Chapter 4 searching the literatures.pptx

Effective literature review

1. Business Research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate student Chapter 4: Searching the literature Jill Husey and Roger Husey

2. Aim of this chapter To help you to select research topic To explain how to carry out a literature research To describe potential sources of secondary data To illustrate how make citation and references To examine the purpose of the literature review

3. Generating a research topic Start by trying to identify general subject area which is of interest to you How Brainstorming with colleagues -> use 5W + 1H method Analogy : importing ideas and procedures from other area where you consider there are similarities Morphological analysis: study of form (drawing up a table and using to analyze the particular subject) Mind maps: focus on key aspect (not detail) Relevance trees: to develop cluster or related ideas from a starting concept

4. Example of Analogy : Lean manufacturing, lean service, lean logistics, lean supply chain, lean maintenance, lean project, lean …… Risk management in project, in CIM upgrading, in supply chain, in product development, in ……

5. Example of Morphological analysis Define key factor or dimensions of the subject List the various attributes of the factors Define all feasible combinations of the attributes Type of research Methodology Unit of Analysis Exploratory Descriptive Analytical Quantitative . . . Cross sectional study Experimental Longitudinal Survey . . . An individual An event An object A relationship . . .

6. SPC Design of Experiment Acceptance Sampling Histogram Check sheet Scatter diagram Cause effect diagram Pareto chart Control chart Defect concentration One way Two way ... Atribut Variable ...

7. Example of Mind maps Phenomenological Positivistic PARADIGM RESEARCHER DESIGN RESEARCH Methodology Methods Experience Outcome PURPOSE Data analysis Data collection Outcome Knowledge Exploratory Analytical Prescriptive Descriptive

8. Example of relevance tree Communication Workplace Social Written Oral Visual One-way Two-way One-way Two-way One-way Two-way Presentations Radio Audio tape Conversations Discussions Meetings Books Articles Reports Newspapers Notices Diaries? Letters Memos F ilms Television Video Graphics Images Body language Video conferencing Multi-media ?

9. Find your own research topic

10. Overview of the literature research To identify as many items of secondary data as possible which are relevant to your research topic

11. Literature review “... a literature review seeks to describe, summarize, evaluate, clarify and/or integrate the content of primary reports.” - Cooper (1988) “ written summary of the findings from literature seach ”

12. The purpose gives your reader background information regarding your own research demonstrates your familiarity with research in your field and shows how your work contributes one more piece in the puzzle of expanding the knowledge base in your field.

13. What a Literature Review is not: A Literature Review is not a book report… It is not an Annotated Bibliography – a list of papers with a summary of their contents and a bibliography. Annotated Bibliographies may be organized alphabetically by title or author, or chronologically by publication date; and such a list can be useful to a researcher to organize the works they have read for future reference. But the papers are not organized around a unifying theme that addresses a central question posed by the reviewer. It is not a collection of papers that necessarily all reach the same conclusions about a particular topic. Instead the papers reviewed represent a summary of the approaches and solutions to a given problem defined by the reviewer. Critical evaluation by the reviewer is required.

14. Information Sources Peer-reviewed journal papers Conference proceedings Books Talks (transcript) Dissertations Government, institutional, and corporate data For example NASA, NOAA, EPA, NIH, National Academies Pew Research, MacArthur Foundation Newspaper and magazine articles Other media… (Internet, broadcast) But not encyclopedic sources, such as Wikipedia, Britannica, Webster’s Dictionary, etc.

15. The process of writing a Literature Review Formulate a question, or postulate a thesis. Search for relevant, pertinent articles. Gather the most authoritative data you can find. Quality (prestige) of the source (such as the publication or conference) Reputation of the author Number of citations for the paper Analyze and evaluate the data. Create an outline that includes an introduction, the body of the paper, and a conclusion. Write a draft including the bibliography. Proofread and write the final draft, paying attention to proper formatting (i.e. citations, etc.)

16. Some Questions To Ask 1. What do we already know in the immediate area concerned? 2. What are the key concepts or the main factors or variables? 3. What are the relationships between the key concepts or variables? 4. What are the existing theories? 5. Where are the inconsistencies in our knowledge and understanding? 6. What views need to be (further) tested? 7. What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradictory, or too limited? 8. Why study (further) the research problem? 9. What contribution can the present study be expected to make? 10. What research designs or methods seem unsatisfactory?

17. What do I need to be able to do in order to write a literature review Identify your research question Identify and locate appropriate information Read and critically evaluate the information that you locate File and store your readings and notes Plan, organize, and write critically about the literature that you have located