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1. Definition of Language   It is the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way. It is a system of words or signs that people use to express thoughts and feelings to each other. It is a system for communication, a medium for thought and a social interaction.

2. Nature of language 1. Language is a combination of sounds. 2. Words have meanings.(semantics) 3. Language follows a grammatical structure. 4. Language is based on aural and oral system. 5. Language can die and be extinct.

3. Characteristics of Language: Characteristics of Language: 1. Language is dynamic. 2. Language has levels. 3. Language is creative and unique. 4. Language is a means of communication. 5. Language identifies culture. 6. Language is arbitrary.

4. Properties of Language Displacement : It allows the users to talk about things and events not present in the immediate moment. Animal communication is generally considered to lack this property. Discreteness: The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct /b/ /u/ /s/; /a/ /t/

5. Productivity (or 'creativity', or 'open-endedness') : It is an aspect of l anguage which is linked to the fact that the potential number of utterances in any human language is infinite. Cultural transmission : l anguage is passed on from one generation to the next is described as cultural transmission.

6. Duality : Language is organized at two levels or layers simultaneously. At one level, we have distinct sounds, and, at another level, we have distinct meanings. Example: /n/ / i / /b/ ; /b/ / i / /n/ Arbitrary: The idea that language is arbitrary in nature implies that there is no inherent relationship between the words and their meaning. Formation of words/morphemes proper name:

7. Other properties The use of the vocal-auditory channel is a feature of human speech. Human linguistic communication is typically generated via the vocal organs and perceived via the ears. Reciprocity: any speaker/sender of a linguistic signal can also be a listener/receiver.

8. Specialization : linguistic signals do not normally serve any other type of purpose, such as breathing or feeding. Non-directionality : linguistic signals can be picked up by anyone within hearing, even unseen. Rapid fade: linguistic signals are produced and disappear quickly Prevarication : the deliberate act of deviating from the truth.; fabrication

9. Functions of Language ( Michael Halliday, 1975)

10. Functions of Language ( Michael Halliday, 1975)

11. Functions of Language ( Michael Halliday, 1975)

12. Functions of Language ( Michael Halliday, 1975)

13. Functions of Language ( Michael Halliday, 1975)

14. Functions of Language ( Michael Halliday, 1975)

15. Functions of Language ( Michael Halliday, 1975)

16. Functions of Language ( Michael Halliday, 1975)

17. Components of language 1: Morphology (the way words are formed). Morphology is the study of the smallest meaningful units in speech and writing. Morpheme relates to the smallest unit of meaning. (illegal)/ il, legal 2: Phonology (basic sounds). Phonology relates to the relationship between letters and sound. Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound. /boys/=boys /roses/ 3: Syntax (grammar), which is a set of rules that are used to describe and explain the ways in which words are related in a sentence.

18. 4: Semantics (the way language conveys meaning) 5: Pragmatics (appropriate word choice). The study of the relationships between signs in the context and the text. 6: Orthography (spelling pattern system) : the representation of the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols. (i.e. spelling, punctuation, capitalization) 7: Lexicology: The study of the morphemes combined to form words (the study of words)

19. Acquisition of language Cognitivism Noam Chomsky (LAD=Language Acquisition Device) Learning a language is innate .

20. Acquisition of language Behaviorism Language behavior of the individual is conditioned by sequences of differential rewards in his/her environment. Language is achieved by building up habits based on stimulus-response chains. (habituation, repetition, route memorization, observation)

21. Acquisition of language Krashen’s Monitor Model five hypotheses Acquisition/learning hypothesis The natural order hypothesis The monitor hypothesis The input hypothesis The affective filter hypothesis

22. Views about language The STRUCTURALISTS believe that language can be described in terms of observable and verifiable data as it is being used. Language is described in terms of its structure and according to its regularities and patterns or rules in language structure. Language is a system of speech sounds, arbitrarily assigned to objects, states, and concepts to which they refer, used for human communication. Language is a means of communication. Language is primarily vocal. Language is a system of systems.

23. Views about language 2. The TRANSFORMATIONALISTS believe that language is system of knowledge made manifest in linguistic forms, but innate, and in most abstract form, universal. Language is a mental phenomenon, not mechanical. Language is innate (LAD) language acquisition device (Noam Chomsky) Language is universal Language is creative.

24. Views about language 3. The FUNCTIONALISTS believe that language is a dynamic system through which members of a community exchange information. It serves as a vehicle for expressing functional meaning, such as conveying emotions, persuading others, and asking and giving. It emphasizes the meaning and functions rather than the grammatical characteristics of language.

25. Views about language 4. The INTERACTIONISTS believe that language is a vehicle for establishing personal relations and for performing social transactions between individuals. It is a tool for creating and maintaining social relations through conversations.