Chapter1-Introduction to psychology.pptx

Psychology is derived from two Greek words ‘psyche’ and ‘logos’. ‘Psyche’ ‘means mind soul or spirit’ and ‘logos’ means the ‘study of’ or ‘knowledge’---------study of soul.
Psychology is the science of human and animal behavior. It includes the application of behavioral science to human problems.
Wilhelm Wundt of Germany define psychology as the study of consciousness.
‘Any manifestation of life is activity’ and behavior is a collective name of these activities

1. By PAHARI SHARMA Introduction to psychology

2. Psychology is derived from two Greek words ‘psyche’ and ‘logos’ . ‘Psyche ’ ‘means mind soul or spirit’ and ‘logos ’ means the ‘study of’ or ‘knowledge’---------study of soul. Later on, William James used the term ‘mind’, which replaced ‘soul’. Influence of physiology made some scientists like Wilhelm Wundt of Germany define psychology as the study of consciousness. INTRODUCTION

3. Evolution of meaning of psychology

4. ‘Any manifestation of life is activity’ and behavior is a collective name of these activities. It includes: Motor activities- walking, swimming, dancing etc. Cognitive activities- thinking, reasoning, imagining etc. Affective activities- feeling happy, sad, angry etc. Meaning of behavior

5. Psychology is the science of human and animal behavior. It includes the application of behavioral science to human problems. According to Walter Bowers Pillsburry (1911)- “Psychology is the science of human behavior”. According to Woodworm and Marquis- Psychology is the scientific study of activities of the individual in relation to his environment. Definitions of psychology

6. 1879- Wilhelm Wundt inaugurates first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. 1890 - Principles of Psychology published by Williams James 1895- Functionalist model formulated 1900- Sigmund Freud develops the psychodynamic perspective 1904- Ivan Pavlov wins Nobel Prize for work on fundamental principles of learning 1905- Binet and Simon develop intelligence testing 1915- Strong emphasis on intelligence testing 1916- First psychology department was established at Calcutta University Development of psychology

7. 1922- psychology is included in Indian Science Congress Association 1924- John B Watson, an early behaviorist publishes “Behaviorism” a book that led to the foundation of behaviorism. 1949- Psychological Research wing of the Defense Science Organization of India is established 1951- Carl Rogers publishes Client- Centeres Therapy, helping to establish the humanistic perspective 1954- Abraham Maslow publishes Motivation and personality, developing the concept of self actualization 1954- Department of clinical psychology was setup in National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka (NIMHANS)

8. 1956- University Grants Commission a Statutory body of Government of India was established through an act of parliament. It was given the responsibility to provide funds for establishing department of psychology in various Indian universities. 1957- Leon Festinger publishes A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, producing a major impact on social psychology. 1967- The first PhD program in clinical psychology was started in NIMHANS. 1985- Increasing emphasis on cognitive perspective. 1989- National Academy of Psychology, India is founded. 1990- Greater emphasis on multiculturism and diversity.

9. 2000- New subfields develop such as clinical neuropsychology and evolutionary psychology. 2002- Psychologist Daniel Kahneman is awarded the Nobel Prize for his research on how people make judgment in the face of uncertainty. 2014- John O’Keefe, May–Britt Moser and Edvard Moser share the Nobel Prize for their discovery of nerve cells in the brain that enable a sense of place and navigation. 21 st century- Clinical psychology expended in various professional courses in the field of nursing, engineering , agriculture and management. In medical colleges psychology is a part of the curriculum on preventive and social medicine.

10. Nature of psychology

11. Psychology uses scientific methods: Almost all the methods of psychology are more or less scientific in their nature. Modern psychology widely uses this method in all its branches. In experiment method both dependent and independent variables are distinguished. While dependent variables are controlled, the effect of independent variables is observed. Nature of psychology

12. Psychology is factual: Psychology studies facts of behavior by observation and experiments, not by values. Laws of psychology are universal: The laws of psychology are found to be the same at all times and places under similar conditions. Laws of psychology are verifiable: By verification and re-verification psychology principles have been found to be true everywhere. They can be verified by anyone.

13. Psychology discovers the cause –effect relationship in human behavior : it can not only observes behavior but also finds out cause –effect relationship in it. Psychology predicts human behavior: by finds out cause –effect relationship psychologists are also able to accurately predict human behavior .

14. Pure psychology General psychology: I t deals with the fundamental rules, principles and theories of psychology in relation to the study of behavior of a normal adult. Abnormal psychology : It deals with the behavior of individuals who are unusual. It studies mental disorders, their causes and treatment. Social psychology : It deals with the group behavior and interrelationships of people with others. Physiological psychology : This branch of psychology describes and explains the biological and physiological basis of behavior. Scope/branches of psychology

15. Parapsychology : It deals with extrasensory perceptions, causes of rebirth, telepathy and allied problems. Geo-psychology : This branch of psychology describes and explains the relationship of physical environment particularly weather ,climate and soil with behavior. Development psychology : T his branch of psychology describes the processes and factors that influence growth and development in relation to the behavior of an individual from birth to old age. Experimental psychology : T his branch of psychology studies the ways and means of carrying out psychological experiments using scientific methods.

16. Applied psychology Educational psychology : It is that branch of applied psychology which tries to apply psychological principles, theories, and techniques to human behavior in educational situations. Clinical psychology : This is the largest subfield of psychology. This branch applied psychology describes the causes of mental illness, abnormal behavior and treatment of patient. Industrial Psychology : This branch of applied psychology seeks the application of psychological principles, theories and techniques for the study of human behavior in relation to industrial environment.

17. Legal psychology : This branch tries to study the behavior of persons like clients, criminals, witnesses etc. with the help of application of psychological principles and techniques. Military psychology : This branch concerned with the use of psychological principles and techniques in military science. Political psychology : This branch of psychology relates itself with the use of psychological principles and techniques in studying politics and deriving political gains.

18. Introspection also known as self observation method is one of oldest methods of psychology which means ‘to look within’. It is define as the process of directly examining one’s own conscious mental states such as thoughts and feelings. Introspection method

19. Steps in introspection method Look within Begin to question Frame mental processes Analysis

20. Look within : The psychologist encourage the individuals to look within and describe his thoughts ,feelings and experience. Begin to question: T he individual begins to question the working of his own mind processes by trying to look within and recall what happened and how he is feeling. Frame mental processes: The Individual consolidates knowledge about his mental processes and reports. Analysis: The psychologist analyses and interprets information. Steps in introspection method

21. It is fundamental method of psychology. Observation and experimentation are based upon introspection. It gives us direct, immediate and exact knowledge of our own mental processes. It enables us to fully understand the behavior of an individual. This method does not require any apparatus or laboratory, is inexpensive and easy. Merits

22. This method is not applicable for children, animals or mentally retarded people as they lack introspection. It is purely a private affair and cannot be verified by other observers. It involves attention to a mental process. It is logically defective because one and the same person is the experimenter and observer. In many cases the patients may not have the insight to know their condition or language to describe it accurately. demerits

23. It is objective method of studying the behavior of individuals. It is defined as the systematic observation of an individuals behavior under natural or controlled condition, analyzed and interpreted by the observer. This method the observes and collects the data, analyzed and interpreted according to the perception of the observer. Observational method

24. Observation of behavior Noting of behavior Interpretation and analysis of behavior Generalization

25. Observation of behavior: The Observer, observe the behavior in a natural setting or in a controlled environment. here the behavior is perceived as it is. Noting of behavior: It deals with recording the information/behavior according to the perception. Interpretation and analysis of behavior: Recorded information is analyzed objectively and scientifically to interpret the behavior patterns. Generalization: Based on analysis and interpretation it is possible to make certain generalizations. steps

26. Economical, natural and flexible. Data can be analyzed, measured, classified and interpreted The results can be verified and relied Can be used on animals, children, mentally ill and unconscious patients Observation method is quite suitable for observing development characteristics like childrens habits and interests. merits

27. Requires more time, energy and money It lacks repeatability as each natural situation may occur only once Not being able to establish a proper can use and effect relationship Problems of the past cannot be studied demerits

28. It is considered as the most scientific and objective method of studying behavior. It studies the cause and effect relationship between the variables of human behavior such as effect of anxiety on intake of alcohol. Essential features Requires two persons, the experimenter and the subject Experiments are conducted on living organisms All experiments are conducted under controlled conditions. Experimental methods

29. Stating the problem: The first step in an experiment is stating the problem. Formulating the hypothesis: Hypothesis is a tentative answer to the problem which will be put to test. Identifying study subjects: Subjects are selected based on the problem. Allotting subjects to experimental and control groups: Generally, subjects in the experiment are divided among two groups, one control and the other experimental. steps

30. Measuring the dependent variable: In a controlled environment the variables are observed and measured objectively. While experimenting, it is important that only the specified independent variables be allowed to change. Factors other than the independent variable must be held constant. Comparing the results of two groups: T he dependent variables of experiment and control group subjects are compared statistically.

31. Scientific method Establishes cause and effect relationship Maximum control of phenomena Repetition is possible merits

32. All the problems in psychology cannot be studied by this method as some of them may not be subject to experimentation. Experimental method is a costly and time consuming method. Experimental method fails to study behavior in naturalistic conditions. It cannot always be used especially if the experiment might be dangerous to the subjects. demerits

33. This method is used by clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric social workers in child guidance clinics or mental hygiene clinics and allied institutions. It aims at studying the cause and basis of people’s anxieties, fears and personal maladjustments. A great deal of relevant data is collected using case histories, interview, home visits and psychological tests . Clinical or case history method

34. Case histories will give the clinician an insight into the causes of the problem and suggest possible solutions. Case studies can be productive sources of ideas for further investigation by other methods. merits

35. The case history method depends largely on memory of incidents which may have been observed inaccurately or over interpreted. demerits

36. All problems in psychology cannot be studied by experimental and other methods. Some problems like study of opinions, attitudes, healthcare needs etc., needs to be studied by means of survey method. It involves collection or gathering of information from a large number of people using questionnaires, inventories, checklist, rating scales and interviews. Survey method

37. Merits A large amount of data can be collected in a short period time. Demerits Behavior is not observed directly

38. Psychologist study not only the behavior of an individual at a particular time but also his development from birth to death, the influence of hereditary and environment in the development of the person and conditions favorable and unfavorable for normal and abnormal behavior. Genetic or developmental method

39. Merits This is a more useful method to understand the behavior from point of view of hereditary and environmental influences. Demerits This method requires more time and energy

40. In the field of Education: Theories of learning, motivation and personality etc., have been responsible for shaping and designing the educational system according to the needs and requirements of the student. In the field of Medicine: Psychology has contributed valuable therapeutic measures like behavior therapy, play therapy, group therapy, psychoanalysis etc., for the diagnosis and cure of patients suffering from psychosomatic as well as mental diseases. Application of psychology in various fields

41. In the field of Business and Industry: It has highlighted the importance of knowledge of consumers psychology and harmonious interpersonal relationship in the field of commerce and industry. In the field of Criminology : It has helped in detection of crimes and in dealing with criminals. In the field of Politics: It has aided leaders and Politicians in acquiring leadership qualities for leading the masses.

42. In the field of Military science: Psychology helps in the selection, training, promotion and classification of defense personnel. In the field of Guidance and Counseling: It has provided valuable help relation to guidance and counseling in educational, personal as well as vocational areas. In the field of self development: Finally, it has helped human beings to learn the art of understanding their own behavior.

43. While psychology and its applications have become more relevant and respected than any period in the past, they have become an imminent part of every profession including nursing today . This is because of increasing emphasis being laid out on the interplay of body, mind and spirit in the health status of every individual. Significance of psychology in nursing

44. Understand Her Own Self: The knowledge of psychology allows the nurse to get an insight into her own motives, desires, emotions, feelings, attitudes, personality characteristics and ambitions . Understand Patients: Nurses are professionals meant for providing care to patients. The patient may be male or female, young or old suffering from an acute or a chronic disease and may have come to the hospital with physical or psychological problems .

45. Recognize Abnormal Behavior: The knowledge of psychology will help nurses to understand abnormal behaviors and management of mental illnesses. Nurses working in mental hospitals undoubtedly require an adequate knowledge of normal and abnormal psychology . Understand Other People: The student nurse has to study, work and live with other nurses, doctors, patients and their family members. With scientific knowledge on human nature she will understand them better and be more successful in interpersonal relationships.

46. Provide Quality Care to Patients: A nurse with good knowledge of human psychology can understand the feelings of her patients, their fears and anxieties, what they would like to know and why they behave the way they do . Help Patients Adjust to the Situation: Illness and physical handicaps often bring about the need for major adjustments. Many diseases such as heart disease and cancer etc ., require special coping skills and health care. A nurse trained in psychology can be an effective health educator and help in these kind of adjustments.

47. Help the Student Nurse to Appreciate the Necessity for Changing the Environment or Surroundings: Good nursing care depends upon the ability of a nurse to understand the situations properly and seek the co-operation of other people concerned. The change in environment is sometimes necessary for better adjustment and happiness . Help for Effective Studying: A nurse has to learn many new concepts during her training. She has to obtain the correct knowledge of various facts, disease conditions and their treatment. The study of psychology of learning will help the nurse acquire knowledge in an effective way.

48. Readjustment: Every profession and career requires readjustment . A nurse needs to make the following adjustments for achieving success in her career: Overcoming homesickness and self-reliance are necessary if she has to live hassle free in a hostel or a hospital . Getting used to sick persons who are helpless and desperate and even those who may ventilate their anger by making the nurse a target of their abuses and curses. Try to study and work together.