Chapter-2-Principles-of-Ecology- Organism

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1. 1 Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships

2. 2 What is ecology? Oikos Greek for “homestead” Ology means “study of” Scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment Reveals relationships among living things (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) parts of the world

3. 3 What is ecology? Uses both quantitative and descriptive research Combines information and techniques from many scientific fields: Mathematics Chemistry Physics Geology And many others

4. 4 Aspects of Ecological Study Biosphere: portion of the Earth that supports life High in atmosphere to bottom of ocean Extends several kilometers above the Earth’s surface and several kilometers below the surface of the ocean Comparable to peel of an apple Very diverse climate

5. 5 Living thing affected by: Abiotic factors Air currents Temperature Moisture Light Soil composition Terrain And many others

6. 6 Living thing affected by: Biotic factors Same species for protection, competition, food, and reproduction Other species for all but reproduction Tree decay

7. 7 Levels of Organization in Ecology Need to study more than just an individual to get the whole story Need to study relationships or interactions among organisms of the same and different species

8. 8 Levels of Organization in Ecology Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism

9. 9 Populations A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live together in the same place at the same time

10. 10 Populations Compete with each other for food, water, space, light and other resources in short supply How organisms share resources determines how far apart they live and how large a population gets

11. 11 Populations Some species reduce competition by larvae and adult stages living in different environments and using different resources as food (frogs and many insects)

12. 12 Individuals Interact within Communities Community: collection of interacting populations (all the populations at one place and time) Change in one population will cause change in another population Small changes Large changes

13. 13 Interactions among living things and abiotic factors Ecosystem: interaction of populations in a community and nonliving (physical) surroundings Three kinds of ecosystems Terrestrial (land) Fresh water Marine: 75% of the earth

14. 14 Organisms in Ecosystems Habitat: place where an organism lives its life (home)

15. 15 Organisms in Ecosystems Niche: the role and position a species plays in its environment All the interactions with abiotic and biotic factors Everything the species does How it uses resources Its job

16. 16 Organisms in Ecosystems Even though two species occupy the same habitat, they do not occupy the same niche because resources (food, shelter) are used in different ways It is an advantage for a species to occupy a different niche, unique strategies are important to reduce competition

17. 17 Organisms in Ecosystems

18. 18 Symbiosis Permanent, close association between two or more organisms of different species Three types of symbiosis Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism

19. 19 Commensalism One species benefits, other species not harmed or benefited Few examples because further study usually reveals mutualism or parasitism

20. 20 Commensalism Cattle egrets follow cattle to feed on the insects stirred up by the grazing cattle. Egret benefits as it gets more food Cattle is neither helped nor harmed

21. 21 Commensalism Orchids growing on trees have a home and moisture Orchids benefit while the tree is not affected

22. 22 Mutualism Both species benefit

23. 23 Mutualism A remarkable 3-way mutualism appears to have evolved between an ant, a butterfly caterpillar, and an acacia in the American southwest. The caterpillars have nectar organs which the ants drink from, and the acacia tolerates the feeding caterpillars. The ants appear to provide some protection for both plant and caterpillar. Research of Diane Wagner, American Museum of Natural History Southwestern Research Station

24. 24 Mutualism Ants “tending” soybean aphids

25. 25 Parasitism One organism benefits the other is harmed but usually not killed Ring Worm Ticks

26. 26 Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem

27. 27 How Organisms Obtain Energy Ultimate source of energy is the sun Producers use the sun’s energy to make food Consumers eat producers of other consumers

28. 28 How Organisms Obtain Energy Autotrophs: “auto” = self; “troph”= energy Most are photoautotrophs: organisms that use the sun’s energy to make food in the process of photosynthesis; all have chlorophyll Some are chemoautotrophs; make food by using energy stored in chemical bonds (some Archaebacteria)

29. 29 Photoautotrophs Cyanobacteria Algae Plants

30. 30 How Organisms Obtain Energy Heterotrophs: “hetero”= other; “troph”= energy Can’t make food so must feed on other organisms Herbivores: only eat autotrophs Carnivores: only eat other heterotrophs Omnivore: eat both autotrophs and heterotrophs

31. 31 How Organisms Obtain Energy Heterotrophs: “hetero”= other; “troph”= energy, cont. Scavengers: feed on dead (carrion and refuse) Decomposers: breakdown and absorb nutrients from dead organisms (fungi, protozoans, many bacteria)

32. 32 Heterotrophs Carnivore Herbivore Decomposer Scavenger

33. 33 How Organisms Obtain Energy Detritivores Eat fragments of dead matter in an ecosystem, and return nutrients to the soil, air, and water where the nutrients can be reused by organisms. Also considered heterotrophs

34. 34 Matter and Energy Flow Food Chains: simple model to show energy flow in an ecosystem; one possible route Food web: several interconnected food chains shows that an organism occupies more than one trophic level Expresses more possible feeding relationships at each trophic level More realistic than a food chain

35. 35 Food Chain Arrows indicate direction energy flows Usually 3 to 5 trophic (energy) levels On average only 10% of energy is transferred to next trophic level Most energy is lost as heat Also lost as urine, feces and other

36. 36 Food Chain Top Carnivore Carnivore Omnivore Herbivore Producer

37. 37 Food Web

38. 38 Food Web Trophic level is one step in a food chain Organisms can occupy more than one trophic level Important part of organism’s niche is how it obtains energy

39. 39 Energy and Trophic Levels Energy Pyramid

40. 40 Energy Pyramids Pyramid of Numbers Count the number of organisms at each level Numbers decrease as move up the pyramid Not always reveals true relationship as one tree (producer) could support 50,000 insects (herbivore)

41. 41 Energy Pyramids Pyramid of Biomass Use dry weight of organisms at each level

42. 42 Energy Pyramids Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Biomass

43. 43 Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.3 Cycling of Matter

44. 44 Cycles in Nature Energy flows, nutrients cycle Atoms of carbon, nitrogen and other elements in your body today made up the bodies of other organisms Matter including nutrients are constantly recycled The cycling of nutrients in the biosphere involves both matter in living organisms and physical processes found in the environment such as weathering.

45. 45

46. 46 Precipitation is a vital component of how water moves through Earth’s water cycle, connecting the ocean, land, and  atmosphere . Knowing where it rains, how much it rains and the character of the falling rain, snow or  hail  allows scientists to better understand precipitation’s impact on streams, rivers, surface  runoff  and  groundwater . The water cycle describes how water evaporates from the surface of the earth, rises into the atmosphere, cools and condenses into rain or snow in clouds, and falls again to the surface as precipitation. The water falling on land collects in rivers and lakes, soil, and  porous  layers of rock, and much of it flows back into the oceans, where it will once more evaporate. The cycling of water in and out of the atmosphere is a significant aspect of the  weather  patterns on Earth.

47. 47 RESPIRATION - the action of breathing. RESPIRATION - a process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances . Transpiration -  is the process where plants absorb water through the roots and then give off water vapor through pores in their leaves. An example of  transpiration  is when a plant absorbs water in its roots.

48. 48 CONDENSATION water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it . the conversion of a vapor or gas to a liquid . PRECIPITATION Precipitation  (Water Falling from the Sky) There are many different types of precipitation  —rain, snow, hail, and sleet for  example —yet they all have a few things in common. They all come from clouds. They are all forms of water that fall from the sky.

49. 49 EVAPORATION - the process of turning from liquid into vapor. Evaporation is the process of a substance in a liquid state changing to a gaseous state due to an increase in temperature and/or pressure . Evaporation  is a fundamental part of the water cycle and is constantly occurring throughout nature.

50. 50 Carbon Cycle

51. 51 The   carbon cycle  is the  process  in which  carbon travels from the atmosphere into organisms and the Earth and then back into the atmosphere. Plants take carbon  dioxide from the air and use it to make food. Animals then eat the food and  carbon  is stored in their bodies or released as CO2 through respiration.

52. 52 Nitrogen Cycle

53. 53 NITROGEN CYCLE The   nitrogen cycle  is the biogeochemical  cycle  by which  nitrogen  is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of  nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes .

54. 54 Phosphorus Cycle

55. 55 PHOSPOROUS CYCLE Phosphorus  moves in a  cycle  through rocks, water, soil and sediments and organisms. Key  steps  of the phosphorus cycle : # Over time, rain and weathering cause rocks to release phosphate ions and other minerals. This inorganic phosphate is then distributed in soils and water.

56. WEATHERING Weathering: The process by which rocks are broken down into small grains and soil . Weathering  can happen through rainfall, ice formation, or the action of living things, such as algae and plant roots. It is part of the geological cycle. 56

57. THREE TYPES OF WEATHERING Weathering  is the breakdown of rocks at the Earth's surface, by the action of rainwater, extremes of temperature, and biological activity. It does not involve the removal of rock material. There are  three types of weathering , physical, chemical and biological. 57

58. 58 General Cycle