Chapter 21 2022

chapter21 Haircolor

1. Chapter 21 Haircoloring

2. Learning Objectives List the reasons why people color their hair. Explain how the hair’s porosity affects haircolor . Understand the types of melanin found in hair. Define and identify levels and their role in formulating haircolor . Identify primary, secondary, and tertiary colors. Know what roles tone and intensity play in haircolor . List and describe the categories of haircolor . (continues)

3. Explain the role of hydrogen peroxide in a haircolor formula. Explain the action of hair lighteners. List the five key questions to ask when formulating a haircolor . Understand why a patch test is useful in haircoloring . Define what a preliminary strand test is and why it is used. Learning Objectives (continued) (continues)

4. List and describe the procedure for a virgin single-process color service. Understand the two processes involved in double-process haircoloring . Describe the various forms of hair lightener. Understand the purpose and use of toners. Name and describe the three most commonly used methods for highlighting. Learning Objectives (continued) (continues)

5. Know how to properly cover gray hair. Know the rules of color correction. Know the safety precautions to follow during the haircolor process. Learning Objectives (continued)

6. Nearly all adults and many teens now color their hair. You will probably find that most of your clients, at some time or another, will want to enhance their hair color, change their hair color, or cover gray. Clients who have their hair colored usually visit the salon every three to twelve weeks . These are the kind of regular guests you want in your client base. Introduction

7. Why People Color Their Hair Cover up or blend gray hair Enhance existing hair color Create a fashion statement or statement of self-expression Correct unwanted tones Accentuate a particular haircut

8. Hair color vs. Haircolor Hair color – Refers to the natural color of the hair. Haircolor – a professional, industry-coined term referring to products and services for artificially coloring the hair.

9. Review Hair Facts The structure of the hair and the desired results determine which haircolor to use. Cuticle – o utermost layer that contributes 20 percent of overall strength Cortex – middle layer that contributes 80 percent of overall strength Melanin determines the hair color

10. Texture Hair texture is the diameter of an individual hair strand Coarse – large hair-strand diameter loosely grouped processes slow Medium – medium hair-strand diameter Fine small hair-strand diameter tightly grouped (processes fast)

11. Density Number of hairs per square inch Refers to hair thickness

12. Porosity The ability of the hair to absorb moisture Porous hair accepts haircolor faster and permits a darker color than less-porous hair.

13. Types of Porosity Low porosity – tight cuticle, resistant hair Average porosity – cuticle slightly raised; average processing time High porosity – cuticle lifted; quicker processing time Test for porosity – take several hair strands from different areas of the head: front hairline, temple, crown and nape.

14. Identify Natural Hair Color and Tone Melanin in the cortex Eumelanin – g ives black and brown color Pheomelanin – g ives blond and red colors Mixed melanin – c ontains both eumelanin and pheomelanin Contributing pigment – a lso known as undertone

15. Level System Unit of measurement Identifies lightness or darkness Arranged on scale of 1 to 10 1 being darkest 10 being lightest Courtesy of P&G Salon Professional. Clairol Professional.

16. Level System Level is the unit of measurement used to identify the lightness or darkness of a color. Level is the saturation, density or concentration of color. The level system is a system that colorist use to determine the lightness or darkness of a hair color.

17. Identifying Natural Level Take a ½-inch square section in the crown area. Match swatches. Compare strand to determine level. Your most powerful valuable tool is the color wheel.

18. Gray Hair The loss of pigment increases with age. Most people retain a certain percentage of pigmented hair. Gray hair can be solid or blended and requires special attention during haircoloring.

19. Determining Percentage of Gray Hair © NinaMalyna / Shutterstock.com © Budimir Jevtic / Shutterstock.com © Bine/ Shutterstock .com

20. Color Theory Color is the property of objects that depends on the light they reflect. It is perceived as red, green, blue, or other shades. Base color – the predominant tone of a color.

21. The Law of Color A system for understanding color relationships . When combining colors, you will always get the same result from the same combination. Equal parts of red and blue make violet. Equal parts of blue and yellow make green. Equal parts of red and yellow make orange.

22. Primary Colors

23. Primary Colors Are pure fundamental colors (red, yellow and blue) that cannot be created by combining other colors. Colors with a predominance of blue are cool colors, whereas colors with a predominance of red/or yellow are warm colors. Addition to coolness, blue can also bring depth or darkness t o any color. In traditional color theory, when all three primary colors are present in equal proportions the resulting color is black or dark muddy gray depending on the saturation of the pigment.

24. Secondary Colors

25. Secondary Colors Secondary color is obtained by mixing equal parts of two primary colors.

26. Tertiary Colors

27. Tertiary Colors Tertiary color is an intermediate color achieved by mixing a secondary color and its neighboring primary color on the color wheel in equal parts.

28. Complementary Colors Complementary colors are primary and secondary color positioned directly opposite each other on the color wheel. Blue and orange Red and green Yellow and violet

29. Tone or Hue of Color Tone or hue – balance of color Can be described as warm, cool are netural . Because warm tones reflect more light, they can look lighter that their natural color. Cool tones absorb more light, therefore thay can look deeper than their actual tone. Intensity – strength of color tone, it can be described as soft, medium , and strong.

30. Base Color Base color is the predominant tone of a color. Each color is identified by a number and a letter. The number indicates the level and the letter indicates the tone. For example: 6G is level 6–Dark Blond with a G-Gold Base. Neutral base colors are often used to cover gray hair.

31. Part 2 Understand the Types of Haircolor Non-oxidative Haircolor are temporary and semi- permnent (traditional) . Oxidative haircolor are demi-permanent (deposit only) and permanent (lift and deposit). All of these products, except temporary color, require a patch test. All permanent haircolor products and lighteners contain both a developer, or oxidizing agent, and an alkalizing ingredient.

32. Review of Haircolor Classifications

33. Temporary Haircolor Does not penetrate cuticle layer Coats hair shaft Neutralizes unwanted tones Available in variety of colors and products

34. Semi-permanent Lasts through several shampoos Penetrates hair shaft; stains cuticle layer Fades with each shampoo Nonoxidation Used out of bottle; requires patch test

35. Demi-permanent Haircolor Deposits color; does not lift deposit only color, is formulated to deposit but not to lighten color. Less alkaline than permanent colors Ideal for: – Introducing haircolor services – Blending or covering gray – Refresh faded color – Color corrections

36. Permanent Haircolor Used to match and lighten hair, and to cover gray hair Contains ammonia, oxidative tints, and peroxide They require a patch test 24 to 48 hours prior to tints. Contains aniline derivatives (dye precursors) Combine with H 2 O 2 to form larger molecules Removes natural pigment while adding artificial color Best to cover gray

37. Permanent Haircolor Action

38. Natural Haircolor Known as vegetable haircolor , made from leaves or bark of plants. No lightening Limited shade range Professional products cannot be applied over

39. Metallic Haircolors Also known as gradual haircolors or progressive haircolor . Contain metal salts that change hair color gradually by progressive buildup and exposure to air, creating a dull, metallic appearance

40. Hydrogen Peroxide Developers D eveloper – also called oxidizing agents or catalysts. pH between 2.5 and 4.5 H 2 O 2 most common Volume measures the concentration and strength of hydrogen peroxide. Lower volume, less lift Higher volume, greater lift

41. Hydrogen Peroxide Volume and Uses

42. Lighteners Chemicals compounds that lighten hair by dispersing, dissolving, and decolorizing the natural hair pigment. Oxidation, a process by which oxygen is released, and it occurs within the cortex of the hair shaft. To achieve a very light pale blond, it is recommended that you use a double-process application, also known as two-step coloring, which is a coloring technique requiring two separate procedures in which the hair is pre-lightened before the depositing color is applied.

43. The Decolorizing Process (continues)

44. During this process of decolorizing, natural hair color can go through as many a 10 stages. Decolorizing the hair’s natural melanin pigment allows the colorist to create the exact degree of contributing pigment needed for the final result. Toners can also be used after dimensional haircolor services. After a highlight service is completed using a lightener, you can tone the hair to create a softer shade of blonde. The Decolorizing Process (continued)

45. Toners Applied to lightest degree of contributing pigment Never lift past pale yellow Hair will become mushy. Hair will lose its elasticity. Will be harsh and brittle when dry Often suffers breakage to pale yellow and neutralizing the unwanted undertone with a toner.

46. Part 3 Conduct an Effective Haircolor Consultation Most critical part of the color service. Book 15 minutes of additional time. Have client fill out client intake form. Conduct in proper lighting. Look at client directly. Recommend two options. Be honest. (continues)

47. Gain approval from the client. Start the haircolor service. Educate regarding home care, products, and rebooking. Finish completing the client’s haircolor service record card. Conduct an Effective Haircolor Consultation (continued)

48. Haircolor Service Record Card

49. Release Statement

50. Release Statement A release statement is used by schools and many salons when providing chemical services. Its purpose is to explain to clients that there is a risk involved in any chemical service and that if the client’s hair is in questionable condition, it may not withstand the requested chemical treatment.

51. Formulate Haircolor Five Basic Questions What is the natural level, and does it include gray hair? What is the level and tone of the previously colored hair? What is the client’s desired level and tone? Are contributing pigments (undertones) to be revealed? What colors should be mixed to get the desired result?

52. Deposit and Lifting Ability The combination of the shade selected and the volume of hydrogen peroxide determines the deposit and lifting ability of a haircolor.

53. Mixing Permanent Haircolors Applicator bottle Bottle must be large enough for color and developer. Mix according to manufacturer’s directions. Brush and bowl U se nonmetallic bowl. Pour developer first, then product. blend thoroughly.

54. Patch Test A test for identifying a possible allergy in a client . The color used for the patch test must be the same as the color that will be used for the haircolor service. The U.S. Food, and Cosmetic Act requires a patch test be given 24 to 48 hours prior to each application of an aniline Haircolor. The patch test, also known as predisposition test.

55. Apply Haircolor To ensure successful results when performing haircoloring services, the colorist must follow a prescribed procedure and never leave the client unattended while the haircolor is processing.

56. Preliminary Strand Test Determines how the hair will react to the color formula and how long the formula should be left on the hair. The strand test is performed after the client is prepared for the coloring service.

57. Temporary Colors There are many methods of applying a temporary color, depending on the product used. You may apply colored gels, mousses, foams, or sprays at your workstation after your client has been shampooed. Always use and apply these color products according to the manufacturer’s directions.

58. Semipermanent Haircolors Semipermanent colors only deposit color and do not lighten color. Remember that color applied on top of existing color always creates a deeper color and alters the tone. The porosity of the hair will determine how well these products saturate the hair. Traditional semipermanent colors can build up on the hair ends with repeated applications.

59. Demipermanent Haircolor The application is similar to traditional semipermanent color. Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for application and processing time for the product you have selected. Gray hair presents special challenges when formulating demipermanent haircolor. Hair that has previously received a color service will have a greater degree of porosity.

60. Single-Process Permanent Color Virgin application Retouch application Single-process color retouch A glaze, a non-ammonia color that adds shine and tone to the hair.

61. Applying Color to New Growth and Faded Ends Overlapping can cause breakage and a line of demarcation , which is the visible line separating colored hair from new growth. Process color according to your analysis and strand test results. Bringing permanent haircolor through the ends to refresh faded color can cause unnecessary damage to the hair.

62. Double-Process Haircolor Hair lightening – bleaching or decolorizing Double-process high-lift coloring – two step blonding Pre-lightening – applied the same as hair lightening

63. Show How to Use Lighteners Three Forms of Lighteners Oil – On-the-scalp lightener Cream – On-the-scalp lightener Powder – Off-the-scalp lightener

64. On-the-Scalp Lighteners Thickeners give more control during application. Activators, also known as boosters, protinators , or accelerations, are powdered persulfate salts added to haircolor to increase its lightening ability.

65. Powdered Off-the-Scalp Lighteners Called quick lighteners Not applied to scalp Strong enough for blonding Contain oxygen-releasing boosters Dry out more quickly than other lighteners Expand and spread out during processing

66. Time Factors Darker hair has more melanin and takes longer to lighten. Porosity influences timing. Tone influences timing. Strength of product influences timing. Heat leads to quicker lightening.

67. Preliminary Strand Test Watch the strand carefully for its reaction to the lightening mixture, especially noting any discoloration or breakage. Reconditioning may be required prior to toning. If the test shows that the hair is not light enough, increase the strength of the mixture and/or increase the processing time. If the hair strand is too light, decrease the strength of the mixture and/or decrease the processing time.

68. Lightener Retouch Lighten new growth first . Proceed as for virgin lightener, except apply product to new growth only. A cream lightener is generally used for a lightener retouch. Overlapping can cause severe breakage and lines of demarcation.

69. Express How to Use Toners Contributing pigment Read manufacturer literature Underlightened hair

70. Toner Application Your speed and accuracy are both important factors in the application and will determine, to a large extent, whether you get good color results. The procedure for applying low- or nonperoxide toners may vary. Check with your instructor for directions.

71. Create Special Effects Haircoloring Techniques Highlighting involves coloring some of the hair strands lighter than the natural color to add a varity of lighter shades and the illusion of depth. Color some strands lighter than natural color. Adds variety of lighter shades and illusion of depth. Does not contrast strongly with natural color. Light colors cause the light to advance toward the eye, to appear larger, and to make details more visible.

72. Reverse Highlighting Called lowlighting Some strands colored darker than natural Receding, smaller appearance of dark areas

73. Cap Technique Cap technique – involves pulling clean strands of hair through a perforated cap with a thin plastic or metal hook. The number of strands pulled through the cap determines the degree of highlighting achieved. Photography by Tom Carson.

74. Foil Technique Foil technique – involves coloring selected strands by slicing or weaving out sections, placing them on foil or plastic wrap, applying lightener or permanent haircolor , and sealing them in the wrap.

75. Involves making a straight part at scalp, positioning a narrow ⅛-inch section of hair over foil, and applying lightener or color Slicing

76. Involves selecting strands that are picked up using a zigzag motion of the comb Weaving

77. Baliage Technique Involves painting product onto clean, styled hair Also known as the free-form technique

78. Toning Highlighted and Dimensionally Colored Hair Decolorize to desired level. Consider porosity and pigmentation differences from strand to strand. Avoid affecting untreated hair. Use nonoxidative toner. Use traditional semipermanent color. Use no-lift, deposit-only demipermanent color that will not cause additional lightening.

79. Highlighting Shampoos Used when slight change in color is desired Used when hair processes rapidly Used to highlight natural color in a single application Patch test required

80. Special Challenges in Haircolor and Corrective Solutions Gray, white, and salt-and-pepper hair all have characteristics that present unique coloring challenges.

81. Yellowed Hair Smoking Medication Sun exposure Some styling aids

82. Formulating for Gray Hair Level 8 or lighter may not give complete coverage. Level 7 or darker can be used to create pastel and blond tones. For 80 to 100 percent natural gray, blond is more flattering than darker tones. When coloring salt-and-pepper to darker, color on color will make darker shade. (continues)

83. Formulating for Gray Hair (continued)

84. Other Considerations When Formulating for Gray Hair Client personality Personal preferences Amount and location of gray hair

85. Tips for Achieving Gray Coverage Use 20 volume developer. Process color for full 45 minutes. Add neutral to formula. If 25 percent gray, use 25 percent neutral. If 50 percent gray, use 50 percent neutral. If 75 percent gray, use 75 percent neutral.

86. Pre-Softening Apply pre-softener to resistant area . Process 15 minutes. Refer to manufacturer’s directions. Blot pre-softener off with towel. Apply final color formula. Process according to instructions.

87. Rules for Effective Color Correction Do not panic. Determine true problem. Determine cause of problem. Develop a solution. Take one step at a time. Never guarantee results. Always strand-test for accuracy.

88. Damaged Hair Characteristics Rough texture Overporous condition Brittle and dry to touch Susceptible to breakage No elasticity Spongy and matted when wet Color fading or absorbing too rapidly

89. Damaged Hair Treatments Use penetrating conditioner. Normalize pH with finishing rinse. Postpone further chemical services. Perform between-service conditioning. Recommend retail products for home maintenance.

90. Fillers Conditioner fillers – used to recondition damaged, overly porous hair Color fillers – used to equalize porosity and deposit color in one application

91. Color Fillers Deposit color to faded ends. Help hair hold color. Prevent streaking and dull appearance. Prevent off-color results. Produce more uniform color. Produce more uniform color when coloring hair back to its natural color.

92. Selecting Correct Color Filler Select to replace missing primary color. Apply directly to hair or mix with haircolor and apply to damaged ends.

93. Haircolor Tips for Redheads Use red-orange base to create warm, coppery reds. Use red-violet for hot, fiery reds. Use no-lift, deposit-only color to refresh. If gray is present, add ½ to 1 oz of a natural color. Refresh with a soap cap to brighten color.

94. Haircolor Tips for Brunettes Use cool blue base to avoid brassy tones. Do not lighten more than two levels above natural color to avoid brassy tones. Add 1 oz of natural color to cover gray. Natural highlights should be deep or caramel colored.

95. Haircolor Tips for Blonds Watch out for underlying, unwanted warm tones when lightening from brown to blond. Use level 7 or darker to cover gray. Get light pale blond by double-processing. If using high-lift blonds to only 5 levels, results may be warm or brassy. If highlights become too blond, add lowlights for more natural color.

96. Common Haircolor Solutions Refresh faded color – apply a demipermanent haircolor within two levels of formula and process for up to 10 minutes. Green cast – remove buildup and use color to neutralize unwanted color. Overall color is too light – apply a no-lift, deposit-only color that is one to two levels darker. Overall color is too dark – apply a haircolor remover for 10 minutes and check.

97. Restoring Blond to Natural Haircolor If level 6, soften new growth with level 6 violet base and 20 volume developer. Process 20 minutes. If level 7, soften new growth with level 8 light blond-violet base and 20 volume developer. Process 20 minutes. (continues)

98. Apply no-lift, deposit-only glaze with 1 oz level 8 light neutral blond and 1 oz level 9 very light blond red-orange base. Process process 20 minutes. Do not apply to new growth. Mix a no-lift, deposit-only glaze with 1½ oz level 6 dark neutral blond and ½ oz level 4 light brown gold base. Restoring Blond to Natural Haircolor (continued) (continues)

99. If level 8 light violet blond at base, use 1½ oz level 8 light neutral blond with ½ oz level 6 dark golden blond. Apply chosen formula, starting where most overlightened . Work color through all hair. Process up to 20 minutes, checking every 5 minutes, and then reevaluate. Restoring Blond to Natural Haircolor (continued)

100. Know Haircoloring Safety Precautions Administer patch test. Do not apply if abrasions are present. Do not apply if metallic or compound tint is present. Do not brush hair prior to service. Read and follow all manufacturer’s directions. (continues)

101. Use disinfected applicators and tools. Drape properly. Perform strand test. Use glass or plastic bowl or plastic bottle. Do not mix haircolor until you are ready to use it. Wear protective gloves. Know Haircoloring Safety Precautions (continued) (continues)

102. Do not let color get in eyes. Do not overlap product during retouch. Use mild, acid-balanced shampoo. Always wash hands before and after serving each client. Know Haircoloring Safety Precautions (continued) © Subbotina Anna/Shutterstock.com

103. General information Patch test select a test area, behind the ear or on the inside of the elbow are good choices. Single process retouch starting in the nape and working your eay up to the crown, apply color product to new growth area using ¼-inch (0.6 centimeter) horizontal subsections.

104. Summary and Review Haircoloring offers you the opportunity to exercise your creative talents and bring great pleasure to your clients. Enjoy your work, but most of all, enjoy and appreciate learning now and in the future. Haircolor techniques, fashions, and formulations are constantly changing. Professionals who specialize in haircolor must constantly learn new techniques to keep up with those changes.