Chapter 12 - Craft

1. Chapter 12 Crafts

2. Lost Wax Casting Process 1- Create a clay sculpture as a model. 2- Create a 2 part mold with rubber and plaster over the clay core. 3- Create a wax replica of the clay sculpture by pouring wax into the 2 part mold. 4 - Attach sprues and gates, which are wax rods all over the piece, creating an artery system. 5 - Encase the wax sculpture with the rod system in a ceramic shell . 6 - Melt the wax out (at this time, the ceramic shell is fired to create a mold) 7 - Pour molten bronze into the mold. 8 - Break the mold off of the bronze sculpture. 9 - Remove the channels & smooth & polish the sculpture . 10- Patination : create a colored patina on the finished surface.

3. FINE CRAFT Most crafts have roots in the middle ages, when a craftsman had a trade – potter, glassblower, woodworker, weaver. The word “craft” alludes to expert work done by hand. “Craft” and “Art” originally had the same meaning. During the Renaissance, painting, sculpture and architecture were elevated to a different level. Thus much of art history before the Renaissance includes craft.

4. Craft vs Art Western cultures (Europe & US) have Fine Art and Fine Craft in separate categories. Often the dividing line is function. Many other cultures around the world attribute artistic meaning to craft objects. Often fine art objects like sculpture have a spiritual function. There is no definite division between art and craft, nor should there be. Labels are a convenience for talking about art.

5. Traditional Materials of Craft Clay Glass Metal Wood Fiber

6. Ceramics Many kinds of clay Terra cotta ∙ Stoneware Earthenware ∙ Porcelain Greenware – Clay before it is fired Bisqueware – Clay that has been kiln-fired once. After clay has been fired its chemical composition changes, it can never be clay again Glazeware – Clay that has been glazed, it can be fired multiple times, not all ceramics are glazed

7. Ceramics Forming Techniques Wheel throwing Used in E gypt 6000 years ago Slab construction Coiling Maria Martinez used this method Hand-forming or pinching

8. Maria Martinez, Blackware This type of blackware was only fired once. Maria used a red clay. Before firing she would burnish the entire pot and then paint on a design with a slip (liquid clay.) The dull area is the slip. The shinier area is the raw clay that has been burnished. The ware becomes black by smothering the flames with dry manure partway thru the firing. The smoke reacts with the iron in the clay to turn it black.

9. Maria Martinez

10. Magdalene Odundo , Vessel Series II asymmetrical, no.1 , 2005, red clay, carbonized and multi-fired Bodily terms are used to describe vessels Mouth Neck Shoulder Body Foot

11. Etruscan amphora of the Pontic group, ca. 540–530 BC. From Vulci

12. Chinese Longquan celadon, Song Dynasty, 13th century

13. Elaine Coleman Incised Lizard and Leaf Teapot

14. Hellenistic Tanagra figurine, ca. 320 BCE

15. Earliest known ceramics are the Gravettian figurines that date to 29,000 to 25,000 BC

16. C hris Antemann , Paradise , 2009, porcelain , decals , luster , 27 × 17 × 17 inches

17. Islamic tilework in a mosque, Iran, 1602-1619

18. 17th century Kütahya tiles in Hall of the Ablution Fountain, Topkapı Palace, Istanbul, Turkey

19. Glass Made from silica (sand) Becomes molten as it is heated and hardens as it cools Can be formed in many ways Blown glass Fused glass, fired in a kiln Various types of molds – pate de verre Can be decorated with sandblasting Stained glass is made by cutting sheets of glass into pieces and fitting them together

20. Dale Chihuly

21. Chihuly

22. Dale Chihuly

23. The North Transept windows from Chartres Cathedral, France, c. 1230

24. The Mucha window in Prague's St. Vitus Cathedral was designed in the early 1930s

25. Metal Types of metals Copper - Silver Brass - Gold Bronze - Steel Nickel - Iron Can be shaped in many ways Casting - Forging Cutting - Hammering Soldering C an be decorated in many ways Enameling Chasing & Repoussé I nlay Vermail (a marriage of 2 metals)

26. A blacksmith forging hot iron

27. Handforged silver wine goblets by Emma-Kate Francis.

28. Modern Chinese cloisonné enamel

29. Detail showing cloisons before enameling. Wire is soldered to the piece to separate each color

30. This slide shows a girl meticulously adding frit to areas, the piece will be kiln fired, then ground and polished.

31. L idded copper-body cloisonné enamel vase with a dragon motif, Probably from Nagoya, it is dated to 1880-1890

32. Chasing and repoussé - high relief

33. The underside of the ginko leaf relief

34. 3 bronze custom butterfly cupboard pulls 

35. Chasing tools

36. Wood Easy to work with Readily available Subject to environmental effects (it rots, distorts, insects) Furniture The Chair was developed about 2800 yrs ago

37. The Chair of Hetepheres , Egypt, 2575-2551 BCE, wood and gold leaf

38. Chair designed by Henry Van de Velde for his house " Bloemenwerf " in Brussels

39. LCW (Lounge chair wood), Charles and Ray Eames 1946, molded plywood and rubber

40. Fiber Almost endless design possibilities Some civilizations highly prize textiles Incas Construction methods are unique to itself Weaving – the general method for all textiles Warp – held taut Weft – is interwoven through the warp Tapestry – a type of weaving wear the warp yarns are manipulated to form a pattern or design The golden age of tapestry was in Europe from late 14 th to 17 th century, it was the art of choice.

41. The Hunt of the Unicorn , 1475-1500 Netherlands, wool, silk and metallic thread. Bought for $1million in 1922 and donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1937. A series of 7 tapestry panels Depict a midieval story showing the unicorn being hunted When it lays its head in the lap of a virgin it is captured and killed, then later restored to life A mixture of pagan and Christian symbolism Its an allegory to the Passion of Christ

42. The Hunters Enter the Woods

43. Unicorn Is Found at the Fountain

44. The Unicorn is Attacked

45. The Unicorn Defends Herself

46. The Unicorn is Captured by the Maiden

47. The Unicorn is Killed and Brought to the Castle

48. The Unicorn in Captivity

49. In the Sterling Castle, Scotland, there are replicas of the original Unicorn Tapestries

50. Gee’s Bend Quilts A rural community near Selma, Alabama W as once the site of cotton plantations After the Civil War, the freed slaves took the last name Pettway and became tenant farmers The unique quilting style has been practiced for at least 6 generations In 2002 there was an exhibition titled “The Quilts of Gee’s Bend” featuring 70 masterpieces. There are still more than 50 women there who are part of the Gee’s Bend Quilters Collective Their style is reminiscent of Amish quilts and modern art In early years, the primary influence for the style was the newspaper and magazine collages used for insulation on the inside walls of homes

51. Women of Gee's Bend, Alabama, quilting, 2005

52. Roman Stripes by Deborah Pettway Young, circa 1963.

53. Drunkard´s Path -- Variation (Snowball) by Lucy T. Pettway , circa 1950

54. Allie Pettway Housetop, 1970-1975

55. Annie Mae Young, Work-clothes quilt with center medallion of strips , 1976; denim, corduroy, synthetic blend; 108 by 76.5 inches .

56. Jessie T. Pettway , Bars and string-pieced columns , 1950s; cotton; 95 by 76 inches.

57. Annie E. Pettway , Flying Geese variation , ca. 1935; cotton, wool; 86 by 71 inches.

58. Blocks & Strips Quilt by Mary Lee Bendolph , 2002

59. Jade and Lacquer Jade – a mineral stone of either nephrite or jadeite Color from white to brown to green Found mostly in the East, Central Asia & Central America Prized in China for 6000 yrs Lacquer – made from the sap of a tree that originally only grew in China, it is brushed over wood in very thin coats Hardens to a smooth glasslike finish Demands patience, can take 30 coats to build up a substantial layer, must fully dry between coats

60. A jade Bi with dragons, Warring States (403–221 BC)

61. A Chinese Ming Dynasty mother of pearl lacquer box, 16th century

62. Carved Cinnabar Lacquer Tray with Blue Magpies and Camellias, China, Yuan Dynasty, 14 th century

63. Blurring the Boundaries between Art and Craft Taking something functional and making it nonfunctional gives it a whole new meaning Voulkos’s Pottery broke this barrier Using craft methods to make Fine Art elevates the notion of craft Chicago’s The Dinner Party used traditional “ womens work” in multiple ways to create a fine art installation.

64. Peter Voulkos , Noodle , 1996, stoneware sculpture

65. Peter Voulkos plates, 1981

66. Peter Voulkos is on the left.

67. The Dinner Party, Judy Chicago, 1979 http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/place_settings/webtour/ The table has 39 place settings to honor influential women in history. An additional 999 important women’s names are written on the tile floor.

68. Mary Wollstonecraft and Sojourner Truth place settings

69. The Virginia Woolf setting

70. Judy Chicago with her masterpiece.