Chapter 2: Chickens breeding and growth.pptx

Chickens breeding concept

1. Chapter 2. Breeds of Chickens What is Breeds? Breed is an established group of birds having the same body shape, weight and some other characteristics that distinguish from others. In another word breeds refers to a group of animals having common origins, common ancestor and characteristics that distinguish them from other groups within the same species. There are about 300 breeds of chickens in the world. But only some of them have economic importance. 10/23/2020 1 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

2. Cont`d What is the difference between Varieties and Strain? Varieties : - subdivision of a breed and distinguished by either by comb type or color of feather or by both. Exampl e in Leghorn breed there are varieties of single comb white leghorn and rose comb brown leghorn. In Rhode Island Red breed there are single & rose comb varieties. Strain : - this includes small number of birds selected with in a breed for their well-established desired characteristics through cross breeding. E.g. Resistance for some diseases. 10/23/2020 2 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

3. Cont`d Number of chromosomes found in chicken , turkey and duck are 39 , 23-39 and 39 pairs, respectively Avian species have a ZZ/WW sex chromosome system Female is heterogametic with ZW, while male is homogametic with ZZ sex chromosome and Z chromosome is larger than W and comprises 10% of the total DNA material while the W only 1.5%!!!. 10/23/2020 3 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

4. Classifications of chicken breeds I. Classification based on geographical distribution as: American breeds Asiatic breeds English breeds Mediterranean breeds and Continental breeds 1. American breeds developed for dual purpose use on farms. Eg . Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red, New Hampshire, Wyandotte & others. 2. Asiatic breeds characterized by their massive size and feathered feet. Eg . Brahma , Cochin and Langshan. 10/23/2020 4 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

5. Cont`d 3. English breeds characterized by their dual purpose use and white skin. Eg . Orpington , Sussex, Australorp, Cornish. 4. Mediterranean breeds characterized by laying of white eggs, non-broodiness and flying expertise. Examples are Leghorn, Ancona , Minorca. 10/23/2020 5 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

6. Cont`d 5. Continental breeds characterized by their European origins, active flighty dispositions & ornamental characteristics. Eg . The crested Polish, colorful Hamburgs and bearded Faverolles. 10/23/2020 6 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

7. II. Classification based on body weight or condition 1) Light breeds developed to produce eggs or egg & meat; most of them are dual purpose breeds; served as foundation for the modern poultry industry; extensively used to upgrade local stocks in developing countries; used as genetic conservation to retain genetic variation. 10/23/2020 7 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

8. Cont`d Light breeds include the following breeds: i ) Leghorns Varieties : single & rose combed with the following color varieties: White , Black, Red, Silver, Buff, Light Brown, Dark Brown , 10/23/2020 8 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

9. Cont`d 10/23/2020 9 Single combed White leghorn (Hen) Compiled by Mohammed Y.

10. 10/23/2020 10 Single combed red leghorn (Cock) Compiled by Mohammed Y.

11. 10/23/2020 11 Single combed Brown leghorn (hen) Compiled by Mohammed Y.

12. 10/23/2020 12 Buff rose combed cock Compiled by Mohammed Y.

13. ii) Fayoumi Common varieties are Silver penciled and Gold penciled Fayoumi . Origin in Egypt and lays eggs with white or cream shell color. Fayoumi breed is now being introduced in many tropical countries. 10/23/2020 13 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

14. 10/23/2020 14 Silver penciled Fayoumi Compiled by Mohammed Y.

15. 2) Medium heavy breeds a) Rhode Island Red Varieties: Single Comb (distributed in ETH) Rose Comb Use: a dual purpose medium heavy fowl; used more for egg than meat production because of its good rate of lay. 10/23/2020 15 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

16. Rhode Island Red Single Combed 10/23/2020 16 Cock Hen Compiled by Mohammed Y.

17. b) New Hampshire Use : a dual purpose chicken, selected more for meat than egg production; Medium heavy in weight, it dresses a nice, plump carcass as a broiler. 10/23/2020 17 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

18. New Hampshire Single combed Cock 10/23/2020 18 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

19. New Hampshire Single combed Hen 10/23/2020 19 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

20. Plymouth Rock Varieties: B arred, White, Buff, Partridge, Silver Penciled, Blue, Columbian. White & barred varieties are most popular. Use: Meat and eggs 10/23/2020 20 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

21. Barred Plymouth rock single combed 10/23/2020 21 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

22. White Plymouth rock single combed 10/23/2020 22 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

23. 3) Heavy breeds a) Cornish Varieties: Dark, White, White Laced Red, Buff Comb: Pea   Use: developed as the ultimate meat bird and has contributed its genes to build the vast broiler industry of the world. 10/23/2020 23 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

24. 10/23/2020 24 Dark Cornish Compiled by Mohammed Y.

25. Cont`d Genetic line of broiler chickens is Cornish cross ( Cornish x White Rock ). Genetic lines of layer hens are Leghorn (white eggs) and Rhode Island Red & New Hampshire ( brown eggs ). Colour of the egg shell is directly influenced by the breed of the hen. Approx. 50% of the eggs produced in the world are brown & 50% are white.   10/23/2020 25 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

26. b/ Cochin Varieties: (single combed) Black White Buff Partridge Use: Mainly as an ornamental fowl due to their ability as mothers, they are frequently used as foster mothers for game birds and other species. 10/23/2020 26 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

27. White Cochin (Leg feathered) 10/23/2020 27 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

28. Black Cochin (Leg feathered) 10/23/2020 28 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

29. Buff Cochin (Leg feathered) 10/23/2020 29 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

30. Partridge cochin (Leg feathered) 10/23/2020 30 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

31. III Classification based on utility Based on the purpose of keeping or utility, chickens are classified into 3 types i . Egg type: - Those breeds of birds that are selected for producing high number of eggs. E.g. White Leghorn, Bovans , ISA Brown etc. ii. Meat type : - Those breeds of birds that have the capacity to fatten with in short period of time E.g. Broiler can reach 2 kg within 45 days , Eg . Sussex, Brahma, Orpington, Cochin, Langshan and Cornish. Most known are Orpington and Cornish Dark which weigh 3.9 kg. iii. Dual purpose type :- Those breeds which are used for both egg and meat production. E.g.Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red, Australops and New Hampshire. 10/23/2020 31 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

32. Commercial chicken breeds Commercial breed or strains are the result of crossing . The aim is to achieve heterosis (hybrid vigours) because the offspring ( hybrid ) perform at least the average of the parents or sometimes even better than the best parent. Hybrid is a final product and should not be used for further breeding because it produces an offspring with a wide range of diversification (they do not breed true, the offspring segregate) Heterosis occurs from one specific combination of parents and lasts only one generation. 10/23/2020 32 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

33. Great Grand parents (Inbreeding) Egg Quality 1MX4F A Early Matur 1MX4F   B FCR 1MX4F C Heat tol . 1MX4F  D Inbreed lines Grand parents 80M 800F 8000F 800M X X Parents ( heterosis ) 25,000 M AB 250,000 F CD Commercial hybrid 10,000,000 ABCD X The following diagram is derived from data for a company that had a market for ten million layers of one strain 10/23/2020 33 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

34. Cont`d Hybrid layer breeds Two layer hybrids were developed through systematic selection & breeding: white egg layers developed mostly from White Leghorn ( Hyline -USA, Lohman White-FRG, Shaver-Canada, Bovans -, Dekalb -, Hissex -Holland) 1.8 kg body weight produce 320 eggs per year with 63.5 g egg weight 320x63.5=20.3 kg egg mass, which is 11 times higher than hen’s body weight. 10/23/2020 34 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

35. Cont`d ii) brown egg layers developed mostly from RIR & New Hampshire ( Lohmann Brown-FRG, Hyline -USA, Babcock-UK, Bovans -, Dekalb -Holland, Shaver) they are not yet efficient in feed conversion, i.e. they consume more & are 20-30% heavier than white egg layers, this is because of their medium-heavy ancestors. 10/23/2020 35 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

36. Indigenous chicken breeds None descriptive breeds closely related to the red jungle fowl (Gallus Gallus) Variable in feather and earlobe colour and comb type Small in body size and late in maturity Lays few (40-60) small eggs with strongly yellow yolk Pronounced in broodiness and maternal instinct Highly adaptable to scavenging system Resistance to disease 10/23/2020 36 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

37. Advantages of local Chickens Resistance to certain diseases and parasites. Withstand harsh condition such as, Poor feeding and watering, poor housing, poor health care, etc Need less feed for body maintenance. Lay eggs with strong egg shells; Have high fertility and hatchability; Perform better under poor management conditions; 10/23/2020 37 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

38. Cont`d Their products are highly preferred by the consumers due to deep orange yolk color and good flavor of meat. Average egg prod from local chickens is 40 eggs/hen/year at scavenging conditions. Under improved management, prod can be raised up to 100 eggs. 10/23/2020 Compiled by Mohammed Y. 38

39. Disadvantage of local Chickens Low egg and meat production Broody characteristics, Male reach 1.52 kg at about 12 months Factors affecting performance of local Chickens Lack of genetic improvement. Unimproved environmental condition. Improvement of local Chickens Improve environmental condition Improve health condition Improve genetic capability by up grading and/ selection 10/23/2020 39 Compiled by Mohammed Y.

40. 10/23/2020 40 Various plumage colour of indigenous chicken) Compiled by Mohammed Y.

41. 10/23/2020 41 Cont`d (Mohammed Y.) Compiled by Mohammed Y.