RAID 1 (Mirroring) requires two hard disks. The mirror disk is a duplicate of the data disk. RAID 0 (Striping without Parity) requires at least two disks . Disk striping is a technique where data is divided into blocks and spread in a fixed order among all the disks in the array.

64. Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) RAID 1+0 (also called RAID 10) is a combination of RAID 0 and RAID 1 , need at least four disks . A logical striped volume is configured with two mirrored arrays. This configuration offers excellent fault tolerance as one disk in each mirror can fail and the array will still function. RAID 5 (Striping with Distributed Parity) Striping with distributed parity (RAID 5) writes error checking information across all the disks in the array.

65. Understand Internal PC components ( CPUs & Cooling System )

66. Central Processing Unit (CPU) The CPU is known as the brain of the computer. Referred as the processor/microprocessor. CPU speed is measured in: Megahertz ( MHz) - millions of CPU cycles per second Gigahertz ( GHz) - billions of CPU cycles per second Function : executes program instruction code, performs mathematical and logical calculations, and controls Input/Output (I/O) functions.

67. CPU ARCHITECTURES Consists of two (2) smaller units – Control Unit (CU) and Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Four Basic Operation of Control Unit : Fetch : the process of obtaining a program instruction or data from memory. Decode : the process of translating the instruction into command the computer understand. Execute : the process of carrying out the commands (ALU). Store : the process of writing the result to the memory. Basic Operation of Arithmetic Logic Unit : Do the calculation and data comparison based on instructions from control unit. Arithmetic : mathematical operation (+,-,*,/). Logic: comparison operation ( = , < , > , <>, <= and >= ).

68. Manufacturers of Processor Intel Intel's desktop CPUs include Celeron, Pentium, and Core. AMD AMD's desktop processors include Sempron, Athlon, and Phenom .

69. CPU Socket Types Pin Grid Array ( PGA) - AMD uses Pin Grid Array (PGA) form factor chips Land Grid Array (LGA) - Intel uses Land Grid Array (LGA) form factor CPUs . Ball Grid Array  ( BGA)  - Some laptop CPUs —those that use Ball Grid Array (BGA) sockets—are soldered to the motherboard and, therefore, are not upgradeable.

70. CACHE Cache is a small block of high-speed memory that enhances performance by pre-loading (caching) code and data from relatively slow system memory and passing it to the CPU on demand. Essentially, cache stores instructions and data that the CPU is using regularly . Cache is designed in multiple levels. Level 1 cache is "closest" to the CPU and supports the fastest access. Level 2 cache is typically larger and a bit slower while Level 3 and Level 4 cache, if used, are larger and possibly a bit slower still. The core clock speed is the speed at which the CPU runs internal processes and accesses L1 and L2 cache

71. HYPERTHREADING Superpipelining, CPUs process multiple instructions at the same time, also referred as superscalar architecture , as multiple execution units are required. A thread is a stream of instructions generated by a software application , software that runs multiple parallel threads within a process is said to be multithreaded Multithreading. Another approach is Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT), called HyperThreading (HT) or HyperThreading Technology (HTT) by Intel. SMT allows the threads to run through the CPU at the same time. It duplicates many of the registers of the CPU.

72. MULTIPROCESSING AND MULTICORE PROCESSORS Another approach to making a computer system faster is to use two or more physical CPUs , referred to as Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP) . Improvements in CPU manufacturing techniques have led to another solution: dual-core CPUs, or Chip Level Multiprocessing (CMP). A dual-core CPU is a CPU that has two distinct processors that work simultaneously in the same integrated circuit. The market has quickly moved beyond dual-core CPUs to multicore packages with 3, 4, 8, or more processors.

73. OVERCLOCKING Overclocking is a technique used to make a processor work at a faster speed than its original specification. Increasing this speed (overclocking) is done using the system setup firmware program by adjusting the CPU Speed or Advanced Chipset Features properties. Without cooling, overclocking increases the risk of thermal damage to components.

74. Computer Cooling What is? Computer cooling is a device to dissipate heat during computer operation that usually install onto CPU, chipset, graphic card and hard drive / hard disk. Importance of computer cooling? To keep these components within their safe operating temperatures - To keep the heat at a safe level. 86

75. HEAT SINKS AND THERMAL PASTE A Heat Sink is a passive cooling device. Passive cooling means that it does not require extra energy (electricity) to work. Before attaching the heat sink , dots of thermal paste (also referred to as thermal grease or thermal compound) should be applied to the surface of the CPU

76. FANS A Fan is an active cooling device. It requires power to run. A fan improves air flow and so helps to dissipate heat. Fan Cooling System: Front intake fan Rear exhaust fan Power Supply exhaust fan CPU fan Chipset fan Video card chipset fan Case fan Case Fan CPU Fan

77. HEAT PIPES AND SPREADERS A heat pipe is a sealed tube containing some type of coolant (water or ethanol). A dual heat pipe has two tubes, providing better cooling. A heat spreader uses the same design but is a flat container rather than a pipe. If used without fans, heat pipes and spreaders are classed as passive cooling .

78. LIQUID-BASED COOLING SYSTEMS PCs used for high-end gaming (those with twin graphics cards) and with overclocked components may generate more heat. Liquid-based cooling refers to a system of pumping water around the chassis. Water is a much more effective coolant than air convection and a good pump can run more quietly than numerous fans. Liquid cooling makes maintenance and upgrades more difficult, requires comparatively more power to run, and is costly. Liquid cooling is an active cooling technology as the pump requires power to run

79. Understand Internal PC components ( system memory )

80. System memory System memory is the main storage area for programs and data when the computer is running. System memory is a type of volatile memory called Random Access Memory (RAM). System memory is necessary because it is much faster than accessing data in a mass storage system, such as a hard disk. System memory provides a fast storage medium for the operating system and applications, but it is volatile, meaning that data cannot be stored without a power supply. Some notable RAM vendors include Kingston® , Crucial™ (Micron), Corsair, PNY, and Integral™

81. Ram types

82. DDR SDRAM Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM) is an updated type of SDRAM (released to market in 2001) where data is transferred twice in one cycle ("double-pumped"). DDR has been superseded by DDR2 (from 2003), DDR3 (from 2007), and DDR4 (from 2014) SDRAM. These increase bandwidth by multiplying the bus speed, as opposed to the speed at which the actual memory chips work.

83. Memory Modules A RAM module, or memory module, is a printed circuit board that holds a group of memory chips that act as a single unit. Memory modules reside in slots on the motherboard, and they are removable and replaceable. Memory modules are defined by their design and by the number and type of chips they contain. Types of memory modules: Dual Inline Memory Module ( DIMM ) Small Outline DIMM ( SODIMM )

84. DDR for desktop system memory is packaged in 184-pin Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMMs). The notches (keys) on the module prevent it from being inserted into a slot the wrong way around. DDR2 and DDR3 are both packaged in 240-pin DIMMs but are not compatible. DDR4 DIMMs have 288 pins. DIMM

85. Laptop RAM is packaged in a smaller module called Small Outline DIMM (SODIMM). Both DDR and DDR2 use 200-pin packages, but the key position for DDR2 is slightly different to prevent insertion in a slot designed for DDR. DDR3 uses a 204-pin package while DDR4 is 260-pin. SODIMM

86. RAM – Random Access Memory (SIMMS / DIMMS Installation)

87. Multi-channel system memory In the 2000s, the increasing speed and architectural improvements of CPU technologies led to memory becoming a bottleneck to system performance. To address this, Intel® and AMD developed a dual-channel memory architecture for DDRx RAM. Dual-channel was originally used primarily on server-level hardware but is commonly being employed on desktop systems and laptops too. Single-channel memory means that there is one 64-bit bus between the CPU and RAM. With a dual-channel memory controller, there can effectively be two pathways through the bus to the CPU, meaning that 128 bits of data can be transferred per "transaction"

88. Error Checking and Correcting (ECC) RAM System memory for most desktops is non-parity ; that is, it does not perform error checking ). For systems that require a high level of reliability (such as workstations and servers), Error Checking and Correcting (ECC) memory is available. ECC memory is enhanced parity circuitry that can detect internal data errors and make corrections. ECC will detect and correct single-bit errors and allow the system to continue functioning normally.

89. Understand types of printers

90. Printer Printer is an external hardware device responsible for taking computer data and generating a hard copy of that data. Printers are one of the most used peripherals on computers and are commonly used to print text, images, and photos.

91. PRINT SELECTION CRITERIA Capacity and speed Colour / Black and White Quality Reliability Warranty Schedule Servicing Mean time between failure (MTBF) Total Cost of Ownership

92. Types of Printer Printers can be categorized into: Impact Printer Daisy Wheel Dot Matrix Non-Impact Printer Inkjet Laser Thermal

93. Impact Printer Advantages Less expensive Can make multiple copies with multipart paper Disadvantages Noisy Print quality lower in some types Poor graphics or none at all Slow It strikes paper and ribbon together to form a character, like a typewriter.

94. Daisy-wheel Similar to a ball-head typewriter, this type of printer has a plastic or metal wheel on which the shape of each character stands out in relief. A hammer presses the wheel against a ribbon, which in turn makes an ink stain in the shape of the character on the paper. Daisy-wheel printers produce letter-quality print but cannot print graphics.

95. Dot-Matrix Creates characters by striking pins against an ink ribbon. Each pin makes a dot, and combinations of dots form characters and illustrations. Still used for specialist functions such as printing invoices or pay slips, on continuous, tractor-fed paper. Portable models are still widely used for printing receipts.

96. Non-Impact Printer Advantages Quiet Can handle graphics and often a wider variety of fonts than impact printers Fast Disadvantages More expensive Occupies a lot of space The cost of maintaining it is high It uses ink spray, toner powder or inkless

97. Laser Printer (Toner-based) Laser Printer (Toner-based) A laser printer rapidly produces high quality text and graphics. Laser printers are often used in corporate, school, and other environments that require print jobs to be completed quickly and in large quantities.

98. Laser Printer (Toner-based) Advantages: •Low cost per page •High page per minute (ppm) ( 4 to 17 pages) •High capacity •Prints are dry Disadvantages: •High cost start-up •Expensive toner cartridges •Require high level of maintenance It uses the following process: 1. Processing 2. Charging 3. Exposing 4. Developing 5. Transferring 6. Fusing 7. Cleaning

99. Ink-jet Printer Inkjet printer operates by propelling variably-sized droplets of liquid or molten material (ink) onto almost any sized page. They are the most common type of computer printer used by consumers. Two types of inkjet nozzles: Thermal Piezoelectric Advantages •Initial low cost •High resolution •Quick to warm up •2-10 pages ppm Disadvantages •Nozzles are prone to clogging •Ink cartridges are expensive •Ink is wet after printing (avoid touching 10-15 seconds)

100. Ink-jet Printer

101. Thermal Printer (Inkless) Thermal printers work by selectively heating regions of special heat-sensitive paper. These printers are commonly used in calculators and fax machines; and although they are inexpensive and print relatively fast, they produce low resolution print jobs.

102. Thermal Printer (Inkless) Advantages •Longer life because there are few moving parts •Quiet operation •No cost for ink or toner Disadvantages •Paper is expensive. •Paper has a short shelf life. •Images are poor quality. •Paper must be stored at room temperature Uses chemically-treated paper that becomes black when heated. A thermal transfer printer uses heat-sensitive ribbon, which the print head melts onto the paper. Thermal printers have a longer life because there are few moving parts.

103. 3D PRINTERS 3D printing has very different use cases to printing to paper. It is most widely used in manufacturing, especially to create "proof of concept" working models from designs. For example, 3D printing can be used in healthcare (dentistry and prosthetics), clothing, and to make product samples and other marketing material.

104. Printer issue Identify print device issue: Printer connectivity issues Print feed issues Finishing issues Print job issues

105. Thank you 