Chapter 4 - Research Parts Guide.pptx

Chapter 4 Research

1. CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION, DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

2. Data Presentation The data presentation section introduces the chapter by indicating order of presentation. It summarizes background information of the respondents and the data lite r atur e , colle c te d throu g h survey questionnaires, interviews and observations. Dat a s houl d be su f fici e nt, and accurate; presentation v al i d shou l d be clear and logical.

3. Data Presentation It follows the sequence should adequately answer question s raise d. Th e d a ta the research questions. The tables, graphs and figures are appropriately presented, placed, titled, numbered and referred to in the text. The text presents only the highlight of the tables.

4. Data Presentation Appropri a t e su b heading s are used to facilitate r e ader perusal of text and presents no n -e v al u at i v e ana l ysi s of data.

5. This chapter presents the findings of the study . Presentation should be clear and scholarly done and may come in the form of tables, figures or ch a rt s . A n a l y s i s r e f e r s to t h e s k il l of the describing, delineating differences, researcher in similarities and significant findings or da t a a n d ab i li t y extract information or messages out presented data. Interpretation ex p la n a t i o n or s ug g es t i o n s i n f e r r ed highlighting the to of the i s t he from the data, their implications but not conclusions.

6. ANALYSIS OF DATA In analyzing data, stress only those important result that information that could gives an s wer raised po s e d in st u dy th e pr ob le m y ou o r y our which you st at e d in Ch a pt e r 1 . you hi gh l ig h t on l y t ho s e i mp o rt a n t and unique findings. You have to be consistent and coherent in your approach as well as logical, based on certain academic conventions.

7. ANALYSIS OF DATA Data may be analyzed quantitatively or qualitatively depending on the level of measurement and the number of dimensions and variables of the study. Analyze in depth to give meaning to the data presented in the data presented in the table. Avoid table reading. State statistical descriptions in declarative sentences, e.g. in the studies involving:

8. INTERPRETATION OF DATA Establish interconnection between and among data Check for indicators whether hypothesis/es is/are supported or not by findings. Link the present findings with the previous literature. Use parallel observations with contemporary events to give credence presented in the introduction.

9. PRESENTATION OF DATA Present the findings of the study in the order of the specific problem as stated in the statement of the Problem. Present the data in these forms: Tabular Textual Graphical

10. A.Tabular Presentation Tables organize and compress data into standardized forms. They facilitate the study and interpretation. Example: Slide 4

11. B. Textual Presentation of Data the invo l ves data u s ing Presenti n g textually statements describ e a with giv e n aim s to highlight numb e r to da t a. It some important data the tabular and supplement o r gr a phical presentation. Example:

12. C. Graphical Presentation of Data A graph is a chart representing the quantitative variations of a variable itself or in comparison with those of another variable. Graphing presents variations, changes and relationships of data in a very attractive, appealing, effective and convincing way. The common types of graphs used in research are bar graph, line graph, circle graph, pictogram and map graph. You should only choose the graphs which represent best your data to avoid redundancy.Bar - vertical, horizontal, Multiple component

13. BAR GRAPH 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Not At All Fair R e lati v e T oo E xc e s s i v e Much Not At All Fair Relative T oo E xc e s s i v e Much 46 14 60 68 62 71 41 75 37 26 I n t e r e s ts Stu d i e s 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Not At All Fair R e lati v e T oo E xc e s s i v e Much Not At All Fai r R e lati v e T oo E xc e s s i v e Much 48 31 60 61 50 42 43 73 43 49 A t ti r e Ho b bi e s

14. Bar graph & Pie Chart 20 80 60 40 1 2 1 1 6 1 4 1 8 Yes No Maybe I don't know 15 55 7 Will the repondents still patronize OPM? 6.00% 17 3 69.20% 22.00% Percentage Y e s No Maybe 2.80% I don't know

15. Line Graph

16. The External Format The use of tables and graph Tables and graphs are both ways to organize and arrange data so that it is more easily understood by the viewer. Tables and graphs are related in the sense that the information used in tables is frequently also used for the basis of graphs.

17. When d esign i n g ta ble , k ee p t h e fo r mat cl e a r an d s im p l e . Li n e up decimal places, note units clearly, use a large enough typeface and construct a clean orderly arrangement of rows and columns. Bar graphs are an excellent way to show the results that are one time, that are not continuous—especially samplings such as surveys and inventories. Bar graphs are used to get an overall idea or trends in responses which categories get, many versus few responses.

18. • Ba r s i n a g r a p h s h o u l d b e w i d er than the spaces between them. All bars should be of equal and all spaces including the w i d t h, s p a c e between the axis and the first bar, should be equal of width. Bars should be neither very thin nor very wide. Use the same color for all the bars in a graph that are in a single data set. Use different fi l l c o lo r s for positive and negative values. Line graph is most useful in displaying data or information that change continuou sly over time.

19. Th e c o lum n g rap h i s mo r e similar Circle or pie graphs are particularly good illustrations when considering how many parts of a whole are inception. Each slice should be easily distinguished from the rest and clearly labeled. Use 6 or fewer slices in a graph. Emphasize a s lic e i n a pie graph by exploding it or by choosing a color different from the rest of the slices. Number of segments or slices in a pie graph should be limited to those that can be seen and labeled.

20. Compon en t s that ar e t o o sma l l t o be shown individually can be grou p e d into one segment labeled o the r or miscellaneous. Th e l a rges t segment conventionally begins at 1200 or at a quarter hour and runs clockwise. Remaining segments continue clockwise. Th e mo s t impo r tan t s l ic e i s in t h e upper-right quadrant.

21. Other Conventions Regarding Graphics Keep graphics simple. Design the graphic to help others understand your point. Simplify your data Use consistent symbols Avoid special effects if they do not enhance the point to be made.

22. Caption, Labels And Lines Table caption should be the same as that which appears in the list of tables. It is placed above the table unlike that which is used in figures. The caption should tell in precise terms what the table contains.

23. Other Rules in Caption No terminal punctuation. Unusual abbreviation are not allowed in the table, if necessary, put a legend at the bottom of the table. Captions should be worded as concisely as clarity permits. a page the caption should be on 4. When a table is placed broadside on the binding side. 5 . B e con s isten t i n labe l size , font and style.

24. Figu r e (Chart, Graph And Illustration) These should be done judiciously. The re s ea rc h r e p o rt e r m us t a s k h i m s elf il l us tr at i o n n ec e ss a ry ? D oes th e f ol l ow i n g q u e st i on s : i s the it simply repeat what the text said? Illustrative materials shall be called figures. The figure number and caption should be centered below the illustration. An Arabic numeral is written after the word “Figure” followed by a period. The caption s h o u l d be b r i e f and explanatory.