Chapter 6 - Solid Waste Management(Uitm).pptx

Solid waste management chapter 6

1. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 1 Prepared by: Nur Ain Bt Mohd Zainuddin CHAPTER 6

2. 2 At the end of this chapter, student should be able to: Characterize waste generation: classification and sources Explain factor that can affect wastes generation rate Explain functional element in solid waste management: on site handling, on site storage, on site processing, collection, transfer and transport Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management Course Learning Outcome Explain the methods for ultimate or final disposal of solid waste.

3. Municipal Solid Wastes Industrial Wastes Hazardous Wastes •Food waste •Rubbish •Ashes & Residue •Demolition & construction •Special waste •Treatment plant waste Industrial Refer Table 10-1 •Rubbish •Ashes •Demolition & construction •Special waste •Hazardous •Radioactive •Chemicals •Biologicals •Flammables •Explosives MSW is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public. Commonly known as trash or garbage. Industrial wastes are those waste arising from industrial activities. Waste that pose a substantial danger immediately or over a period of time to human, plant, or animal life are classified as hazardous wastes. Definition Example 3 Classification of Solid Wastes 6.1 Solid Waste Generation Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management

4. 6.1 Solid Waste Generation Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 4 Sources of Solid Wastes Knowledge of types and sources of solid wastes along with the data of composition and rate of generation is basic design and operation of the functional elements associated with the management of solid wastes.

5. 6.1 Solid Waste Generation Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 5 Waste Generation Theory

6. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 6 6.1 Solid Waste Generation Functional Element of Solid Waste Management System

7. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 7 To implement proper waste management, various aspects have to be considered such as source reduction onsite storage collection and transfer processing techniques disposal The following flow chart shows the interrelationship between the functional elements in solid waste management. 6.1 Solid Waste Generation

8. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 8 6.1 Solid Waste Generation Factor that Affect Generation Rate Factor that influence the quantity of municipal waste generated include :

9. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 9 Sample of Waste Generation 6.1 Solid Waste Generation

10. 6.2 On Site Handling, Storage and Processing Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 10 On Site Handling Refer to the activities associated with the handling of solid wastes until they are placed in the containers used for their storage before collection at the point of generation. Depending on the type of collection service, handling also encompasses the movement of loaded containers to the collection point and return the empty container to the point where the waste are stored between collection .

11. 6.2 On Site Handling, Storage and Processing Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 11 On Site Handling

12. 6.2 On Site Handling, Storage and Processing Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 12 On Site Handling

13. 6.2 On Site Handling, Storage and Processing Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 13 On Site Storage Factors that must be considered in the on-site storage of solid wastes include:

14. 6.2 On Site Handling, Storage and Processing Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 14 On Site Storage - Containers Types and capacities of container used depend on: Characteristic of solid waste Collection frequency Space available for the placement of the container Table 11-4: Data on the types and sizes of containers used for the on-site storage of solid wastes

15. 6.2 On Site Handling, Storage and Processing Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 15 On Site Storage - Containers Figure 1: Types of containers and bags Types of waste storage bin in Malaysia Small Bin » household (16 – 210 L) Medium Bin » communal bin (0.8 – 9 m 3 ) Large Bin » hauled communal (9 – 30 m 3 )

16. 30 L bin 20 L bin 120 L wheelie bin 50 L bin The most commonly used individual household waste storage containers in Malaysia are : daily collection : Size 7 – 10 litres weekly collection : Size 20 litres , 30 litres , 50 litres , 120 litres 10 L bin Types of containers 6.2 On Site Handling, Storage and Processing On Site Storage - Containers Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 16

17. 6.2 On Site Handling, Storage and Processing Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 17 On Site Storage – Containers locations Depends on: type of dwelling – residential, commercial or industrial height of dwelling – low, medium or high rise accessible to collection service – truck or compactor available space – no obstruction 1. Residential dwelling :Container for municipal solid wastes usually are placed or located: Newer residential area : by the side or rear of the house. Older residential area: in alley. Low-rise multifamily apartment : special designed and designated enclosure. High-rise apartment : basement of ground-floor service area .

18. Curbs Alleys / back-lanes Special enclosures (apartment) Basement On Site Storage – Containers locations 6.2 On Site Handling, Storage and Processing Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 18

19. 6.2 On Site Handling, Storage and Processing Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 19 On Site Storage – Containers locations 2. Commercial and Industrial Facilities. The location of container at existing commercial and industrial facilities depends on: location of available space and services-access conditions. Since the containers are not owned by the commercial or industrial activity the location and types of container to be used for on-site storage are shared by industrial, public and private collection agency.

20. 6.2 On Site Handling, Storage and Processing Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 20 On Site Processing Method used to recover usable materials from solid wastes, to reduce the volume or to alter the physical form. Normal processing operations include: manual sorting, compaction incineration .

21. 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste 21 Collection is the first fundamental function of solid waste management. Solid waste collection refers to the gathering of the waste materials at the source of generation such a residential, commercial, institutional, industrial areas and as well as public parks, the loading of the wastes onto the collection vehicle and the transport of the materials to the treatment or disposal site . Functional elements in collection of solid wastes: Types of collection services Types of collection system Analysis of collection system Setting up collection route Collection services can be divided to: Municipal collection services Commercial-Industrial collection services. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management

22. Municipal Collection Services Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 22 Common collection services: Curb Alley Backyard collection ( Curb collection): Gain popularity because labour cost for collection can be minimized. Used of large containers which can be emptied mechanically with an articulated container pick up mechanism. Most common method used for the collection of municipal wastes . 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste

23. Mechanized curbside collection The containers are designed specifically to the work with container-unloading mechanism attach to the collection vehicle. The container size is from 75 to 120 gallons (280 – 450 litres ). 90 gallons (340 litres ) container being the most common. Municipal Collection Services 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 23

24. Commercial-Industries Collection Services Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 24 Commercial-industrial collection service: Provided to large apartment buildings, residential complex and commercial and industrial activities typically centred around the use of large movable and stationary containers and large stationary compactor . 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste

25. Type of Collection System Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 25 Types of collection systems Two types of collection systems based on operation mode: Hauled-Container System (HCS) Stationary Container System (SCS) 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Hauled-Container System (HCS) Stationary Container System (SCS)

26. Type of Collection System-HCS Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 26 Hauled-Container System (HCS) Container use for storage of solid waste are hauled to the processing, transfer or disposal site Emptied the container at processing, transfer station or disposal site. Returned to their original location or other location . Example; communal bin. Two types of HCS: Tilt-frame container trailer Trash-trailer 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste

27. Type of Collection System-HCS Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 27 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste The collector is responsible for driving the vehicles, loading full container and unloading empty container and emptying the contents of the container at the disposal site. For safety reasons, both driver and helper are used. System used tilt-frame-loaded vehicles and large container often called drop boxes are suited for - the collection for all types of solid waste and rubbish from locations where the generation rate warrants the use of large containers. Open-top containers are used routinely at warehouses and construction sites.

28. Type of Collection System-HCS Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 28 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Large container used in conjunction with stationary compactors are common at commercial and industrial services and at transfer stations - large volume can be hauled. Tilt-frame hauled-container system widespread especially among private collectors servicing industrial accounts . Trash trailer application similar to Tilt-frame hauled- container system however is better for the collection of heavy rubbish such as sand, metal scrap and for demolition waste at construction sites. Advantages of HCS:

29. Type of Collection System-HCS Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 29 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste

30. Type of Collection System-HCS Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 30 Tilt-frame container trailer 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste

31. Type of Collection System-SCS Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 31 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Storage container will remain at the point of waste generation site except when moved for collection example individual bin. Labour requirements for mechanically loaded stationary- container systems are essentially the same as for HCS . Two main types for SCS: Self-loading compactor vehicles Manually loaded vehicles Container size and utilization are not critical as HCS - using self-loading collection vehicles equipped with a compaction mechanism. Trips to the disposal site, transfer station or processing station are made after the contents of a number containers have been collected and compacted and the collection vehicles is full. SCS used for all types of waste collection- a variety of container size and types are available.

32. Type of Collection System-SCS Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 32 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Major application of manual transfer and loading methods is in the collection of residential waste and litter. Manual methods collection of industrial wastes where pick up points are inaccessible to the collection vehicles. Advantage of SCS: Vehicle does not travel to the disposal area until it is full - yielding higher utilization rates. Disadvantages of SCS: The system is not flexible in terms of picking up bulky good. Demolition waste » damage the compaction mechanisms. Not suitable for large generations of waste.

33. Type of Collection System-SCS Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 33 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste

34. Type of Collection System Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 34 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Table 1 1-5 : Typical data on the collection vehicles and container used with various collection systems

35. Determination of vehicle and labor requirements Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 35 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Must be optimized to save collection time and costs. Important to determine vehicle and labour requirements for the various collection systems and method, the unit time required to perform each task. By separating the collection activities into unit operation is possible: to develop design data and relationships that can be used universally . to evaluate both the variables associated with collection activities and the variables related to, or controlled by, the particular location.

36. Determination of vehicle and labor requirements Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 36 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Figure 1 1-10 (a) : Definition Sketch for waste collection: hauled-container

37. Determination of vehicle and labor requirements Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 37 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Figure 1 1-10 (b) : Definition Sketch for waste collection: stationary-container

38. Determination of vehicle and labor requirements Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 38 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste The activities involved in the collection of solid waste can be resolved into 4 unit operations: pick up (P) Haul (h) at-site (s) off-route (W)

39. Determination of vehicle and labor requirements Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 39 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste

40. Hauled Container System (HCS) Analysis Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 40 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste 1. Time required per trip: T hcs  P hcs s  a  b x h  a  bx Equation 11-1 Where: T hcs = time per trip for hauled container systems, h/trip P hcs = pick up time per trip for hauled container system, h/trip s = at site time per trip, h/trip h = haul time per trip, h/trip a = empirical haul constant, h/trip b = empirical haul constant, h/km x = round-trip haul distance, km/trip

41. Hauled Container System (HCS) Analysis 41 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste 2. Picked up time per trip ( P hcs ) : Equation 11-2 P hcs  p c  u c  d b c Where: P hcs = pick up time per trip, h/trip pc = time required to pick up loaded container, h/trip uc = time required to unload empty container, h/trip dbc = average time spent driving between container location , h/trip Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management

42. Hauled Container System (HCS) Analysis 42 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste 3 . Number of trip per day ( N d ) Equation 11-3    1  W  H   t 1  t 2    V d N   P hcs  s  a  b x c f d Where: N d = number of trips per day, trip/d W = off-route factor, expressed as fraction H = length of workday, h/d t 1 = time from garage to first container, h t 2 = time from last container location to garage, h V d = average daily quantity of waste collected, m 3 /d c = average container size, m 3 /trip f = weighted average container utilization factor (fraction of container volume occupied by solid wastes) Note : W values varies from 0.10 to 0.40; a factor of 0.15 is representative for most operation. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management

43. Hauled Container System (HCS) Analysis 43 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Table 11-7: Typical values for haul constant coefficients a and b in equation 11-1,11-3,11-4 and 11-8 Table 11-8 : Typical data for computing equipment and labor requirements for hauled and stationary container collection systems (a) Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management

44. Hauled Container System (HCS) Analysis 44 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Example 11.1 : Analysing a hauled container collection system. Solid waste from a new industrial park is to be collected in large containers (drop boxes), some of which will be used in conjunction with stationary compactors. Based on traffic studies at similar parks, it is estimated that the average time to drive from the garage to the first container and from last container to the garage each day will be 15 and 20 minute, respectively. If the average time required to drive between containers is 6 min and the one- way distance to the disposal site is 25 km (speed limit: 88 km/h), determine the number of containers that can be emptied per day, based on an 8-h workday. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management

45. Hauled Container System (HCS) Analysis 45 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Solution Example 11.1 : Analysing a hauled container collection system. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management

46. Hauled Container System (HCS) Analysis 46 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Solution Example 11.1 : Analysing a hauled container collection system. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management

47. Stationary Container System (SCS) Analysis- Mechanically Self Loading Collection vehicles 47 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management Time required per trip (T SCS ) T scs  P scs s  a  b x Where: T scs = time per trip for SCS , h/trip P scs = pick up time per trip for SCS, h/trip s = at site time per trip, h/trip a = empirical haul constant, h/trip b = empirical haul constant, h/km x = average round-trip haul distance, km/trip Equation 11-4

48. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 48 2. Picked up time per trip (P SCS ) Stationary Container System (SCS) Analysis- Mechanically Self Loading Collection vehicles P scs  C t u c   n p  1  dbc Equation 11-5 Where: P scs = Pick up time per trip for SCS, h/trip C t = Number of containers emptied per trip, container/trip uc = average unloading time per container for SCS, h/container n p = number of container pickup locations per trip, locations/trip dbc = average time spent driving between container locations, h/location (determined locally) 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste

49. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 49 Stationary Container System (SCS) Analysis- Mechanically Self Loading Collection vehicles 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste 3. Number of container can be emptied per collection trip, C t t C cf  vr Equation 11-6 Where: C t : number of containers emptied per trip, container/trip v = volume of collection vehicle, m 3 /trip r = compaction ratio c = container volume, m 3 /container f = weighted container utilization factor

50. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 50 Stationary Container System (SCS) Analysis- Mechanically Self Loading Collection vehicles 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste SCS v r    1  W  H   t 1 N d   t 2     V d 4. Number of trip per day ( N d ) Equation 11-7 Where: N d = number of collection trips required per day , trips/d V d = daily waste generation rate, m 3 /d   Equation 11-8 5. Length of workday (h/d) T

51. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 51 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Example 11.2 (SCS - Mechanically self-loading collection vehicles) : Solid waste from a commercial area are to be collected using SCS having 4 m 3 containers. Determine the appropriate truck capacity for the following conditions: Containers size = 4 m 3 Container utilization factor = 0.75 Average number of containers at each location = 2 Collection -vehicles compaction ratio = 2.5 Container unloading time = 0.1 h/container Average drive time between container locations= 0.1 h One-way haul distance = 30 km Speed limit = 88 km/h Time for garage to first container location = 0.33 h Time from last container location to garage = 0.25 h Number of trips to disposal site per day = 2 Length of workday = 8 h Stationary Container System (SCS) Analysis- Mechanically Self Loading Collection vehicles

52. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 52 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Solution Stationary Container System (SCS) Analysis- Mechanically Self Loading Collection vehicles

53. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 53 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Solution Stationary Container System (SCS) Analysis- Mechanically Self Loading Collection vehicles

54. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 54 Stationary Container System (SCS) Analysis- Manual Loading Collection vehicles 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste 1. Number of pickup locations per trip (N p ) p p N t  6 P SCS n Equation 11-9 Where: T scs = time per trip for SCS, h/trip P scs = pick up time per trip for SCS, h/trip s = at site time per trip, h/trip a = empirical haul constant, h/trip b = empirical haul constant, h/km x = average round-trip haul distance, km/trip

55. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 55 Stationary Container System (SCS) Analysis- Manual Loading Collection vehicles 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste 2. Average picked up time for one person collection crew per location ( t p ) t p  0.92 3. Average picked up time for two persons collection crew per location ( t p ) t p  0.72  0.18 C n  0.014( PRH ) Equation 11-10 Where: t p = average pickup time per pickup location, collection. min/location C n = average number of containers at each pickup location PRH = rear-of-house pickup locations, percent

56. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 56 Stationary Container System (SCS) Analysis- Manual Loading Collection vehicles 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste r v  V P n P Equation 11-11 Where: v : volume of collection vehicles, m 3 /trip V p = volume of solid wastes collected per pick up location, m 3 /location N p = number of pickup locations per trip, location/trip r = compaction ratio, m 3 /container    1  W  H   t 1  t 2    N  P scs  s  a  bx

57. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 57 Stationary Container System (SCS) Analysis- Manual Loading Collection vehicles 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Example 11.2.1 (SCS - Manually loaded) : Design a solid waste curb collection system to service a residential area with 1000 single-family dwellings. Two manually loaded collection systems are to be evaluated. The first involves the use of a side-loaded collection vehicle with a one person crew; the second involves the use of a rear-loaded collection vehicle with a two person crew. Determine the size of collection vehicle required and compare the labour requirements for each collection system. Assume the following data are applicable: Average number of residents per service = 3.5 Solid waste generation rate per capita = 2.5 lb/capita.d Density of solid wastes (at containers) = 200 lb/yd 3

58. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 58 Stationary Container System (SCS) Analysis- Manual Loading Collection vehicles 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Containers per service = two 32-gal containers plus 1.5 cardboard containers (20 gal on average) Collection frequency = once per week Collection vehicle compaction ratio, r = 2.5 Round-trip haul distance, h = 35 mi Nominal length of workday, H = 8 h Trips per day, N d = 2 Travel time to first pickup location, t 1 = 0.3 h Travel time from last pickup location, t 2 = 0.4 h Off-route factor, W = 0.15 Haul-time constants: a = 0.016 h/trip and b = 0.018 h/mi At-site time per trip, s = 0.10 h/trip Average number of containers at each location = 3.5 containers

59. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 59 Stationary Container System (SCS) Analysis- Manual Loading Collection vehicles 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Solution

60. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 60 Stationary Container System (SCS) Analysis- Manual Loading Collection vehicles 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste

61. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 61 Stationary Container System (SCS) Analysis- Manual Loading Collection vehicles 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste

62. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 62 Stationary Container System (SCS) Analysis- Manual Loading Collection vehicles 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste

63. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 63 Collection Routes 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste In general, the layout of collection routes is a trial-and- error process. There are no fixed rules that can be applied to all situation. Route established by Trial and error Computer Heuristic methods (common sense )

64. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 64 Collection Routes 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste

65. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 65 Collection Routes- Layout Routes 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Lay out of routes: 4 steps processes

66. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 66 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Collection Routes- Layout Routes Example 11-3 : Laying collection routes :Lay out collection routes for the residential area shown in the accompanying figure. Assume the following data are applicable. General Occupants per resident = 3.5 Solid waste generation rate = 1.6 kg/person  d Type of collection service = curb Collection crew size = one person Collection vehicle capacity = 20 m 3 Compacted density of solid waste in collection vehicles = 325 kg/m 3 2. Routes constraints No U-turn in streets Collection from each side of street with stand-up right- hand drive collection vehicle.

67. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 67 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Collection Routes- Layout Routes Location map of collection routes

68. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 68 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Collection Routes- Layout Routes Solution

69. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 69 6.3 Collection of Solid Waste Collection Routes- Schedules A master schedule for each collection route should be prepared for use by the engineering department and the transportation despatcher. A schedule for each routes on which can be found the location and order of each pickup point to be serviced, should be prepared for the driver. In addition, a route book should be maintained by each truck driver.

70. 6.4 Transfer and Transport Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 70 Transfer stations are facilities where municipal solid waste is unloaded from collection vehicles and briefly held while it is reloaded onto larger long-distance transport vehicles for shipment to landfills or other treatment or disposal facilities. Transfer station is important: When hauled distance to available disposal sites or processing centres increase. Most common in larger metropolitan areas. Direct hauling no longer economically . Important factors in the design of transfer station: Type of transfer operation to be used Capacity requirements Equipment and accessory requirements Environmental requirements Transfer Station

71. 6.4 Transfer and Transport Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 71 3 types of transfer station (depend on the method used to load the transport vehicles): Transfer Station

72. 6.4 Transfer and Transport Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 72 Figure 1 1 -1 : Typical direct discharged transfer station Figure 11-2 : Typical storage discharged transfer station Transfer Station

73. 6.4 Transfer and Transport Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 73 Transfer Station direct load storage load

74. 6.4 Transfer and Transport Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 74 Location of Transfer Station

75. 6.4 Transfer and Transport Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 75 Transfer Means and Method

76. 6.5 Processing Technique Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 76 Processing techniques are used in solid waste management system to : Improve the efficiency of solid waste disposal system To recover resources ( usable material) Prepare materials for the recovery of conversion product and energy. Table 11-10: Factor that should be considered in evaluating on site processing equipment.

77. 6.5 Processing Technique Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 77 Material Recovery Facility (MRF) Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) is where recyclable materials that are collected from households are sorted into different types (e.g. plastics, cardboard, paper, metal) using a mixture of manual and automated methods. When the materials have been sorted they are sent to reprocesses and manufacturers where they are used to create new products. The process also helps to provide quality recyclables that manufacturers need to make certain products and goods. If they could not rely on the quality of the recyclables they would need to use more raw materials. Important processing technique used routinely in MSW system include: Mechanical and volume reduction/compaction Thermal volume reduction / incineration Manual separation of waste component/ Material recovery facilities

78. 6.5 Processing Technique Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 78 MRF process flow

79. 6.5 Processing Technique Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 79 Examples of MRF

80. 6.5 Processing Technique Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 80 Examples of MRF

81. 6.6 Ultimate Disposal Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 81

82. 6.6 Ultimate Disposal Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 82 Landfill Definition: Physical facilities used for the disposal of residual solid wastes in the surface soils of the earth intended to be permanent. Involves burying the solid waste and sometimes co-dispose with sewage sludge. Generally located in urban areas where a large amount of waste is generated and has to be dumped in a common place. The equipment required to operate is relatively inexpensive and can be used for other municipal operations as well serious threat to community health represented by open dumping or burning is avoided.

83. 6.6 Ultimate Disposal Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 83 Type of solid waste disposal method

84. 6.6 Ultimate Disposal Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 84 Land disposal site classification Level Description Level O Open dumpsite Level I Controlled tipping/ controlled dumpsite Level II Sanitary landfill with bund and daily cover Level III Sanitary landfill with leachate recirculation system Level IV Sanitary landfill with leachate treatment facilities

85. 6.6 Ultimate Disposal Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 85 Common types of landfill: Sanitary landfill: Engineered facility for the disposal of MSW designed and operated in a manner that meets most of the standard specification to minimized public health and environmental impacts. Controlled dump: A planned landfill that incorporates to some extent some of the features of a sanitary landfill. Open dump: An unplanned "landfill" that incorporates a few of any controlled landfill characteristics. Typically no leachate control, no access control, no cover, no management, and many waste pickers .

86. 6.6 Ultimate Disposal Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 86 Disposal on the earth’s mantle is the only viable method for the long term handling: Solid waste that are collected and are for of no further use. The residual matter remaining after solid waste have been processed The residual matter remaining after the recovery of conversion product and or energy have been accomplished. Important aspect in the implementation of sanitary landfills include: Site selection Land filling method and operations Occurrence of gases and leachate in landfills Movement and control of landfills gas and leachate.

87. 6.6 Ultimate Disposal Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 87 Factor that must be considered in evaluating potential solid waste disposal site:

88. 6.6 Ultimate Disposal Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 88 Modern landfill

89. 6.6 Ultimate Disposal Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 89 Sanitary landfill

90. 6.6 Ultimate Disposal Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 90 Landfill final cover

91. 6.6 Ultimate Disposal Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 91 Leachate & Gas Collection Pipe (Pulau Burung Landfill Site) Construction of Leachate & Gas Collection Pipe

92. 6.6 Ultimate Disposal Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 92 Advantages Disadvantages Can produce energy which obtained by the conversion of landfill gas. Filled land can be reused for other community purposes. Landfill is a specific location for waste deposition that can be monitored. On completion of the landfill it can be reclaimed and it can be used as parks or farming land. Completed landfill areas can settle and requires maintenance. Requires proper planning, design, and operation. Landfills that are poorly designed or operated share more problems that are faced at the uncontrolled dumping areas. The areas surrounding the landfills become heavily polluted and cause diseases or illness in the communities living around the landfill. Pollute air, water and also the soil.

93. 6.6 Ultimate Disposal Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 93 Illustrate the available layers of landfill In a group of 4-5, draw the landfill layers.

94. Thank You