chapter 1 research metholdology 2022.pptx

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1. Chapter1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2. Chapter one A review of the Fundamentals 1. Meaning of Research 2. Definitions of Research 3.Sources of Knowledge 4. Objectives of Research 5. Motivation in Research 6. General Characteristics of Research 7. Criteria of Good Research

3. Meaning of Research The starting point in Research Methodology, is the examination of the sources of knowledge?, Put differently, what are the methods people use to seek and acquire knowledge as they struggle to make life worth living every day? Research is all about the search for knowledge (truth), preservation of acquired or existing knowledge, as well as the advancement of the frontiers of existing knowledge. A discussion of the methods for acquiring knowledge therefore, is very important because everyone is involved in this search for useful knowledge in our daily lives

4. cont Research seeks the answer of certain questions which have not been answered so far, and the answers depend upon human efforts. In common parlance, it refers to a search for knowledge. Definition of Research The term ‘research’ consists of two words: Research: Re+ search ‘Re’ means again and again and ‘search’ means to find out something.

5. cont According to George J. Mouly "Research is the systematic and scholarly application of the scientific method interpreted in its broadest sense, to the solution of social problems; conversely, any systematic study designed to promote the development of social studies as a science can be considered research

6. Sources of Knowledge There are many sources through which anyone can gain knowledge in everyday life. Some scholars discuss these sources as methods of seeking knowledge (see Jones, 1971; Cohen. Authority as a Source of Knowledge Tradition as a Source of Knowledge Media Myths as a Source of Knowledge Experience as a Source of Knowledge Faith as a Source of Knowledge Reason as a source of Knowledge Science as a Source of Knowledge

7. Authority as a Source of Knowledge Authority as a source of knowledge comes from ‘parents, teachers, experts as well as from books and television and other media. When you accept something as being true just because someone in a position of authority says it is true

8. Tradition as a Source of Knowledge According to Neuman (2000), tradition is a special form of authority ( i.e the authority of the past), and tradition means you accept something as being true because it is the way things have always been. But this may not always be true as things may change because of changing circumstances in society

9. Media Myths as a Source of Knowledge The media in general foist a particular way of looking at something repeatedly that every one would believe it to be true. This may be far from the reality. But whatever is the case, many people acquire knowledge from what Neuman(2000) called ‘myths of a culture

10. Experience as a Source of Knowledge The encounters we have in daily lives including the deliberately designed ones and the accidental ones (which in totality become the conditions we pass through in life), constitute an experience.

11. Faith as a Source of Knowledge Faith is belief on revealed knowledge as contained The QURAN and HADITH

12. Reason as a source of Knowledge Reason refers to mental reflection which emphasizes ideas more than material substances

13. Science as a Source of Knowledge Knowledge can be acquired through science, and this is made possible by following what is called the scientific method.

14. Objectives of research The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered yet. Kothari (1990) sees that each research study has its own specific purposes

15. cont These objectives often fall under a number of broad groupings. Some examples of these are as follows: To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it. Studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative research studies. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group. Studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research studies.

16. cont 3. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables. Studies with this object are known as hypothesis-testing research studies. 4. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else (studies with this object in view are known as diagnostic research studies)

17. Motivation in research What makes people to undertake research is a question of fundamental importance. The possible motives for doing research may be either one or more of the following: • Desire to get a research degree with its consequential benefits; • Desire to face challenge in solving unsolved problems; • Desire to get intellectual joy of doing more creative work; • Desire to be of service to society; and • Desire to get respectability (Kothari, 1990).

18. cont However, this is not an exhaustive list of factors motivating people to undertake research studies. Many more factors, such as: directives of government, employment conditions; curiosity about new things; desire to understand causal relationships, social thinking and awakening, and the like may as well motivate people to perform research operation

19. General Characteristics of Research The following characteristics may be gathered from the definitions of “research”: • It gathers new knowledge or data from primary or first-hand sources. • It places emphasis upon the discovery of general principles. • It is an extent systematic and accurate investigation. • It uses certain valid data gathering devices. • It is logical and exact. • Research is patient and unhurried activity Research is carefully recorded and reported.

20. Criteria of a Good Research Whatever may be research is, one can state the qualities of good research should be as under: • Good research is systematic: It means that research is structured with specified steps to be taken in specified sequence in accordance with the well-defined set of rules.

21. continue Good research is logical: This implies that research is guided by the rules of logical reasoning and the logical process. In fact, logical reasoning makes research more meaningful in the context of decision making. • Good research is replicable: This characteristic allows research results to be verified by replicating the study and thereby building a sound basis for decisions (Kothari, 1990).

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