Chapter 4 terminology

1. The Pharmacy The Pharmacy
Technician 4ETechnician 4E
Chapter 4Chapter 4
Medical TerminologyMedical Terminology

2. Topic OutlineTopic Outline

TerminologyTerminology

Organ system Organ system
terminologyterminology

Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

Gastrointestinal SystemGastrointestinal System

Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System

Lymph and Blood Lymph and Blood
SystemsSystems

Muscular SystemMuscular System

Nervous SystemNervous System

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

Female Reproductive Female Reproductive
SystemSystem

Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

Urinary SystemUrinary System

SensesSenses

Drug ClassificationsDrug Classifications

Medical AbbreviationsMedical Abbreviations

3. Basic Elements of a Medical WordBasic Elements of a Medical Word
Medical science terminology is made up of a small Medical science terminology is made up of a small
number of ROOT words (mostly Greek and Latin number of ROOT words (mostly Greek and Latin
words).words).
1.1.Word RootWord Root
2.2.Combining FormCombining Form
3.3.SuffixSuffix
4.4.PrefixPrefix
These four parts of a word are known as These four parts of a word are known as
ELEMENTS.ELEMENTS.

E.g. E.g. Peri – o - dont – ic ( Peri – o - dont – ic (Periodontic: around the Periodontic: around the
teeth)teeth)
RootRoot
Prefix + Prefix +
SuffixSuffix
C.V.C.V.

4. Word RootWord Root

Main part or foundation of a word.Main part or foundation of a word.

Identify what part of the body a term is related to.Identify what part of the body a term is related to.

All words have at least one word root.All words have at least one word root.

A word root may be used alone or be combined with A word root may be used alone or be combined with
other elements to form a complete word.other elements to form a complete word.

E.g. E.g. GastrGastr (word root) + (word root) + itisitis (suffix) = (suffix) = GASTRITISGASTRITIS (complete (complete
word).word).

5. TerminologyTerminology

Most root words originate from either Greek or Most root words originate from either Greek or
Latin words. Latin words.

Words developed from theWords developed from the Greek Greek language are language are
often used to refer to often used to refer to diagnosis and surgery.diagnosis and surgery.

Words from the Words from the Latin language Latin language generally refer to generally refer to
thethe anatomy anatomy of the body.of the body.

6. Root - Part of BodyRoot - Part of Body

Card - heartCard - heart

Cyst - bladderCyst - bladder

Gastr - stomachGastr - stomach

Hemat - bloodHemat - blood

Hepat - liverHepat - liver

My - muscleMy - muscle

Pector – chestPector – chest

Neur - nerveNeur - nerve

Pneum - lungPneum - lung

Ocul - eyeOcul - eye

Derma - skinDerma - skin

Ven - veinVen - vein

Mast - breastMast - breast

Oste - boneOste - bone

Nephr - kidneyNephr - kidney

Ot - earOt - ear

7. Combining FormsCombining Forms

Correct pronunciation of medical words is very Correct pronunciation of medical words is very
important.important.

In order to make the pronunciation of root words In order to make the pronunciation of root words
easier, sometimes it is necessary to insert a vowel easier, sometimes it is necessary to insert a vowel
after the root.after the root.

The combination of a root word and a vowel is The combination of a root word and a vowel is
known as a known as a COMBINING FORMCOMBINING FORM..

““O” is the most common combining vowelsO” is the most common combining vowels

IEIE: gastr / o : gastr / o = pronounced as GASTRO= pronounced as GASTRO
Word root
Combining vowel

8. Combining WordsCombining Words

When a word has more than one root, a combining When a word has more than one root, a combining
vowel is used to link the root to each other.vowel is used to link the root to each other.
E.g. osteoarthritisE.g. osteoarthritis oste/ o / arthr/ itisoste/ o / arthr/ itis
Word root
Combining
vowel
Word root
suffix
Slashes separate elements

9. SuffixesSuffixes

A suffix is added to the END of a word root or A suffix is added to the END of a word root or
combining form to modify its meaning.combining form to modify its meaning.

Adding a suffix to the end of a word root, creates a Adding a suffix to the end of a word root, creates a
noun or adjective with a different meaning.noun or adjective with a different meaning.

10. Meanings of certain suffixesMeanings of certain suffixes
-al -al = pertaining to = dent/al (pertaining to teeth)= pertaining to = dent/al (pertaining to teeth)
-er -er = one who = speak/er (one who speaks)= one who = speak/er (one who speaks)
-able -able = capable of being = playable (capable of being = capable of being = playable (capable of being
played)played)

11. PrefixesPrefixes

A syllable or syllables placed BEFORE a word or word A syllable or syllables placed BEFORE a word or word
root to alter its meaning or create a new word.root to alter its meaning or create a new word.
Some prefixes:Some prefixes:

Hyper- (excessive)Hyper- (excessive)

Pre- (before)Pre- (before)

Post- (after)Post- (after)

Homo- (same)Homo- (same)

Hypo- (under)Hypo- (under)

12. HypoinsulinemiaHypoinsulinemia
Hypo / insulin / emiaHypo / insulin / emia
Prefix
Word root
suffix
LOW INSULIN
BLOOD
Notice that there
is no combining
vowel in this word
because the prefix
ends with a vowel
and the suffix
begins with a
vowel.

13. Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

The Cardiovascular System distributes blood throughout the The Cardiovascular System distributes blood throughout the
body using blood vessels called body using blood vessels called arteries, capillaries, and veins.arteries, capillaries, and veins.

Blood transports nutrients to the body’s cells and carries Blood transports nutrients to the body’s cells and carries
waste products away from them. waste products away from them.

Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets,
and plasma. and plasma.

Erythrocytes Erythrocytes (red blood cells) transport oxygen from the (red blood cells) transport oxygen from the
lungs to the body and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs to the body and carbon dioxide from the cells to the
lungs. lungs.

LeukocytesLeukocytes (white blood cells) fight bacterial infections by (white blood cells) fight bacterial infections by
producing antibodies.producing antibodies.

14. Cardiovascular System Cont.Cardiovascular System Cont.

The heart The heart pumps blood through the cardiovascular system.pumps blood through the cardiovascular system.

Blood pressures are reported as systole/diastole, i.e., Blood pressures are reported as systole/diastole, i.e.,
120/80. 120/80.

A A sphygmomanometer sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood pressure.is used to measure blood pressure.

Blood pressure Blood pressure is reported (in mm Hg) and includes two is reported (in mm Hg) and includes two
number sequence. number sequence.

Systolic phase Systolic phase is the increased pressure when blood is is the increased pressure when blood is
forced out of the heart.forced out of the heart.

The The diastolic phase,diastolic phase, or relaxation phase, is the second or relaxation phase, is the second
number reported in blood pressure monitoring.number reported in blood pressure monitoring.

15. Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

angi angi = vessel= vessel

aort aort = aorta= aorta

card card = heart= heart

oxy oxy = oxygen= oxygen

pector pector = chest= chest

phleb phleb = vein= vein

stenosis stenosis = narrowing= narrowing

thromb thromb = clot= clot

vas(cu) vas(cu) = blood vessel= blood vessel

ven ven = vein= vein

16. Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

CardiomyopathyCardiomyopathy = disease of the heart muscle= disease of the heart muscle

MyocardialMyocardial = concerning heart muscle= concerning heart muscle

TachycardiaTachycardia = = abnormal rapid heart actionabnormal rapid heart action

PhlebitisPhlebitis = inflammation of a vein= inflammation of a vein

ThrombosisThrombosis = blood clot = blood clot

HypertensionHypertension = high blood pressure = high blood pressure

17. The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System

Consists of the glands that secrete hormones, chemicals that Consists of the glands that secrete hormones, chemicals that
assist in regulating body functions.assist in regulating body functions.

Includes the pituitary gland, the adrenal glands, the thyroid Includes the pituitary gland, the adrenal glands, the thyroid
gland, and the gonads (ovaries and testes).gland, and the gonads (ovaries and testes).

Pituitary gland Pituitary gland = produces multiple hormones and is located = produces multiple hormones and is located
at the base of the brain. It controls the body’s at the base of the brain. It controls the body’s
growth and the activity of the other glands. growth and the activity of the other glands.

Thyroid gland Thyroid gland = located just below the larynx and releases = located just below the larynx and releases
hormones important for regulating hormones important for regulating
body body metabolism.metabolism.

18. The Endocrine System Cont.The Endocrine System Cont.

Parathyroid glands Parathyroid glands = = located on the thyroid gland. located on the thyroid gland.

Thymus gland Thymus gland = located beneath the sternum. = located beneath the sternum.

PancreasPancreas = known for its production of insulin and = known for its production of insulin and
glucagon. glucagon.

Adrenal glands Adrenal glands = located on top of the kidneys and = located on top of the kidneys and
produce such hormones as aldosterone, produce such hormones as aldosterone,
cortisol (hydrocortisone), androgens, and cortisol (hydrocortisone), androgens, and
estrogens. estrogens.

Medulla region Medulla region = = adrenal glands produce the adrenal glands produce the
catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine)
and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).

19. Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

lipid lipid = fat= fat

NephrNephr= kidney= kidney

ThymThym = thymus= thymus

adrenaadrena= adrenal= adrenal

glucgluc = sugar= sugar

panceat panceat = pancreas= pancreas

somat somat = body= body

20. Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

HyperlipidemiaHyperlipidemia = high fat/lipids in the blood.= high fat/lipids in the blood.

HypothyroidismHypothyroidism = a deficiency of thyroid hormone. = a deficiency of thyroid hormone.

SomaticSomatic = pertaining to the body.= pertaining to the body.

21. The Gastrointestinal (GI) TractThe Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

Located in the abdomen and contains the organs that are Located in the abdomen and contains the organs that are
involved in the digestion of foods and the absorption of involved in the digestion of foods and the absorption of
nutrients.nutrients.

Organs include Organs include the stomach, small and large intestine, the stomach, small and large intestine,
gallbladder, liver, and pancreas.gallbladder, liver, and pancreas.

Alimentary tract Alimentary tract refers to the system that goes from the mouth refers to the system that goes from the mouth
to the anus. It contains organs such as lips, tongue, teeth, to the anus. It contains organs such as lips, tongue, teeth,
salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, rectum, and anus, in salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, rectum, and anus, in
addition to the GI tract.addition to the GI tract.

Several organs contribute to the digestion of foods by secreting Several organs contribute to the digestion of foods by secreting
enzymes into the small intestine when food is present. enzymes into the small intestine when food is present.

Ducts carry bile from the liver (Ducts carry bile from the liver (hepatic ducthepatic duct) and the gallbladder ) and the gallbladder
((cystic ductcystic duct) to the duodenum. ) to the duodenum.

22. Gastrointestinal TractGastrointestinal Tract
Consists of organs that are involved in digestion of Consists of organs that are involved in digestion of
foods and the absorption of nutrientsfoods and the absorption of nutrients

GastritisGastritis = inflammation of the stomach.= inflammation of the stomach.

GastroenteritisGastroenteritis = inflammation of the = inflammation of the stomach and stomach and
HepatitisHepatitis = inflammation of the liver. = inflammation of the liver.

AppendicitisAppendicitis = inflammation of the appendix= inflammation of the appendix

ColitisColitis = inflamed or irritable = inflamed or irritable the intestinal the intestinal
tract tract coloncolon

HematemesisHematemesis = vomiting of blood= vomiting of blood

DiarrheaDiarrhea = liquid bowel movement= liquid bowel movement

23. Alimentary TractAlimentary Tract

chol chol = bile= bile

colcol = colon= colon

DuodenDuoden=duodenum=duodenum

EnterEnter = intestine= intestine

esophagesophag= esophagus= esophagus

gastrgastr = stomach= stomach

hepathepat = liver= liver

laparlapar = abdomen= abdomen

Pancreat Pancreat = pancreas= pancreas

24. The Integument SystemThe Integument System

Refers to the covering of the body and is the body’s first line of Refers to the covering of the body and is the body’s first line of
defense, acting as a barrier against disease and physical hazards. defense, acting as a barrier against disease and physical hazards.

Helps control body temperature by releasing heat through sweat or Helps control body temperature by releasing heat through sweat or
by constricting blood vessels to act as insulation. by constricting blood vessels to act as insulation.

It includes the skin, hair, and nails. It includes the skin, hair, and nails. HairHair is made of keratinized cells. is made of keratinized cells.
Finger nails Finger nails and toenails are also composed of keratin. and toenails are also composed of keratin.

The mammary The mammary glands, or breasts, are also considered part of the glands, or breasts, are also considered part of the
integumentary system.integumentary system.

The skin is composed of the The skin is composed of the epidermis and dermisepidermis and dermis. The epidermis . The epidermis
has no blood or nerves and is constantly discarding dead cells. The has no blood or nerves and is constantly discarding dead cells. The
dermis, which is made of living cells, contains capillaries, nerves, dermis, which is made of living cells, contains capillaries, nerves,
and lymphatics. The dermis also contains the sebaceous glands, and lymphatics. The dermis also contains the sebaceous glands,
sweat glands, and hair.sweat glands, and hair.

The subcutaneous layer The subcutaneous layer of tissue is beneath the dermis but is of tissue is beneath the dermis but is
closely interconnected to it. It separates the skin from the other closely interconnected to it. It separates the skin from the other
organs (for example, the muscular system, as in the illustration).organs (for example, the muscular system, as in the illustration).

25. The Integument SystemThe Integument System
The Integument System is the covering of the body and the The Integument System is the covering of the body and the
first line of defense against diseases and physical hazards.first line of defense against diseases and physical hazards.

necrnecr = death = death

DermaDerma = skin= skin

cutane cutane = skin= skin

mast mast = breast= breast

onychonych = nail= nail

MycoMyco = fungal= fungal

LactLact = milk= milk

26. The Integument SystemThe Integument System

DermatitisDermatitis = skin inflammation= skin inflammation

ErythrodemraErythrodemra = abnormal redness of skin= abnormal redness of skin

LactationLactation = secretion of milk= secretion of milk

MastectomyMastectomy = surgical removal of breast= surgical removal of breast

OnychomycosisOnychomycosis = fungal infection of nails = fungal infection of nails

PachydermaPachyderma = abnormal thickness of skin = abnormal thickness of skin

SubcutaneousSubcutaneous = beneath the skin= beneath the skin

TransdermalTransdermal = through the skin= through the skin

27. The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System

The Lymphatic System is the center of the The Lymphatic System is the center of the body’s immune body’s immune
system system and is responsible for and is responsible for collectingcollecting plasma water that plasma water that
leaves the blood vessels, filtering it for impurities through its leaves the blood vessels, filtering it for impurities through its
lymph nodes.lymph nodes.

The Spleen The Spleen is the largest organ in the system and is is the largest organ in the system and is
responsible for removing old red blood cells from the responsible for removing old red blood cells from the
circulation.circulation.

Lymphocytes Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that attacks are a type of white blood cell that attacks
bacteria and disease cells by releasing bacteria and disease cells by releasing antibodies. antibodies.

The thymus, tonsils, spleen, and adenoids The thymus, tonsils, spleen, and adenoids are lymphoid are lymphoid
organs outside the network of the lymphatic system.organs outside the network of the lymphatic system.

28. The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System

aden aden = gland= gland

cytcyt = cell= cell

hemo, hemathemo, hemat= blood= blood

lymphlymph = lymph= lymph

splensplen = spleen= spleen

PhiliaPhilia = attraction of= attraction of

29. The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System

AdenopathyAdenopathy = lymph node disease= lymph node disease

HematomaHematoma = a collection of clotted blood= a collection of clotted blood

HemophiliaHemophilia = a disease in which the blood does = a disease in which the blood does
not clot normallynot clot normally

LymphomaLymphoma = lymphatic system tumor= lymphatic system tumor

30. The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System

Word muscles comes fromWord muscles comes from mus=mouse; cle=little mus=mouse; cle=little and and
resembles a mouse moving under a cover.resembles a mouse moving under a cover.

The body contains more than The body contains more than 600 muscles 600 muscles which give shape and which give shape and
movement to it. movement to it.

The skeletal muscles are striated, i.e. made up of fibers and The skeletal muscles are striated, i.e. made up of fibers and
attached to the bones by tendons. attached to the bones by tendons.

Voluntary action Voluntary action - the action of most muscles and is controlled - the action of most muscles and is controlled
consciously. consciously.

Involuntary muscles Involuntary muscles operate automatically and are found in the operate automatically and are found in the
heart, the stomach, or in the walls of blood vessels.heart, the stomach, or in the walls of blood vessels.

Some muscles produce an outward or Some muscles produce an outward or flexor movement flexor movement and and
these are called agonist muscles. these are called agonist muscles.

Antagonist muscles Antagonist muscles are the ones that contract or bring the limb are the ones that contract or bring the limb
back to the original position.back to the original position.

31. The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System

mymy = muscle= muscle

fibrfibr= fiber= fiber

tendintendin= tendon= tendon

32. The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System

FibromyalgiaFibromyalgia = chronic pain in the muscles= chronic pain in the muscles

MyoplastyMyoplasty = plastic surgery of muscle tissue= plastic surgery of muscle tissue

TendonitisTendonitis = inflammation of a tendon= inflammation of a tendon

33. The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

The Nervous System is the The Nervous System is the most complex most complex of the body organ of the body organ
systems because there are systems because there are over 100 billion over 100 billion neurons in the brain neurons in the brain
alone.alone.

The neuron (nerve cell), The neuron (nerve cell), the basic functional unit in this system, the basic functional unit in this system,
transmits information from the brain to the entire body.transmits information from the brain to the entire body.

The primary parts of this system are The primary parts of this system are the brain and the spinal the brain and the spinal
cordcord, called the central nervous system (CNS)., called the central nervous system (CNS).

There are subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system called There are subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system called
the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system.

The autonomic nervous systemThe autonomic nervous system controls the automatic controls the automatic
functions of the body, e.g., breathing, digestion, etc. functions of the body, e.g., breathing, digestion, etc.

The somatic nervous system The somatic nervous system controls the voluntary actions of controls the voluntary actions of
the body, e.g., muscle movements.the body, e.g., muscle movements.

34. The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

CerebCereb = cerebrum= cerebrum

EncephalEncephal= brain= brain

MeningMening = menignes= menignes

MyelMyel = spinal cord= spinal cord

NeurNeur = nerve= nerve

35. The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

EncephalitisEncephalitis = inflammation of the brain= inflammation of the brain

NeuralgiaNeuralgia = severe pain in a nerve= severe pain in a nerve

NeuromaNeuroma = tumor or nerve cells= tumor or nerve cells

36. The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

Protects soft organs and provides structure and support for Protects soft organs and provides structure and support for
the body’s organs. the body’s organs.

Contains Contains 206 bones 206 bones called axial (skull and spinal column).called axial (skull and spinal column).

Ligaments and Cartilage Ligaments and Cartilage are connective tissue that hold are connective tissue that hold
together the skeletal systems with joints.together the skeletal systems with joints.

JointsJoints range from rigid to those allowing full motion (e.g., the range from rigid to those allowing full motion (e.g., the
ball and socket joints of the hips and shoulders).ball and socket joints of the hips and shoulders).

37. Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

arthrarthr= joint= joint

CalcaneCalcane= heel bone= heel bone

carp carp = wrist= wrist

cranicrani= cranium= cranium

DactylDactyl= finger or toe= finger or toe

femorfemor= thigh bone= thigh bone

myelmyel = bone marrow= bone marrow

38. The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

OsteOste = bone= bone

ped, podped, pod = foot = foot

pelvpelv = pelvis= pelvis

Spondy Spondy = backbone= backbone

sternstern = sternum, breastbone= sternum, breastbone

VertebrVertebr = backbone, vertebrae= backbone, vertebrae

39. The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

ArthralgiaArthralgia = joint pain= joint pain

ArthritisArthritis = inflammation of a joint= inflammation of a joint

CarpalCarpal = pertaining to carpus in the wrist= pertaining to carpus in the wrist

OsteoarthritisOsteoarthritis = chronic disease of bones= chronic disease of bones

40. The Reproductive SystemThe Reproductive System

The Reproductive System produces hormones (e.g. estrogen, The Reproductive System produces hormones (e.g. estrogen,
progesterone), controls menstruation, and provides for progesterone), controls menstruation, and provides for
childbearing.childbearing.

Contains the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and the Contains the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and the
external genitalia.external genitalia.

The mammary glands The mammary glands (located in breast tissue) produce and (located in breast tissue) produce and
secrete milk at childbirth.secrete milk at childbirth.

The vaginaThe vagina is a muscular tube that leads from an external is a muscular tube that leads from an external
opening to the cervix and uterus. opening to the cervix and uterus.

The uterus The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ. is a hollow, pear-shaped organ.

The fallopian tubesThe fallopian tubes transport eggs from the ovary to the transport eggs from the ovary to the
uterus. uterus.

The ovaries The ovaries are located on each side of the uterus. are located on each side of the uterus.

41. The Female The Female ReproductiveReproductive System System

Gynec Gynec = woman= woman

Hyster Hyster = uterus= uterus

lactlact= milk= milk

mastmast = breast= breast

metrmetr = uterus= uterus

ovariovari = ovary= ovary

uteruter = uterine= uterine

42. The Female Reproductive SystemThe Female Reproductive System

GynecologyGynecology = the study of the female reproductive = the study of the female reproductive
organsorgans

AmenorrheaAmenorrhea = absence of menstruation= absence of menstruation

DysmenorrheaDysmenorrhea = menstrual pain= menstrual pain

EndometriosisEndometriosis = abnormal growth of uteral tissue= abnormal growth of uteral tissue

ViginitiesViginities = inflammation of the vagina= inflammation of the vagina

43. The Male Reproductive SystemThe Male Reproductive System

The Male Reproductive System produces The Male Reproductive System produces sperm sperm and secretes and secretes
the hormone the hormone testosterone. testosterone.

The testes (also called testicles) The testes (also called testicles) are the primary male sex are the primary male sex
organs. organs.

They are oval-shaped organs enclosed in the scrotum.They are oval-shaped organs enclosed in the scrotum.

The seminal glandsThe seminal glands, located at the base of the bladder, produce , located at the base of the bladder, produce
part of the seminal fluid. part of the seminal fluid.

The Vas Deferens The Vas Deferens are ducts that allow the passage of the sperm are ducts that allow the passage of the sperm
from the testes. from the testes.

The prostate gland The prostate gland is located at the upper end of the urethra. is located at the upper end of the urethra.

The penis (glans penis) The penis (glans penis) is the external organ for urination and is the external organ for urination and
sexual intercourse. sexual intercourse.

The urethra, The urethra, by which urine and semen leave the body, is inside by which urine and semen leave the body, is inside
the penis.the penis.

44. The Male Reproductive SystemThe Male Reproductive System

Andr Andr = male= male

testtest = testicle= testicle

ProstatProstat= prostate gland= prostate gland

Sperm Sperm = sperm= sperm

vasvas = duct, vessel= duct, vessel

VasiculVasicul=seminal vesicles=seminal vesicles

45. The Male Reproductive SystemThe Male Reproductive System

ProstatitisProstatitis = inflammation of prostate = inflammation of prostate

AspermiaAspermia = inability to produce semen = inability to produce semen

46. The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

The Respiratory System brings oxygen into the body through inhalation and The Respiratory System brings oxygen into the body through inhalation and
expels carbon dioxide gas through exhalation. It produces sound for expels carbon dioxide gas through exhalation. It produces sound for
speaking and helps cool the body.speaking and helps cool the body.

Respiratory muscles (especially Respiratory muscles (especially the diaphragm) the diaphragm) expand the lungs expand the lungs
automatically, causing air to be inhaled into the upper respiratory tract. automatically, causing air to be inhaled into the upper respiratory tract.

The pleural cavity The pleural cavity surrounds the lungs and provides lubrication for surrounds the lungs and provides lubrication for
respiration. respiration.

The pharynx The pharynx directs food into the esophagus and air into the trachea. directs food into the esophagus and air into the trachea.

The larynx The larynx contains the vocal cords. contains the vocal cords.

The tracheaThe trachea, or windpipe, connects to the two , or windpipe, connects to the two bronchibronchi (bronchial tubes) that (bronchial tubes) that
enter the lungs.enter the lungs.

As air enters through the nose, it is warmed, moistened, and filtered. As air enters through the nose, it is warmed, moistened, and filtered.
Inside the lungs, the bronchial tubes branch out and lead to the alveolar Inside the lungs, the bronchial tubes branch out and lead to the alveolar
sacs that are the site of gas exchange within the lungs. sacs that are the site of gas exchange within the lungs.

AlveoliAlveoli are specialized tissues that are responsible for the exchange of gases are specialized tissues that are responsible for the exchange of gases
between the blood and inhaled air.between the blood and inhaled air.

47. The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

aer, aeroaer, aero = air, gas= air, gas

pneum, pulmon pneum, pulmon = lung= lung

pectorpector = chest= chest

BronchBronch = bronchus= bronchus

oxox = oxygen= oxygen

capniacapnia = carbon dioxide= carbon dioxide

48. The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

Apnea Apnea = temporary failure to breath= temporary failure to breath

BronchitisBronchitis= inflammation of the bronchial = inflammation of the bronchial
membranemembrane

CynosisCynosis = blue discoloration of the skin= blue discoloration of the skin

HypercapniaHypercapnia = excessive carbon dioxide in the blood= excessive carbon dioxide in the blood

HypoxiaHypoxia = low blood oxygen level= low blood oxygen level

PneumoniaPneumonia = inflammation of the lungs= inflammation of the lungs

SinusititsSinusitits = inflammation of the sinuses= inflammation of the sinuses

49. The Urinary TractThe Urinary Tract

The Urinary Tract is responsible for removing wastes from the The Urinary Tract is responsible for removing wastes from the
blood and includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and blood and includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and
urethras.urethras.

The Kidney The Kidney is the primary organ of the urinary tract. is the primary organ of the urinary tract.

The Nephron The Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. There are is the functional unit of the kidney. There are
several million nephrons in the kidneys. several million nephrons in the kidneys.

Urine is produced as plasma water and is filtered throughUrine is produced as plasma water and is filtered through the the
glomerulus, glomerulus, the filtrate is then collected in the filtrate is then collected in the tubule. the tubule.

Waste materials from the blood may also be filtered into the Waste materials from the blood may also be filtered into the
tubule or may be secreted into the tubule at sites other than tubule or may be secreted into the tubule at sites other than
the glomerulus. the glomerulus.

Urine Urine is the filtrate that moves along the tubule.is the filtrate that moves along the tubule.

Urine leaves the kidney through the Urine leaves the kidney through the uretersureters and collects in and collects in the the
bladderbladder. It is excreted from the bladder through the . It is excreted from the bladder through the urethra.urethra.

50. The Urinary TractThe Urinary Tract

cyst cyst = bladder= bladder

vesicvesic= bladder= bladder

renren = kidney= kidney

nephrnephr= kidney= kidney

uriauria = urine= urine

51. The Urinary TractThe Urinary Tract

AnuriaAnuria = inability to produce urine= inability to produce urine

CystitisCystitis = inflammation of the bladder= inflammation of the bladder

NephritisNephritis = inflammation of the kidney = inflammation of the kidney

PolyuriaPolyuria = excessive urination= excessive urination

UremiaUremia = toxic blood condition caused by kidney = toxic blood condition caused by kidney
failurefailure

52. The EarsThe Ears

The Ears perform hearing, as well as the maintenance of body The Ears perform hearing, as well as the maintenance of body
equilibrium.equilibrium.

The External ear The External ear functions to capture sound waves and channels them functions to capture sound waves and channels them
inside the ear.inside the ear.

The tympanic membrane (eardrum) The tympanic membrane (eardrum) is a funnel-shaped structure with is a funnel-shaped structure with
an opening to outside. It contains glands that make an opening to outside. It contains glands that make earwax (cerumen) earwax (cerumen)
that protects the external ear.that protects the external ear.

Malleus, incus, and stapes are Malleus, incus, and stapes are three bony structures that transmit three bony structures that transmit
sound from a vibrating tympanic membrane to the cochlea and located sound from a vibrating tympanic membrane to the cochlea and located
in the middle ear. in the middle ear.

The eustachian tube The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nose and throat, connects the middle ear to the nose and throat,
serving to equalize the air pressure on both sides of the tympanic serving to equalize the air pressure on both sides of the tympanic
membrane.membrane.

The labyrinth The labyrinth is the principal structure in the inner ear is which is the principal structure in the inner ear is which
consists of the consists of the vestibule, the cochleavestibule, the cochlea, and the , and the semicircular canals.semicircular canals.

The cochlea The cochlea contains the organ of hearing. When sound waves are contains the organ of hearing. When sound waves are
transmitted to the cochlea, it converts them into nerve impulses that transmitted to the cochlea, it converts them into nerve impulses that
are sent to the brain for interpretation. The semicircular canals and the are sent to the brain for interpretation. The semicircular canals and the
vestibule are primarily responsible for body equilibrium.vestibule are primarily responsible for body equilibrium.

53. Senses: HearingSenses: Hearing
BelpharBelphar= eyelid= eyelid
corcor = pupil= pupil
lacrimlacrim= tear= tear
cornecorne= cornea= cornea
reinrein = retina= retina
bibi = two= two
opiaopia = vision= vision

54. The EyesThe Eyes

The Eyes are the organs that provide sight. The Eyes are the organs that provide sight.

The eyelids The eyelids protect the eye and assist in its lubrication. protect the eye and assist in its lubrication.

The conjunctiva The conjunctiva is the blood-rich membrane between the eye and the eyelid. is the blood-rich membrane between the eye and the eyelid.

There are several glands that secrete fluids to protect and lubricate the eye; There are several glands that secrete fluids to protect and lubricate the eye;
the lacrimal glandthe lacrimal glands above each eye secrete tears and s above each eye secrete tears and the meibomian glandsthe meibomian glands
produce sebum. produce sebum.

Canalicula (tear ducts)Canalicula (tear ducts) drains excess fluid into the eye. drains excess fluid into the eye.

The eye has three layers. The outer layer The eye has three layers. The outer layer is composed of the is composed of the sclera and the sclera and the
cornea.cornea.

The sclera The sclera is the white part of the eye. is the white part of the eye. The cornea The cornea is transparent so is transparent so the iris the iris
(the color of the eye) and (the color of the eye) and the pupil the pupil (the opening of the eye) are visible. (the opening of the eye) are visible.

The middle layer The middle layer is called is called the choroidthe choroid and contains blood vessels that nourish and contains blood vessels that nourish
the entire eye. the entire eye.

In the third layer,In the third layer, the lens focuses light rays on the lens focuses light rays on the retinathe retina. .

The The vitreous humor vitreous humor (one of two fluids in the eye) fills the space between the (one of two fluids in the eye) fills the space between the
retina and the lens. retina and the lens.

Rods and cones Rods and cones within the retina they are responsible for visual reception. within the retina they are responsible for visual reception.

The optic nerve The optic nerve within the retina transmits the nerve impulses to the brain within the retina transmits the nerve impulses to the brain
for interpretation.for interpretation.

55. Senses: SightSenses: Sight

BlepharitisBlepharitis = inflammation of the eyelid= inflammation of the eyelid

ConjunctivitisConjunctivitis = inflammation of the conjunctiva= inflammation of the conjunctiva

RetinitisRetinitis = inflammation of the retina= inflammation of the retina

56. Drug Classifications “anti” means Drug Classifications “anti” means
“Against”“Against”
1.1.Antacid Antacid ==relieves gastritis, ulcer pain, heartburn, relieves gastritis, ulcer pain, heartburn,
indigestionindigestion
2.2.AntianginalsAntianginals==relieves heart painrelieves heart pain
3.3.AnticoagulantsAnticoagulants==dissolves or prevents blood clotsdissolves or prevents blood clots
4.4.Anticonvulsants Anticonvulsants ==prevents seizuresprevents seizures
5.5.AntidepressantsAntidepressants=prevents depression=prevents depression
6.6.AntidiarrhealsAntidiarrheals = =stops diarrhea (loose stool)stops diarrhea (loose stool)
7.7.Antiemetics Antiemetics ==prevents nausea and vomitingprevents nausea and vomiting

57. Drug Classifications “anti” means Drug Classifications “anti” means
“Against”“Against”
AntihistamineAntihistamine = = blocks the effects of histamineblocks the effects of histamine
AntihyperlipidemiaAntihyperlipidemia = = lowers high cholesterollowers high cholesterol
Antihypertensive Antihypertensive == reduces high blood pressurereduces high blood pressure
Anti-inflammatoryAnti-inflammatory = = reduces inflammationreduces inflammation
AntipruriticsAntipruritics= = prevents or relieves itchingprevents or relieves itching
AntispasmodicsAntispasmodics = relieves intestinal cramping= relieves intestinal cramping
AntitussiveAntitussive = relieves coughing = relieves coughing

58. Other ClassesOther Classes

Decongestant Decongestant
== de + Conges + tant de + Conges + tant
reduce nasal congestionreduce nasal congestion

Analgesic Analgesic
= = an + alges + ic an + alges + ic
without pain, pain killerwithout pain, pain killer

Hypoglycemic Hypoglycemic
= hypo + glyc + emic = hypo + glyc + emic
reduces blood sugar levelreduces blood sugar level

hypolipidemic hypolipidemic
= = hypo + lipid + emic hypo + lipid + emic
reduces cholesterol or reduces cholesterol or
lipid levelslipid levels

Contraceptive Contraceptive
= = contra + cep + tive contra + cep + tive
prevents pregnancyprevents pregnancy

Spermicide Spermicide
= = sperm + I + cide sperm + I + cide
kills spermkills sperm

59. Pharmacy AbbreviationsPharmacy Abbreviations
Most common abbreviationsMost common abbreviations

RouteRoute

FormForm

TimeTime

MeasurementMeasurement

60. AbbreviationsAbbreviations
adad= right ear= right ear
asas= left ear= left ear
auau= each ear= each ear
IMIM= intramuscular= intramuscular
IVIV= intravenous= intravenous
odod= right eye= right eye
osos= left eye= left eye
ouou= each eye= each eye
popo= by mouth= by mouth
slsl= sublingually= sublingually

61. AbbreviationsAbbreviations
elixelix= elixir= elixir
suppsupp= suppository= suppository
ungung= ointment= ointment
acac= before meals= before meals
pcpc= after meals= after meals
hshs= at bedtime= at bedtime
qdqd= every day= every day
prnprn= as needed= as needed
qidqid= four times a day= four times a day
tidtid= three times a day= three times a day
bidbid= two times a day= two times a day

62. AbbreviationsAbbreviations
gttgtt
gmgm
grgr
ll
mcgmcg
mgmg
meqmeq
mlml
qsqs
dispdisp
= drop= drop
= gram= gram
= grain= grain
= liter= liter
= microgram= microgram
= milligram= milligram
= milliequivalent= milliequivalent
= milliliter= milliliter
= a sufficient quantity= a sufficient quantity
= dispense= dispense

63. oefst:.tvofof(oe
oefst:.tvofof(oe Terms to RememberTerms to Remember
1. Through the Skin1. Through the Skin
2. Blood Tumor2. Blood Tumor
3. Ven 3. Ven
4. Ot 4. Ot
5. Gastr 5. Gastr
6. Hardening of Artery6. Hardening of Artery
7. Muscle Repair 7. Muscle Repair
8. Otalgia 8. Otalgia
9. Liver Tumor 9. Liver Tumor
10. Card 10. Card
11. Cyst 11. Cyst
12. Derma12. Derma
13. Loss Of Appetite13. Loss Of Appetite
14. Hemat 14. Hemat
15. Hepat 15. Hepat
16. Mast 16. Mast
17. Increase In White Blood Cells17. Increase In White Blood Cells
18. Nephr 18. Nephr
19. Neur 19. Neur
20. Ocul 20. Ocul
21. Oste 21. Oste
22. Brain Inflammation 22. Brain Inflammation
23. Pector 23. Pector
24. Pneum 24. Pneum
25. My25. My

64. oefst:.tvofof(oe
oefst:.tvofof(oe Terms to RememberTerms to Remember
26. Alimentary tract26. Alimentary tract
27. Alveoli27. Alveoli
28. Combining vowel28. Combining vowel
29. Conjunctiva29. Conjunctiva
30. Cornea30. Cornea
31. Diastolic phase31. Diastolic phase
32. Endocrine system32. Endocrine system
33. Eustachian tube33. Eustachian tube
34. Flexor movement34. Flexor movement
35. Integumentary system35. Integumentary system
36. Lacrimal gland36. Lacrimal gland
37. Lymphocytes37. Lymphocytes
38. Nephron38. Nephron
39. Neuron39. Neuron
40. Osseous tissue40. Osseous tissue
41. Prefix41. Prefix
42. Retina42. Retina
43. Root word43. Root word
44. Suffix44. Suffix
45. Systolic phase45. Systolic phase
46. Tympanic membrane46. Tympanic membrane