Chapter 1 introduction to transport system and planning

trasportation system

1. Introduction To Transport System And Planning Chapter 1 Hawassa University/ construction technology and management dept. 2020 1

2. Introduction Hawassa University/ construction technology and management dept. 2 Transportation is a service invented to serve society by linking locations where activity takes place such as markets, industries and factories, offices, schools and etc . It penetrates into all phases of production and distribution of goods. Transportation improvements increase personal mobility , reduces travel time . P ermit greater freedom to people to choose, where they live , work and in the case of goods they lower the cost of production and distribution tending to national economic growth . 2020

3. 1.1 transport system Hawassa University/ construction technology and management dept. 3 A system: a group or assemblage of parts or elements used for a common purpose so interrelated that a change in one component has an effect.  A transport system: as consisting of the fixed facilities , the flow entities , and the control system that permits people and goods to overcome friction of geographical space efficiently in order to participate in a timely manner in some desired activity . Fixed facilities: are the physical components of the system that are fixed in space ( e.g. Roadway segments, tracks, pipes, cableways, intersections/interchanges , transit terminals, harbors and ports etc .) Flow entities : are the units that traverser the fixed facilities. They include vehicles, container units, railroads cars etc. Control system : consists of vehicular control. ( e.g. Traffic sign & Signals ) 2020

4. Objective of Transportation system 4 It helps in the movement of passengers and freight from one location to another. It relates the population to the land use. It acts as an integrating and coordinating factor in the highly complex and industrialized society. It provides the place utility and time utility to product. 2020 Hawassa University/ construction technology and management dept.

5. Merits/Advantages of Transportation System Hawassa University/ construction technology and management dept. 5 Economic Front : It relates population to land use by moving them from one place to another. It increases the production by creating demand, easily availability and reducing prices. It has vast potential of generating employment. New markets get developed near production centers. Political Front: Different regions of the country are made interdependent. Transportation has developed a sense of national unity. Fulfills the defense and strategic needs of a country. Social Front: Life becomes more enjoyable and comfortable. It provides emergency services available at your door. It has helped in raising the standards of living of people. The settlement pattern in the country is controlled by it. 2020

6. Demerits/Disadvantages of Transportation System: Hawassa University/ construction technology and management dept. 6 With the development of large scale industries the cottage industries have been eliminated. The area loses its distinguishing characteristics. The expansion of transportation system sometimes affects the recreational activities provided in the area. The environmentalist pollutions related to air, water, noise, aesthetics, vibrations get increased and create health problems. It has changed the traditions and customs changed the traditions and customs of families along with modes of living. 2020

7. Classification of Transportation System: Hawassa University/ construction technology and management dept. 7 On the basis of ownership: i) Private ii ) Public On the basis of type of load: i ) Passenger ii ) Freight  On the basis of supporting systems: Road Transport : used automobiles, trucks, buses, tractor-trailers, bicycles Rail Transport : used trains , railway wagon etc. Air Transport : used airplanes, helicopters, space crafts etc. Water transport : used ship, submarines, boat etc. Pipe Lines : used sewage, petroleum etc. Cable ways : …. Conveyors : …. 2020

8. Table 1: Relative Merits and Demerits Hawassa University/ construction technology and management dept. 8 Factor Road Rail Air Water Cost: Vehicle Terminal Way Links Maintenance   Low Moderate ,, ,,     Moderate ,, ,, ,,   High ,, Nil High Traffic type Fright & passenger Fright & passenger Fright & passenger Fright & passenger Distance covered Small Moderate to Long Moderate to Long Moderate to Long Speeds Low Medium V. High Low Tonnage Low High Medium High Fuel consumption (w.r.t. rail) 4.0 1.0 25.0 5.2 Flexibility Good Good Poor Fair Employment potential High Low Low Low Unit of Transport Single Assemblage Single Single Personalized travel Possible Not Possible Possible Possible Stationing problem Exist Not exist Not exist Not exist 2020

9. Suitability of Transportation Systems Hawassa University/ construction technology and management dept. 9 The systems and modes of transport are generally evaluated in terms of the basic attributes: Accessibility and utility : distance and flexibility. Mobility : handling capacity and speed. Efficiency : direct and indirect cost of transportation. 2020

10. Specialties in Transportation Engineering Hawassa University/ construction technology and management dept. 10 Planning deals with selection of projects, defining the problem, gathering and analyzing data, and evaluating various alternative solutions . forecast of future traffic; estimate of impact of the facility on land use, the environment, the community; and determination of the benefits and cost that will result if the project is built. Design involves the specification of all features of the transportation system so that will function smoothly, efficiently, and in accord with physical laws . used for estimating the facility costs and for carrying out its construction. Construction Generally the construction activities include any construction work of the project that has been defined during the design stage. Traffic Operation the elements of the concern are traffic accident analysis, parking, loading, design of terminals facilities, traffic signs, marking, signals, speed regulation and highway lighting. Maintenance involves all work necessary to ensure that the highway system is kept in proper working order. 2020

11. 1.2 transport PLANNING Hawassa University/ construction technology and management dept. 11 Transportation Planning Process Objectives: t o build or improve various parts of transportation system includes studies, planning and realization of strategies to supply the requirement of transport services to meet transport demand. Transport projects are normally justified for improvement of traffic flow and safety, saving the travel time and energy consumption, economic growth and increased accessibility. 2020

12. Basic Elements of Transportation Planning Hawassa University/ construction technology and management dept. 12 The transportation planning comprises seven basic elements, which are interrelated and are not carried out necessarily sequentially . Facility inventory: Socio-economic and Land-use: Goals and objectives: Identify system deficiencies and opportunities Developing and analyze alternatives : Evaluate alternatives: Action plan and implementation: Monitor System Performance: 2020

13. Basic Elements of Transportation Planning 1. Facility inventory Hawassa University/ construction technology and management dept. 13 inventory of the existing transport facilities, their condition and performance. The most common transport system inventory involves: Travel time and delay studies Traffic flow surveys Maintenance and operation costs Describe of the existing transport services The available facility and their condition Example-For a highway planning the inventory may involve Function classification: Major/Minor arterial, Local or Collector road. Physical features of the road: No. of lane, Traffic control devices/signals , pavement width. Traffic volume delay Travel time along the route 2020

14. Hawassa University/ construction technology and management dept. 14 involves all the activities required to understand the situation that give rise to the perceived need for a transportation improvement . be considered which relates trip making to the type of activities that occur in a region and also to the characteristics of the trip maker that will influence the way this trips are made . The type of data on trip maker characteristics include: Level of income Number of members in house hold Number of vehicles in house hold Age composition of house hold Education level Employment etc . Examples of land use shopping center, industrial areas, residential areas, Offices etc… Basic Elements of Transportation Planning 2. Socio-economic and Land-use 2020

15. Hawassa University/ construction technology and management dept. 15 Goals are generalized statements that indicate the desired achievement of transportation plan . Objectives are more specific statements that indicate the means by which these goals will be achieved. Examples Goals: “The transportation system should meet the mobility needs of the population” Objectives : “Provide transit service to major markets in the region.” To identify objectives and related problems there are two types of approaches The problem oriented approach: : starts with defining problem The objective-led approach: starts with defining objectives and indicators Some of the possible set of objectives Safety Accessibility Sustainability Environmental protection Economic efficiency Economic regeneration Basic Elements of Transportation Planning 3. Goals and objectives 2020

16. Hawassa University/ construction technology and management dept. 16 Transport planning identifies and prioritizes those elements of transport systems where problems exist today or where problems exist in further given growth in travel . Also transport planning can also identify areas where significant problem do not exist this time, but system can provide opportunities for enhanced efficiency of operation.   Basic Elements of Transportation Planning 4. Identify system deficiencies and opportunities 2020

17. Hawassa University/ construction technology and management dept. 17 C onsideration is given to a variety of ideas, designs, locations, and system configurations that might provide solutions to the problems. include preliminary feasibility studies, data gathering field testing and cost estimating may be necessary at this stage to determine the practicability and financial feasibility of the alternative being proposed . Example- Improvement of highways New construction Adding new lanes Improving traffic controls through signals, signs etc. Improving traffic flow through canalization. Basic Elements of Transportation Planning 5. Developing and analyze alternatives 2020

18. Hawassa University/ construction technology and management dept. 18 D etermine how well each alternative achieve the objectives of the project as defined by the criteria . Evaluation involves methods for comparing in an analytic way relative value of the alternatives . Mostly used approaches is the benefit/cost ratio. The benefit cost ratio is the means of identifying the most economical efficient alternative by defining benefits and costs. Basic Elements of Transportation Planning 6. Evaluate alternatives 2020

19. Hawassa University/ construction technology and management dept. 19 7. Action plan and implementation Once the transport project has been selected, a detail design phase begins, in which each of the components of the facility is specified. this involves physical location, geometric dimension, and structural configuration. Design plans are produced that can be used to estimate the cost of building the project. 8. Monitor System Performance C ontinually examines the performance and condition of the transportation system to identify where improvements can be made . necessary to systematically identify areas where improvements might occur. Basic Elements of Transportation Planning cont.. 2020