Chapter 1 Introduction to Geology for Civil Engineers (2).pdf

about geology

1. GEOLOGY FOR
CIVIL ENGINEERS
AURORA STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
Zabali, Baler Aurora
Engr. GINALYN G. SUMAIT
Instructor I
2
nd
Semester SY 2021-2022

2. What is Geology?
From Wikipedia:
Geologyis a branch of Earth science
concerned with both the liquid and solid
Earth, the rocks of which it is composed,
and the processes by which they change
over time.
Geology describes the structure of the
Earth on and beneath its surface, and the
processes that have shaped that structure.

3. From Wikipedia:
AGeologistis a scientist who studies the solid, liquid, and
gaseous matter that constitutes Earth and other terrestrial
planets, as well as the processes that shape them.
GEOLOGIST

4. GEOLOGY IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Most civil engineering projects involve some
excavation of soils and rocks, or involve
loading the Earth by building on it.
In some cases, the excavated rocks may be
used as construction material, and in others,
rocks may form a major part of the finished
products, such as motorway cutting or the
site of a reservoir.
The feasibility, the planning and design, the
construction and costing, and the safety of a
project may depend critically on the
geological conditions where the
construction will take place.
Site investigation by boring and by testing
samples may be an adequate preliminary to
construction in such cases.

5. Role of the engineer in the systematic exploration of a site
The systematic exploration of the suitability and characteristics of
sites may involve five stages of procedure. The stages are:
1)Preliminary investigation –using published information and other
existing data;
2)A detailed geological survey of the site, possibly with a
photogeologystudy;
3)Applied geophysical surveys to provide information about the
subsurface geology;
4)Boring, drilling and excavation to provide confirmation of the
previous results, and quantitative detail, at critical points on the
site; and
5)Testing of soils and rocks to assess their suitability, particularly
their mechanical properties (soil mechanics and rock mechanics),
either in situ or from samples.

6. Branches of
Geology
From Wikipedia
Is a survey of the many facets of
geology and Earth Science, from
the formation of the Universe and
Solar System to rocks and minerals
to geologic processes and hazards.
GENERAL GEOLOGY

7. Branches of
Geology
From Wikipedia
Is a subject of geology
specializing in the scientific study
of the chemistry, crystal
structure, and physical properties
of minerals and mineralized
artifacts.
Specific studies within mineralogy
include the processes of mineral
origin and formation,
classification of minerals, their
geographical distribution, as well
as their utilization.
MINERALOGY

8. Branches of
Geology
From Wikipedia
Is a branch of geology that
studies rocks and the conditions
under which they form.
Petrology has three subdivisions:
igneous, metamorphic, and
sedimentary petrology.
PETROLOGY

9. Branches of
Geology
From Wikipedia
Is the study of three-dimensional
distribution of rock units with
respect to their deformational
histories.
The primary goal of structural
geology is to use measurements
of present-day rock geometries
to uncover information about
the history of deformation in the
rocks, and ultimately, to
understand the stress field that
resulted in the observed strain
and geometries.
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

10. Branches of
Geology
From Wikipedia
Is a theoretical and applied
science of the mechanical
behavior of rock and rock masses;
compared to geology, it is that
branch of mechanics concerned
with the response of rock and
rock masses to the force fields of
their physical environment.
ROCK MECHANICS

11. BRANCH OF GEOLOGY
1.Biogeology–study of the interactions between the Earth’s biosphere and
lithosphere.
2.Economic geology–science concerned with earth materials of economic
value.
3.Engineering Geology–application of geology to engineering practice.
4.Environmental geology–science of the practical application of geology in
environmental problems.
5.Geochemistry–science that applies chemistry to analyze geological systems.
6.Geologic modelling–applied science of creating computerized
representations of portions of the Earth’s crust.
7.Geomorphology–scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape
them.

12. OTHER BRANCH OF GEOLOGY
8.Geophysics–physics of the Earth and its vicinity.
9.Historical geology –study of the geological history of Earth.
10.Hydrogeology –study of the distribution and movement of groundwater.
11.Marine geology –study of the history and the structure of the ocean floor.
12.Mining geology –extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials
from the Earth.
13.Paleontology –study of life before 11,700 years ago.
14.Petroleum geology–study of the origin, occurrence, movement, accumulation,
and exploration of hydrocarbon fuels.
15.Sedimentology –the study of natural sediments and of the processes by which
they are formed.
16.Stratigraphy –study of rock layers and their formation.
17.Volcanology –study of volcanoes, lava, magma and associated phenomena.

13. GENERAL GEOLOGY
Earth Structure and Composition

14. The internal structure of Earth,
structure of the solid Earth, or simply
structure of Earth refers to
concentric spherical layers
subdividing the Solid earth, excluding
Earth’s atmosphere and hydrosphere.
It consist of an outer silicate solid
crust, a highly viscous asthenosphere
and solid mantle, a liquid outer core
whose flow generates the Earth’s
magnetic fields, and a solid inner
core.
Earth Structure

15. The structure of Earth can be defines in two ways:
It can be divided into:
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
mesospheric mantle
outer core
inner core.
Mechanical Properties:

16. The structure of Earth can be defines in two ways:
It can be divided into:
Crust
Upper Mantle
Lower Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
Chemical Properties:

17. Thank You!
Do you have any questions for me before we go?