chapter 4 transportation sector micro.pptx

transportation sector

1. CHAPTER 4: TRANSPORTATION SECTOR

2. Transportation and Travel Evolution

3. 7 Eras of Transportation and Travel Evolution:

4. 1. Pre-Industrial Travel System Era

5. few common carriers almost no regularly scheduled transportation services There was little travel. Travelers made their own arrangements with several suppliers. era of the stagecoach and the wayside inn Only few people had the money and the reason to travel. Chariot – the first mode of transportation

6. 2. Early-Industrial Travel System Era

7. o Road improvements such as railways, canals and steamship services were brought about due to rapid industrialization and advances in transportation technology services. o Travel increased because more people who had money traveled.

8. 3. Mature-Railway System Era

9. o characterized by railways which expanded their operations by running hotels and providing other travel-related services o Travel agencies and tour companies were formed. o Thomas cook - innovator in this field - began his company’s activities in the United kingdom in 1840

10. 4. Express-Travel System Era

11. o express service increased Trains and other forms of transportation did not stop at every station or terminal but only at the major ones. o increased the speed of travel and encouraged more travel than before

12. 5. Automobile-Based Travel System Era

13. o This influence of the privately owned automobile was enhanced in North America and Europe from the 1920s onward. o Car ownership boomed in North America. o Motorways, interstate highways and other trunk highways were developed in the latter half of this era which was from 1920 to 1974. o The automobile was predominant over other travel modes from 1920 to 1945.

14. 6. Modern-Tourism Travel System Era

15. o Is the period from 1945 to 1974 o Car ownership continued to grow at a fast rate, mainly at the expense of long distance rail travel. o Mass air travel was another Post-World War II occurrence. o The introduction of wide bodied jets in 1970 greatly increased air travel. o The “mass tourism” philosophy and marketing approaches were prevalent during the 1950s and 1960s.

16. 7. Post Mobility Adjustment Era

17. o began in 1973 to 1974 as a result of the oil embargo generated by the Organization Of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) o resulting energy crisis basically changed the travel patterns throughout the world o The present era is one in which travelers continue to look to alternative, grouporiented modes of transportation.

18. Historical Development of the Transport System

19. The desire to travel is stimulated with the improvement in transportation.  Before World War I, it took 7 days to travel from coast to coast by steam locomotive.  In 1938, an airplane (400 miles an hour) made possible nonstop coast to coast flights of less than 8 hours.  By 1950, travelers could complete the journey in two and a half days by train. Travel time was lessened to 4 hours.  At present, the Concorde can make flight in 2 and half hours.

20. Selection of Transportation Mode

21. 5 factors according to Sheth: Functional −expected performance for a specific purpose 2. Aesthetic/Emotional−related to such aspects as fear, social concerns, style, luxury, comfort and other concern feelings the form of transportation might evoke

22. 3. Social/Organizational −shows that the frequent users of certain kinds of transportation are stereotyped according to sex, racial origin, income, price/cost and education. 4. Situational −refers to how conveniently located the particular mode of transportation and its terminal facilities are for the traveler.

23. 5. Curiosity −refers to the travelers perceived need to do something new and different

24. Travel by Train

25. 1841− Britain had its first organized train tour − Thomas cook organized an excursion between Leicester and Loughborough  1851− three million Englishmen boarded the train to see the great exhibition in London  1869 − 1st transcontinental route in US was completed in.

26. 1963 − long distance rail travel boosted when George M. Pullman built the Pullman coach − luxury first-class sleeping and dining facility  1971− Amtrak began its operations− act created the national railroad passenger corporation  1977− VIA Rail Canada, the equivalent of Amtrak was created  Several attempts have been made to determine why travelers select the train as a transportation mode.

27. 4 evident factors are: 1. Cost/price 2. Comfort 3. Safety 4. Ability to see the area where train is passing

28. A survey of Amtrak passengers showed that travelers favored the train for the ff reasons: 1. Safety 2. Ability to look out of the train and see the interesting things in route 3. Ability to get up and walk around 4. Arriving at the destination rested and relaxed 5. Personal comfort

29. The negative factors of rail travelers are: 1. Slowness in reaching the destination 2. Inflexible departure times 3. Lack of quality in food services

30. The Euro city network, formerly the Trans Europe Express (TEE) network, as well as other national lines provided excellent rail services between major cities in 10 countries.  Japan − Shinkansen or bullet trains − first sensational rail accomplishment after World war II − travel greater than 140 miles/ hr

31.  France − Tres Grande Vitesse − its own super train − travels at 175 miles/ hr between Paris and Lyons and Marseilles − Its popularity in Europe has increased, not only because of its quality and efficiency but because of the use of the Eurailpass . − also introduce student Eurailpass for second-class travel; less expensive than theeurailpass ; good only in 16 countries

32. Russia − Trans-Siberian Railroad − longest in the World (5,787 miles) − links outlying Siberian industrial regions and mining centers with European Russia

33. Travel by Ship

34. steam era began in 1840 when Sir Samuel Cunard pioneered the first transatlantic-scheduled liner tips  introduction of the jet aircraft led to rapid decline in the ships as scheduled passenger transportation mode  Many passenger ships were converted into cruise ships.

35. CRUISE SHIP o may be divided into large vessel (accommodate 180 or more passengers) and small vessels (carry less than 100 passengers) o They are called “mini-cruises” or “ultra-yachts”. o The cruise industry is largely owned by European companies which are located in Denmark, Norway, Holland, Italy, Germany, Great Britain and Greece.

36. Although, the cruise ship industry is not a US industry in terms of ownership, several United States and America territory cities serve as major ports of cruise ships. o The top ports are Miami, New York, San Juan, Port Everglades, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle and New Orleans

37. Travel by Automobile  Carl Benz of Mannheim, Germany − real inventor of the automobile − 1885 to 1886, he combined the bicycle and the international combustion engine and designed the complete vehicle engine consisting of the engine, chassis and transmission

38. Henry Ford − in 1908, produced his Model T car built with an assembly technique for mass production  The introduction of the automobile brought about the decline of the train’s popularity in most developed countries.  The growth of car ownership necessitated road improvements.  The United States federal government participated in the constructed and maintenance of roads when it passed an Act in 1916.  The automobile stimulated tourism by crating attractions along tourist routes made accessible by the automobile.  Examples are homes of historical figures, scenic areas, and historic shrines and monuments .

39. Travel by Bus/ Motor Coach  Bus travel − is the most flexible and economical form of transportation  1900s − buses were first used to carry passengers intercity in the early in the United States  There was little intercity travel before the 1920s.  1928 − Greyhound company (largest privately-owned bus company in the world) was established.  By this time, buses traveled from New York to Los Angeles in about 5 days.  With road improvements before World War II, cross-country trip time was reduced to 90 hours.  The terms “bus,” “coach and “motor coach” are used interchangeably.  In North America, the bus performs two major roles: 1. To provide a regular schedule of intercity passenger transportation services

40. 2. To provide charter and tour services  The main reasons for selecting bus travel over other modes of travel are convenience and economy.  Charter and tour service − is the fastest growing segment of the bus or motor coach industry  Motor coach tours − usually last five to six days and is limited to a particular geographical area

41. Travel by Air  The airplane had a revolutionary impact on tourism from World War II onward.  The history of air transportation can be divided into three parts: 1. Pre-world war II 2. World War II 3. Post-World War II  In the United States, almost all early airlines started by carrying mail for the post office.

42. Varney − one of the first which began in April 1926 and later became United Airlines  Western Airlines − began its passenger service on April 17, 1926 when it carried a woman passenger along with the mail  Pan American Airways − had the first international flight in 1927 when it carried mail from Key West, Florida to Havana, Cuba.  World War II influenced the development of the airline Industry.  Since 1950, incomes have increased rapidly while airfares have declined. − made air travel more attractive than ever While the price of an airline ticket decreased, the quality of service with regard to speed, sixe and comfort improved.

43. Airline Regulation  International tourism requires a system of international air transportation .

44. This system requires negotiations among nations and carriers in the form of bilateral agreements.  Over flights privileges must be obtained from all nations over which airlines will cross during international lights.  Airlines are or may be assessed overnight charges for the privilege of flying over other nations including countries which not have formal diplomatic relations with each other like Cuba and the United States.  Lending rights, fuel purchase agreements, maintenance provisions, and other considerations require bilateral negotiation.  The original idea for a worldwide system of airline regulation took place in the Chicago convention of 1944 and the Bermuda agreement of 1946.

45. The Bermuda Agreement established the first worldwide model for future bilateral agreements regarding the exercise of the eight freedoms of the air: o First Freedom: The right of an airline to overfly one country to get to another o Second Freedom: The right of an airline t land in another country for a technical stopover (fuel, maintenance, etc.) but does not pick up or drop off traffic;

46. Third Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to drop off traffic from country X to country Y o Fourth Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic back to country X from country Y o Fifth Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to collect traffic in country Y and fly onto country Z, solong as the flight either originates or terminates in country X

47. Sixth Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic to a getaway – a point in country X - and then abroad. The traffic has neither its origin nor ultimate destination in country X o Seventh Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to operate entirely outside of country X in carrying traffic between two other countries and o Eight Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic between any two pints in the same foreign country; also known as cabotage

48.  International Air Transport Association (IATA) − After the Chicago Conference, several schedules carriers met in Havana − was formed to ensure cooperation among international carriers − is a democratic organization whose membership is open to any member of the United Nations − primary purpose is to establish a system of international rates and fares  Through IATA, the airlines enter into agreements concerning rates, conditions of services, and routes to be given to each airline.  The agreements are subject to the approval of their respective governments