Chapter # 2_Envt issuesand their relavance

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1. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

2. The Issue We use Resources extensively and then are NOT responsible for The Consequences !!!

3. EFFECTS ON BIOSPHERE 1. Damage to human health by specific chemical substances present in the air, food, water and radioactive material 2. Damage to natural environment affecting vegetation, animals, crops, soil and water 3. Damage to visual quality by smoke, fumes, dust, noise and waste 4. Damage by carcinogens , radioactive materials and excessive noise

4. Experts have identified four basic causes of environmental problems 1. Population growth. 2. Unsustainable resource use. 3. Poverty. 4. Excluding environmental costs from market prices.

5. Pollution - Introduction by man, waste matter or surplus energy into the environment, which directly or indirectly causes damage to man and his environment.

6. Pollutions Types of pollution are- 1.Air Pollution. 2.Water Pollution. 3.Noise Pollution. 4.Land Pollution. 5.Radiation pollution 6.Agricultural pollution

7. Water Pollution

8. Pollutants A.) Pathogens—cause disease—coliforms B.) Low oxygen (BOD used in 5 days at 20C) Little can live below 4 ppm (Mississippi River) C.) Inorganics—toxic metals D.) Nutrients—Nitrate, Phosphate E.) Organic chemicals—oil, PCBs, detergents, F.) Radioactive substances G.) Thermal pollution H.) Genetic pollution—exotic species

9. Causes of Water Pollution Factors that contribute to water pollution can be categorized into two different groups Point sources Non-point sources Point sources are the easiest to identify and control Non point sources are ambiguously defined and harder to control

10. Point Sources Some point sources of water pollution include Waste products from factories Waste from sewage system Waste from power plants Waste from underground coalmines Waste from oil wells They are called point sources because they are direct sources of water pollution and can be reduced and monitored

11. Example of a point source

12. Non-point Sources The term non-point source encompasses a large range of sources such as: when rain or snow moves through the ground and picks up pollutants as it moves towards a major body of water the runoff of fertilizers from farm animals and crop land air pollutants getting washed or deposited to earth storm water drainage from lawns, parking lots, and streets

13. Non-point source: Agricultural runoff

14. Prevention of water pollution 1.Factories should treat the effluents before disposal. 2.Controlled bathing and washing clothes in rivers or lakes. 3.People should not take there animals to take bath in rivers or lakes. 4. Sludge and sewage should not be directly disposed into water sources.

15. Air Pollution

16. Air Pollution Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals , particulate matter , or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damage the environment . Examples of air pollution : Smog Acid rain Indoor air pollution Dust particles

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19. ‹#› Criteria air pollutants Nitrogen Dioxide: NO2 brownish gas irritates the respiratory system originates from combustion (N2 in air is oxidized); NOx sum of NO, NO2, other oxides of N Ozone: ground level O3 primary constituent of urban smog reaction of VOC + NOx in presence of heat +sun light Carbon monoxide: CO reduces bloods ability to carry O2 product of incomplete combustion

20. ‹#› Lead: Pb cause learning disabilities in children , toxic to liver, kidney, blood forming organs tetraethyl lead – anti knock agent in gasoline leaded gasoline has been phased out Particulate Matter: PM10 (PM 2.5) respiratory disorders Sulfur Dioxide: SO2 formed when fuel (coal, oil) containing S is burned and metal smelting precursor to acid rain along with NOx

21. More causes of air pollution: CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) also contribute to air pollution by reducing the amount of ozone the stratosphere. CFCs come from a variety of places such as: the burning of plastic foam items leaking refrigerator equipment spray cans

22. Consequences of Air Pollution CO2 is a good transmitter of sunlight, but it also partially restricts infrared radiation going back from the earth into space, which produces the so-called greenhouse effect that prevents a drastic cooling of the Earth during the night Increasing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere reinforces this effect and is expected to result in a warming of the Earth's surface CO2 in atmosphere🡪 GLOBAL WARMING

23. The Greenhouse Effect

24. Acid Rain When emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide from stationary sources are transported long distances by winds, they form secondary pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid vapor, and droplets containing solutions of sulfuric acid, sulfate, and nitrate salts These chemicals descend to the earth's surface in wet form as rain or snow and in dry form as a gases fog, dew, or solid particles, it is known as acid rain or acid deposition

25. Acid Rain: Its effect on a tree

26. Smog With the introduction of petroleum to replace coal economies in countries, photochemical smog has become predominant in many cities, which are located in sunny , warm, and dry climates with many motor vehicles Worst episodes of photochemical smog tends to occur in summer

27. A smoggy city

28. Consequences continued Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone and peroxyacl nitrates (PANs), cause direct damage to leaves of crop plants and trees when they enter leaf pores (stomates) Chronic exposure of leaves and needles to air pollutants can also break down the waxy coating that helps prevent excessive water loss and damage from diseases, pests, drought and frost

29. ‹#› Air pollutant impacts Greenhouse effect Ozone depletion acidification smog formation human health ecosystem health

30. Prevention of air pollution 1.Ban to old vehicles 2.We should get a regular pollution check of our vehicle. 3.Eco friendly measures of fuels.electric buses, safa tampu. 4.Chimneys of factories should be fitted with proper filters to prevent smokes from coming out and effect atmosphere.

31. Land Pollution

32. Causes of Land Pollution Four Main causes of land pollution Construction Agriculture Domestic waste Industrial Waste

33. Construction Buildings take up resources and land, the trees are chopped down and used to make buildings Takes away from places for animals and other organisms to live

34. Agriculture As there are more and more people inhabiting the earth, food is in higher demand and so forests are chopped down and turned into farmland In addition, herbicides, pesticides, artificial fertilizers, animal manure (poop) are washed into the soil and pollute it

35. Domestic Waste Tons of domestic waste is dumped every day. Some waste from homes, offices and industries can be recycled or burnt in incinerators There is still a lot of garbage, such as refrigerators and washing machines that are dumped in landfills simply because they cannot be reused in anyway, nor recycled

36. Industrial Waste Plastics factories, chemical plants, oil refineries, nuclear waste disposal activity, large animal farms, coal-fired power plants, metals production factories and other heavy industry all contribute to land pollution

37. Noise Pollution Noise pollution is unwanted human-created sound that disrupts the environment . The dominant form of noise pollution is from transportation sources, principally motor vehicles , referred to as environmental noise. Examples of Noise Pollution: Loudspeakers Aircrafts

38. Causes of noise pollution 1.Jet planes. 2.Loud speakers and other loud speaking things. 3.Cinema halls. 4.Factories 5.Road traffic

39. Prevention of noise pollution 1.We should not use loud speakers. 2.Factories should be made out of the city. 3.There should be not more noise making vehicles on the roads.

40. Pesticides and the Environment

41. Pesticides + + + Fast acting + + + Effective Emergency measure - - - Environmental effects

42. Desirable characteristics in a pesticide • Only a small amount is needed to kill targeted pests( specific), • Has low toxicity to non-target species, • Has a lifetime long enough to kill target Pests( does not persist in the environment), • Degrade into benign products, • Does not bio-accumulate , • Does not run off with water from application site, •Pests are slow to develop resistance to it.

43. Blight hits potatoes, 1845 Based on: Population Reports , May 1992 Potato famine of Ireland was caused by genetically uniform crops and lack of pesticides to protect them

44. Pests attack and eat our food crops This problem is due, in part, to not selecting for pest resistance during domestication Today’s Pests Based on: National Geographic , February 1980

45. DDT was invented in the 1940’s and viewed as: - miracle for farmers - and safe

46. “The most discussed of the new insecticides is dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane, shortened to DDT but also called Guesarol. Painstaking investigations have shown it to be signally effective against many of the most destructive insects that feed upon crops.” Scientific American , July 1944.

47. Arial crop sprayers were used to spray tons of DDT on crops across the U.S. Photo courtesy of Texas Parks and Wildlife Department

48. Pests became resistant to DDT Based on: National Geographic

49. Pesticide Resistance In the beginning, most pests were sensitive to DDT but a few were resistant The resistant forms survived and reproduced In the end, most pests were resistant to DDT Based on: National Geographic , February 1980

50. Pesticides in the Environment

51. Biodegradation Breakdown of pesticides by soil microflora A normal process in soil Recycles pesticide residues to harmless and useful elements like N, P, S, etc.

52. Bioaccumulation = Cumulative buildup of toxic elements or compounds in the body of an organism. Organohalides = very soluble in fat tissues of organisms, good candidates for bioaccumulation.

53. Biomagnification The concentration of pesticides in higher levels of food chains

54. Biomagnification = Increase in concentration of toxic products in higher consumers in food chains

55. Biomagnification Most often seen as a problem in raptors and in higher aquatic predators. A particular problem with persistent elements like Cl, Br, metals, and persistent compounds like organohalides. Can be a problem in aquatic systems, far removed from agricultural sites. Results from bioaccumulation but note difference from bioaccumulation.

56. DDT is concentrated as it moved up food chain This is because energy is lost (from respiration) as go up food chain but DDT is not Based on: Campbell et al, Biology: Concepts and Connections , Benjamin Cummings DDT in Food Chain

57. With Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification, some toxic effects reach beyond agricultural system

58. Heavy Metals Persistent, can remain in site years after pesticide with metal was used Pesticides with metals not used much anymore Main source of metals in ag today is some amendments, especially municipal solid wastes, sludges, etc. Even if metal amount in amendment application is low, total amount accumulates on site over time

59. Pesticide Movement Air (drift) particles, droplets vapors (fumigants, non fumigants) Water drift, leaching, runoff spills, leaks improper disposal too much water – rain, irrigation, etc. On plants, animals, objects contaminated clothing high residues, over tolerances

60. Nontarget organisms harmed by pesticides in two ways: Immediate or direct injury Long-term consequences of environmental pollution

61. Harmful Effects Protective Equipment

62. Pesticides – Harm to Humans Hazard – risk of harmful effects due to: Toxicity – ability to cause harm Exposure – Contact of the chemical with the body Hazard = Toxicity X Exposure

63. Risk = Toxicity x Exposure

64. Label Signal Words – (Toxicity to Humans) DANGER* - Highly toxic WARNING – Moderately toxic CAUTION – Slightly toxic *with POISON/skull/crossbones – high acute toxicity Without Poison/skull/crossbones – high skin & eye irritation potential

65. Routes of Exposure to Pesticides Oral – mouth Dermal – skin Inhalation – nose (breathing) Ocular - eyes

66. Types of Toxicity to Pesticides Acute – usually immediate, obvious, reversible Delayed – “chronic”, usually from repeated doses Allergic – immune system response to chemicals

67. Acute Effects Oral – examples: burned mouth, sore throat, upset stomach Inhalation – examples: pain or tightness in chest Dermal (skin) – examples: itching, blisters, rash Ocular (eyes) – examples: irritation, temporary or permanent blindness

68. Delayed (Chronic) Effects May appear long after exposure: Tumors Gene effects Miscarriage Impotence Birth defects Infertility Sterility Nervous system disorders

69. Types of Allergic Effects Systemic – as asthma, shock Skin irritation – rash, blisters, sores Eye and nose – itchy/watery eyes, sneezing Will occur with every exposure to the offending chemical

70. Emergency Responses First aid Call physician/go to hospital Take chemical or labeling Call – Poison Control Center *pesticide illness may be confused with heat stress, heat cramps, or plants poisoning

71. First Aid - Skin Drench with water Remove clothes Wash body with mild soap/water Avoid chills/overheating Burns: apply loose, clean, dry covering No ointments (unless prescribed)

72. First Aid - Eyes Wash quickly (eye wash or water) Rinse eye with cool, clean water 15 for more minutes No chemicals/drugs in rinse

73. First Aid - Inhalation Get to fresh air Loosen clothing Artificial respiration (if needed)

74. First Aid – Mouth/Swallowed Rinse mouth Drink milk/water (up to 1 qt.) Induce vomiting (if label says so) place victim face down spoon to back of throat (or) give syrup of ipecac

75. First Aid – Mouth/Swallowed Do NOT induce vomiting if: unconscious/convulsions corrosive poison swallowed EC or oil solutions label prohibits

76. Read the label to determine first aid measures as whether you should or should not induce vomiting.

77. Vomiting Procedures Adult – two tablespoons of Syrup of Ipecac and two glasses of water Child – one tablespoon of Syrup of Ipecac and one glass of water

78. ‹#› Industrial Waste Industrial waste is process waste associated with manufacturing. This waste usually is not classified as either municipal waste or hazardous waste by federal or state laws. Regulatory programs for managing industrial waste vary widely among state, tribal, and some local governments. Each year, industrial facilities generate and manage 7.6 billion tons of nonhazardous industrial waste in land application units.

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80. ‹#› Municipal Solid Waste EPA definition includes wastes such as durable goods, nondurable goods, containers and packaging, food scraps, yard trimmings, and miscellaneous inorganic wastes from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources. Examples of waste from these categories include appliances, automobile tires, newspapers, clothing, boxes, disposable tableware, office and classroom paper, wood pallets, and cafeteria wastes .

81. ‹#› Additional Resources Air pollution US EPA http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/ http://www.epa.gov/air/ Water pollution US EPA http://www.epa.gov/water/

82. ‹#› Toxics Release Inventory US EPA http://www.epa.gov/tri/ Solid waste US EPA http://www.epa.gov/solidwaste/

83. URBANIZATION or HOW CITIES GROW

84. URBANIZATION & CITIES Urbanization refers to the proportion of people in living in cities. It also refers to the process in which rural populations move to urban areas. Urbanization refers to all of the cities in a country, considered as an urban system. The urban system is the network of individual cities within a region or country .

85. The World At Night

86. The United States, The World And Europe At Night

87. Sources of Urbanization The urban system of a country grows mainly by: Natural population increase (births – deaths) Migration from rural areas (especially in countries with large rural populations) Immigration from other countries (especially in Europe and North America) Reclassification of urban boundaries to encompass formerly rural areas

88. Urbanization in MDCs and LDCs MDCs Slow pre-industrial growth Rapid industrial growth Slows again once most previously rural populations are in cities Europe, North America, Australia and Japan, the population is 75% to 80% urban. Canada is 80% urbanized. LDCs Rapid urbanization without proportional industrialization (population growth, land tenure) By 2020 majority of LDC population will live in urban areas of 1 million+ By 2020 most megacities of 10 million+ will be in LDCs

89. Urban Growth is Speeding Up Time required to reach 2 million population: Rome, Italy 2000 years Vienna, Austria 400 years Vancouver, B.C. 115 years Shenzhen, China 20 years

90. Cities with 10 million or more people 2015

91. Urbanization & the population question Thomas Malthus and Malthusianism “I SAID that population, when unchecked, increased in a geometrical ratio, and subsistence for man in an arithmetical ratio.” Thomas Malthus. 1798. An Essay on the Principle of Population Available at http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/ 1766-1834

92. Urbanization & the population question Time Pop. Subsistence

93. Urbanization & the population question Source: Marshall, J. 2005

94. Urbanization & the population question Source: Marshall, J. 2005

95. Urbanization & the population question www.pivotlegal.org/pivot/points/DownEast.htm

96. Urbanization & the population question http://faculty.law.ubc.ca/Pue/grlawsocspring03/Image7.gif

97. ‹#› Waste Management: practical application of the new ethical concepts of Eco-Ethics International Union

98. ‹#› What are Wastes? Basel Convention Definition of Wastes “substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law” Disposal means “any operation which may lead to resource recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses (Annex IVB of the Basel convention)”

99. ‹#› Kinds of Wastes Solid wastes: domestic, commercial and industrial wastes especially common as co-disposal of wastes Examples: plastics, styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries and other sources

100. ‹#› Classification of Wastes according to their Properties Bio-degradable can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others) Non-biodegradable cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, styrofoam containers and others)

101. ‹#› Classification of Wastes according to their Effects on Human Health and the Environment Hazardous wastes Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically Non-hazardous Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically

102. ‹#› Sources of Wastes Households Commerce and Industry

103. ‹#› Sources of Wastes Agriculture Fisheries

104. ‹#› EFFECTS OF WASTE IF NOT MANAGED WISELY Affects our health Affects our socio-economic conditions Affects our environment Affects our climate

105. ‹#› EFFECTS OF WASTE… According to NAS: GHGs are, causing global mean surface air temperature and subsurface ocean temperature to rise. Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and change precipitation and other local climate conditions. Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies. This could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems. Deserts might expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our national parks might be permanently altered.

106. ‹#› EFFECTS OF WASTE… According to NAS: - Some countries are expected to become warmer, although sulfates might limit warming in some areas. - Scientists are unable to determine which parts of those countries will become wetter or drier, but there is likely to be an overall trend toward increased precipitation and evaporation, more intense rainstorms, and drier soils. - Whether rainfall increases or decreases cannot be reliably projected for specific areas.

107. ‹#› Effects of waste…. Activities that have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere: Buildup of GHGs primarily carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) methane (CH 4 ), and nitrous oxide (N 2 0). C0 2 is released to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, wood and wood products, and solid waste. CH 4 is emitted from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills, the raising of livestock, and the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. N0 2 is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels. In 1977, the US emitted about one-fifth of total global GHGs. Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2000, US EPA, Office of Atmospheric Programs, April 2002 EPA 236-R-02-003.

108. ‹#› WHAT SHOULD BE DONE Reduce Waste - Reduce office paper waste by implementing a formal policy to duplex all draft reports and by making training manuals and personnel information available electronically. - Improve product design to use less materials. - Redesign packaging to eliminate excess material while maintaining strength. - Work with customers to design and implement a packaging return program. - Switch to reusable transport containers. - Purchase products in bulk.

109. ‹#› WHAT SHOULD BE DONE Reuse - Reuse corrugated moving boxes internally. - Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as interoffice envelopes, file folders, and paper. - Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins, dishes, cups, and glasses. - Use incoming packaging materials for outgoing shipments. - Encourage employees to reuse office materials rather than purchase new ones.

110. ‹#› WHAT SHOULD BE DONE Donate/Exchange - old books - old clothes - old computers - excess building materials - old equipment to local organizations

111. ‹#› WHAT SHOULD BE DONE Education - Develop an “recycling procedures” packet. - Send out recycling reminders to all including environmental articles. - Training on recycling practices prior to implementing recycling programs. - Conduct an ongoing training process as new technologies are introduced

112. ‹#› WHAT SHOULD BE DONE - education campaign on waste management that includes an extensive internal web site, quarterly newsletters, daily bulletins, promotional signs and helpful reference labels within the campus of an institution.

113. ‹#› WHAT SHOULD BE DONE Preventing Waste - packaging waste reductions and changes in the manufacturing process - use biodegradable materials

114. ‹#› WHAT SHOULD BE DONE Conduct outreach program adopting an ecologically sound waste management system which includes: waste reduction segregation at source composting recycling and re-use more efficient collection more environmentally sound disposal

115. ‹#› Stages in the Implementation of EMS understanding of eco-ethics environmental and health effects economic impacts liabilities After establishing a complete list of significant aspects, the organization sets environmental goals and develops a plan to achieve those goals. Identify all environmental aspects: any environmental or health and safety impacts resulting from activities and services. The organization then evaluates each aspect according to a variety of criteria: 1. Plan

116. ‹#› 2. Do The ‘do-phase’ of the model involves implementation of the environmental plan through employee training and establishment of operation controls. Check Evaluates progress toward meeting program goals through ongoing monitoring and measuring and periodic EMS audits. Act Involves taking corrective action to update and improve the environmental plan. For example, if an organization makes significant progress on one environmental aspect, another environmental aspect will replace it on the priority list.

117. ‹#› Why Should an Organization Adopt an EMS? 1. Improve environmental performance It helps monitor energy and water conservation, resource efficiencies, and pollution prevention. 2. Better regulatory compliance Increase regulatory compliance which is especially important for organizations that spend time and resources with regulatory violations. 3. Certification and recognition EMS implementation can enhance an organization’s image and improve public community relations.

118. ‹#› Principles of an Effective EMS For better environmental and overall organizational performance, an EMS should : 1. Focus on continual improvement 2. Serve the organization and its mission 3. Receive top management support 4. Remain dynamic and flexible 5. Fit the culture of the organization 6. Represent employees and their actions 7. Establish employees awareness and involvement

119. ‹#› That ends my presentation. I hope this lecture about Environmental issues will make you aware of what is happening to our environment . Thank you for listening!