Chapter 6 A & P ( updated )

Milady Ch 6 Anatomy & Physiology

1. MILADY ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Skeletal System. Muscular System. Nervous System

2. WHY? AGENDA WEEK 1 TUESDAY - Cells, Tissues, Body Systems WEDNESDAY - Skeletal system THURSDAY- Muscular system- Head FRIDAY- Muscular system- Body Intro to Nervous system WEEK 2 TUESDAY - Nervous system WEDNESDAY - Circulatory to Arteries THURSDAY - Lymph to Reproductive FRIDAY- Review

3. WHY? THE WHY Having a solid understanding of Anatomy & Physiology of the human body is an important responsibility since Cosmetologist are licensed to touch. Techniques used during scalp massage, facials, manicures, pedicures Bones of the skull & facial structure for designing flattering styles, cuts & cosmetic applications Understanding YOUR body to maintain a pain free, healthy career

4. WHY? AGENDA The study of the structures of the human body that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized; the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.

5. WHY? AGENDA The study of the functions and activities performed by the body’s structures.

6. WHY? AGENDA The study of tiny structures found in living tissues. Also known as MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

7. WHY? AGENDA The basic units of all living things, from bacteria, plants, and animals to human beings. Cells carry out all life processes and reproduce. They vary in size, shape, and purpose. Cell Theory states: 1. All living things are made up of cells 2. All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division CELLS NO CELL = NO LIFE

8. WHY? AGENDA Nucleus – center of cell; DNA; Reproduction Cytoplasm – watery fluid containing food materials necessary for growth; surrounds nucleus; self repair Protoplasm- includes the nucleus; jelly like substance; fats, proteins, carbs, minerals, salt, water Cell membrane – permits movement of soluble substances in and out of cells Protoplasm

9. WHY? AGENDA Cell Reproduction and Division: Adequate food supply Adequate oxygen supply Adequate water supply Waste elimination Proper temperature Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical cells One cell divides once to form two identical cells - DAUGHTER CELLS The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replace worn out cells. MITOSIS

10. WHY? AGENDA CELL METABOLISM Metabolism a chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy. Our bodies need this energy to do everything from moving to thinking to growing break proteins down into amino acids turn  fats  into fatty acids turn carbohydrates into simple sugars (for example,  glucose ) release waste through skin, kidneys, lungs & intestines Metabolism is a balancing act involving 2 PROCESSES: building up body tissues and energy stores -ANABOLISM breaking down body tissues and energy stores to get more fuel for body functions-CATABOLISM

11. WHY? AGENDA Anabolism –CONSTRUCTIVE metabolism Building and storing Supports the growth of new cells, the maintenance of body tissues, and the storage of energy for future use Small molecules change into larger, more complex molecules of carbohydrates, protein, and fat. CELL METABOLISM- Occurs at same time Catabolism  - DESTRUCTIVE metabolism Produces the energy needed for all activity in the cells Cells break down large molecules (mostly carbs and fats) to release energy This provides fuel for anabolism, heats the body, and enables the muscles to contract and the body to move.

12. WHY? AGENDA CELL METABOLISM Four things that cells do to maintain homeostasis i n order to survive: 1.  C ells need to be able to obtain and use energy 2. M ake new cells 3. E xchange materials 4. E liminate wastes HOMEOSTASIS- The maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment ; Anabolism & Catabolism at same time: Internal Stability

13. WHY? AGENDA NEED TO KNOW!!

14. WHY? AGENDA TISSUES- Group of cells that carry out specialized activities 4 Main Types Epithelial- Protection; body surfaces, glands, mucous membrane, lining of heart/respiratory organs Connective- Binds organs together, energy reserves for fat; bone, ligaments, Adipose Muscle- Movement & force; Contracts & moves Nervous- Carries messages to & from brain; Stimulates action; activate body functions, Neurons

15. WHY? AGENDA ORGANS- Group of tissues that perform a specific function

16. WHY? AGENDA BODY SYSTEM Group of organs & tissues that work together to perform jobs for the body; Some organs can be apart of more than one system

17. WHY? AGENDA BODY SYSTEMS Circulatory – controls circulation of blood Digestive – changes food into nutrients and wastes Endocrine – affects growth and development Excretory – eliminates waste Integumentary – regulates body temperature Muscular – covers, shapes, supports skeletal tissue Nervous – controls/coordinates all systems Reproductive – produces offspring Respiratory – enables breathing Skeletal – provides physical body foundation

18. WHY? AGENDA REVIEW!!! What is the difference between Anatomy & Physiology? What is the basic unit of all living things? No______No life What is the jelly like substance in the cell? What is the center? What happens here? What are the parts of the egg that represent a cell? What are the 2 phases of cell metabolism? Cells come together to make up what? ( there are 4 kinds) What are those 4 kinds? Tissues make up? Organs make up?

19. WHY? AGENDA 1/3 Organic matter – cells and blood 2/3 Mineral matter – mainly calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate Physical foundation of the body Hardest CONNECTIVE tissue 206 bones that vary in size and shape Connected by movable and immovable joints. Osteology is the study of the anatomy, structure, and function of the bones. Os means “bones.” SKELETAL SYSTEM

20. WHY? AGENDA JOINTS- Connections between two or more bones of the skeleton. Movable –elbows, knees, and hips Immovable – pelvis or skull

21. WHY? AGENDA Cranium – bony case that protects brain-8 Facial skeleton – framework of face composed of 14 bones BONES OF THE SKULL

22. WHY? AGENDA BONES OF THE SKULL Forms back of skull; above nape Forms sides & top of cranium Forehead; first curve Forms sides near ears Between eye socket Joins all together Forms bridge Innerwall of eye socket Most Fragile Cheek bone Upper jaw Lower jaw; Largest, strongest

23. WHY? AGENDA Cervical vertebrae – located in neck region (7) BONES OF THE NECK/CHEST Hyoid – supports tongue and muscles

24. WHY? AGENDA BONES OF THE NECK/CHEST Protects heart & lungs TRUNK Forms thorax; 12 pairs Shoulder blade large, flat, triangular Breast bone; supports ribs Collar bone Joins sternum & scapula

25. BONES OF THE HAND & ARM Largest arm bone; shoulder to elbow Inner & Larger bone of forearm ; PINKY side Smaller bones on THUMB side of forearm Bones of wrist- 8 Bones of palm- 5 Bones of fingers- 14 each hand Collar bone Joins sternum & scapula

26. BONES OF THE FOOT & LEG Bones of ankle- 7 Bones of foot - 5 Bones of toes- 14 each foot Long bone above knee Larger bone below knee- Ankle bone on big toe side Smaller bone below knee- Ankle bone on pinky side Kneecap Ankle joint – composed of tibia, fibula, and talus (anklebone)

27. WHY? AGENDA REVIEW!!! How many bones are in the body? How are those bones connected? What are the 2 types of joints? The skull is divided into 2 parts; what are they? How many facial bones are there? What are the 2 bones that help form the eye sockets? What are the cheekbones? What is the strongest bone in the face? Large bone above the knee? Larger bone in forearm on pinky side?

28. WHY? AGENDA Myology – the study of the structure, function, and diseases of the muscles Muscles- fibrous tissues with the ability to stretch and contract. The human body has over 600 muscles responsible for 40 percent of the body’s weight. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

29. WHY? THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 3 Types of Muscles Cardiac-heart- Involuntary Skeletal-striated- attached to bone, Voluntary Smooth-non striated- Internal organs, Involuntary 3 Parts of Muscles Origin- Immoveable Belly-Middle Insertion-Moveable Pressure in massage is usually directed from the insertion to the origin.

30. WHY? AGENDA Massage Electric current Light rays Heat rays Moist heat Nerve impulses Chemicals THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM How to Stimulate Muscles:

31. WHY? AGENDA THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM- SKULL Ear-DOWN Ear-UP Ear-BACK Covers top of skull Connects Occipital to Frontal Front; Raises eyebrows Back part Lowers jaw & lip Chest –Shoulder-Chin Lower & rotate head Chewing Chewing Levator palpebrae superioris Opens eye; easily damaged Closes eye

32. WHY? AGENDA THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM- FACE, NECK Close eye Eyebrow down & in Wrinkles vertically Bridge; Lowers eyebrows Wrinkles bridge Elevates lower lip Wrinkles chin Compresses, contracts, puckers lips Corners out & back; Grinning Pulls corner DOWN Pulls mouth up & back; Smiling Pulls upper lip back & up; Smiling Compresses cheeks;Expels air Draws lip to one side Raises angle up and in Raises upper lip Dilates nostrils

33. WHY? AGENDA REVIEW!!! What is Myology? What are the 3 types of muscles? What are the 3 points/parts of the muscles? What muscles contains the Occipitalis & Frontalis? Which muscles are responsible for chewing? What muscle is easily damaged by makeup applications? Which muscle draws my eyebrows down and wrinkles the forehead verticall ?

34. WHY? AGENDA THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM- FACE, NECK Close eye Eyebrow down & in Wrinkles vertically Bridge; Lowers eyebrows Wrinkles bridge Elevates lower lip Wrinkles chin Compresses, contracts, puckers lips Corners out & back; Grinning Pulls corner DOWN Pulls mouth up & back; Smiling Pulls upper lip back & up; Smiling Compresses cheeks;Expels air Draws lip to one side Raises angle up and in Raises upper lip Dilates nostrils

35. WHY? THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM- ARM TO BODY Large, flat, triangular Extends arm away; rotate shoulder Chest; assist in swinging Assist in breathing & raising arms Covers neck, upper middle back Rotates, controls swinging movements

36. WHY? AGENDA THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM- SHOULDER, ARM, HAND Shoulder Extends arm out to side Lifts foream Flexes elbow Extends forearm Palm downward Palm upward Flexes wrists Straightens wrist, hand, fingers

37. WHY? THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM- FOOT, LEG Extensor digitorum longus – bends foot up and extends toes Extensor hallucis longus – extends big toe and flexes foot Tibialis anterior – bends foot upward and inward Peroneus longus – inverts foot and turns it downward Bends foot up Extends toes Extends big toe Flexes foot Bends foot up & in Inverts foot & turns downward Bends foot down & out Lower rea of heel pulls foot down Bends foot down Moves little toe Moves toes for balance while walking, standing Separates toes

38. WHY? AGENDA REVIEW!!! What muscle allows you to whistle or compress the cheeks to blow air? Which muscle wrinkles the chin? Which muscle allows you to frown? Which muscles allow our arms to swing? Which muscle allows us to face our palms up? The extensor muscles in our legs allow us to do what? Where is the Gastrocnemius?

39. WHY? AGENDA Neurology - the scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system Nervous system – controls and coordinates the functions of other systems, making them work harmoniously and efficiently THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

40. WHY? AGENDA DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CNS- Central Nervous System; Brain, Spine ;Voluntary; Senses PNS- Peripheral Nervous System- Carries messages to/from nervous system ANS- Autonomic Nervous System- Involuntary Muscles; regulates

41. WHY? AGENDA Brain largest mass of body tissue Average weight: 44 to 48 ounces Brain contains 12 pairs of cranial nerves Spinal cord originates in brain 31 pairs of spinal nerves DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

42. WHY? AGENDA Nerve Cell Structure and Function DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Every square inch of the human body is supplied with fine fibers known as nerves. There are over 100 billion nerve cells, known as neurons, Neuron /Nerve cell – primary unit Dendrites – receive impulses from neurons Axon and Axon terminal – send impulses to other neurons, glands, muscles Nerves – Nerve fibers held together by connective tissue; used to transmit impulses

43. WHY? AGENDA DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Types of Nerves Sensory- Afferent Carry impulses from sense organs to brain Motor- Efferent Carry impulses from brain to muscles Reflex- Simpliest form Automatic response to a stimulus

44. WHY? AGENDA NEED TO KNOW!!!!! 11 th / Accessory 5 th Cranial 7 th Cranial/ Facial nerve Tri-facial; Largest cranial nerve; Chief SENSORY nerve 7 th Nerve- Chief MOTOR nerve; facial expressions Controls neck & shoulder movement

45. WHY? AGENDA FIFTH CRANIAL NERVE/BRANCHES Point/lower side Skin of forehead,scalp,eyebrow , eyelid Between eyes/side of nose Cheek Impulses to forehead, eyelids, interior scalp, orbit, eyeball, nasal passage Chin, lip, ear Upper part of face External ear/ Temple Low eyelid, side of nose, upper lip, mouth Lower lip, chin

46. WHY? AGENDA SEVENTH CRANIAL/CERVICAL NERVES Greater occipital – affects scalp Lesser occipital – affects scalp and muscles at base of skull Greater auricular – affects face, ears, neck, and parotid gland Cervical cutaneous – affects front and sides of neck to breastbone Eleventh cranial – controls neck and shoulder motion Membrane, skin of nose Temple, side of forehead, upper cheek Behind ear, base of skull Muscles of cheek Side of neck/ platysma Scalp Base of scalp Face, ears, neck, Parotid gland Front/side of neck to breastbone

47. WHY? AGENDA NEED TO KNOW!!!!! 11 th / Accessory 5 th Cranial 7 th Cranial/ Facial nerve Tri-facial; Largest cranial nerve; Chief SENSORY nerve 7 th Nerve- Chief MOTOR nerve; facial expressions Controls neck & shoulder movement

48. WHY? AGENDA NERVES OF ARM & HAND Finger to hands Thumb side Arm to hand Little finger side

49. WHY? AGENDA NERVES OF LEG & FOOT Tibial –Sciatic; supplies impulses to the knee, calf muscles, skin of leg, soles of feet, and underside of toes Common peroneal – extends from behind knee around fibula to front of leg Deep peroneal (anterior tibial) – extends down front of leg behind muscles Superficial peroneal (musculocutaneous) – supplies impulses to muscles and skin of leg and toes and top of foot Dorsal cutaneous – begins with superficial peroneal; supplies impulses to toes and top of foot Inner leg / foot impulses of outer skin and back of foot

50. WHY? AGENDA REVIEW!!! What are the 3 subdivisions of the Nervous System? What is a nerve cell called? What are the 3 types of nerves? The 5 th nerve is also known as what? Which leg muscle holds the Sciatic nerve? Which is the longest nerve in the body? Auriculotemporal nerve is where? Ophthalmic nerve is where? Where is the accessory nerve? What is another name and what does it do?

51. WHY? AGENDA Also known as the cardiovascular system or vascular system Controls steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels Consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries that distribute blood throughout the body THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

52. WHY? AGENDA A muscular, cone-shaped organ that keeps blood moving through the body The size of a closed fist, weighing approximately 9 ounces Pericardium – Membrane – Epithelial- encloses the heart; Connected by connective tissue; Helps overfill of blood Resting heart rate – 60 to 80 times per minute THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The Heart

53. WHY? AGENDA 1. Right and left atrium – upper, thin-walled chambers that pump blood to ventricles 2. Right and left ventricle – lower, thick-walled chambers 3. Valves – temporarily close a passage or permit blood flow THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Heart chambers & Valves

54. WHY? AGENDA Pulmonary circulation – brings blood from heart to lungs for purification Systemic or general circulation – carries blood from heart through body and back to heart THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Blood Circulation

55. WHY? AGENDA NEED TO KNOW!!! Deoxygenated blood from body to RIGHT atrium Right atrium to RIGHT ventricle to PULMONARY Arteries To lungs to become OXYGEN rich Back to heart enters LEFT atrium Left atrium to LEFT ventricle to travel the body

56. WHY? AGENDA Arteries – transport blood to/from heart Arterioles – deliver blood to capillaries Capillaries – connect smaller arteries to veins Venules – collect blood from capillaries and drain it into veins Veins – contain valves to prevent back flow of impure blood to heart- closest to skin THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Blood Vessels- To transport blood

57. WHY? AGENDA Sticky, salty fluid Temperature of 98.6 1/20th of body weight 8 to 10 pints in adults Bright red in arteries Dark red in veins (except pulmonary)- Lack of oxygen Red longest wave length/ Blue shortest- BLOOD ALWAYS RED THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Red blood cells – carry oxygen to cells White blood cells – destroy disease-causing germs Blood platelets – important to clotting Plasma – carries food to cells and carbon dioxide away from cells Blood/ Blood Composition

58. WHY? AGENDA Carries water, oxygen, food, secretions to cells Carries away carbon dioxide and waste Helps equalize body temperature Works with immune system Clotting Blood Functions THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

59. WHY? AGENDA ARTERIES OF HEAD, FACE & NECK Common carotid-Main artery of face; Supply blood to head, face, neck Internal division- Brain, eyes, forehead External division Superficial temporal artery Occipital artery Posterior auricular artery

60. WHY? AGENDA ARTERIES OF THE HEAD, FACE & NECK External maxillary artery Chin/lower lip Lower lip Side of nose Upper lip/ nose

61. WHY? AGENDA SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL ARTERY Skin, muscles of scalp, back of head Behind / above ear Forehead/eyelid Side/crown of head Skin/Masseter Temples Front of ear Forehead/eyelid Muscle of eye

62. WHY? AGENDA VEINS OF HEAD, FACE & NECK Blood flow from heart back to head, face, neck flows on each side of neck in 2 Principle veins Internal jugular – located at side of neck to collect blood from brain and parts of face and neck External jugular – carries blood returning to heart from head, face, and neck

63. WHY? AGENDA Ulnar arteries – supply the little-finger side of arm and palm of hand Radial arteries – supply the thumb-side of arm and back of hand BLOOD SUPPLY FOR ARM & HAND

64. WHY? AGENDA BLOOD SUPPLY FOR LEG & FOOT Popliteal artery – supplies blood to foot Anterior tibial: supplies blood to lower leg muscles and skin on top of foot Posterior tibial: supplies blood to ankles and back of lower leg. Dorsalis pedis – supplies blood to foot

65. WHY? AGENDA REVIEW!!! What does the circulatory system do? What are the 3 main components of the hear? ( right, left. Open/close ) 2 types of blood circulation? What is the job of blood vessels? What are some blood vessels? What is the main artery of the face? What is the difference between the Internal jugular and the External?

66. WHY? AGENDA LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM Made up of lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, and lymph vessels Carries waste and impurities away from cells Protects body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease-causing microorganisms Drains tissue spaces of excess interstitial fluid (blood plasma found in spaces between tissue cells)

67. WHY? AGENDA LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM LYMPH CAPILLARIES/VESSELS Lymphatic vessels start as tubes that are closed at one end. Blind-end tubes that are the origin of lymphatic vessels Distributed throughout most of the body (except the nervous system) Both transport streams of fluids throughout body.

68. WHY? AGENDA LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM Glandlike structures found inside lymphatic vessels Filter lymphatic vessels, which helps fight infection. LYMPH NODES Carry nourishment from blood to cells Act as defense against toxins and bacteria Remove waste material from cells to blood Provide fluid environment for cells

69. WHY? AGENDA ENDOCRINE SYSTEM- Glands that effect growth, development, sexual functions & overall health Glands – specialized organs that remove certain elements from the blood to convert them into new compounds Exocrine (duct) – produce a substance that travels through small, tubelike ducts. Sweat and oil glands belong to this group. Endocrine (ductless) – release hormonal secretions directly into the bloodstream. Thyroid and pituitary glands belong to this group.

70. WHY? AGENDA Secrete insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen that stimulate functional activity or other secretions in the body and influence the welfare of the entire body HORMONES/ GLANDS Parathyroid – regulates blood calcium and phosphorus Pancreas – secretes enzymes responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats Thyroid- controls the bodys metabolism

71. WHY? AGENDA HORMONES/ GLANDS Pineal – impacts sexual development, sleep, and metabolism Pituitary (Master gland )– affects almost every physiologic process (growth, blood pressure, breast-milk production, etc.) Adrenal – secrete about 30 steroid hormones and control metabolic processes of the body Ovaries – female sexual glands Testes – male sexual glands

72. WHY? AGENDA DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Also known as the gastrointestinal system. Breaks down foods into nutrients and waste. It consists of the stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands, and other organs. Enzymes break down food to make it soluble. The food is then transported by the bloodstream and used by the body’s cells and tissues. The process takes about nine hours to complete.

73. WHY? AGENDA The metabolism of body cells forms toxic substances that, if retained, could poison the body. EXCRETORY SYSTEM- Purify body Kidneys – excrete urine Liver – discharges toxins Skin – eliminates waste through perspiration Large intestine – eliminates decomposed and undigested food Lungs – exhale carbon dioxide

74. WHY? AGENDA RESPIRTORY SYSTEM System consisting of the lungs and air passages that enables respiration, supplies the body with oxygen, and eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product The act of breathing; the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs and within each cell

75. WHY? AGENDA RESPIRTORY SYSTEM LUNGS-Spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide during one breathing cycle. DIAPHRAGM- The muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing Inhalation –oxygen is passed to blood Exhalation-carbon dioxide is expelled from lungs

76. WHY? AGENDA Made up of the skin and its accessory organs such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair and nails Serves as a protective covering and helps regulate the body’s temperature INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

77. WHY? AGENDA Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina , the testes, prostate gland, penis, and urethra REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM- Produces Hormones The reproductive system produces offspring and passes on the genetic code from one generation to another. Hormones affect change in skin, loss of scalp hair, facial hair growth, pigmentation, and much more.

78. WHY? AGENDA REVIEW!!! What is part of the Lymphatic system? What does the Lymphatic system do? Endocrine system has 2 types of glands, what are they? What are some hormones your body produces? What is the difference between Pituitary & Pineal? What does the Integumentary system do? What is an example of an organ that excretes waste?