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The periodic table is an organized chart of all known chemical elements, arranged by their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. Here are some key features of the periodic table:

Rows and Columns:

Periods: The horizontal rows (numbered 1 to 7) represent increasing atomic numbers.
Groups: The vertical columns (numbered 1 to 18) contain elements with similar properties.
Element Classification:

Metals: Located on the left side; typically shiny, conductive, and malleable.
Nonmetals: Found on the right side; usually poor conductors and more brittle.
Metalloids: Elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals, located along the zigzag line.
Special Categories:

Alkali Metals (Group 1): Highly reactive metals like sodium (Na) and potassium (K).
Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2): Reactive metals such as magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca).
Transition Metals (Groups 3-12): Elements like iron (Fe) and copper (Cu), known for their ability to form various oxidation states.
Halogens (Group 17): Reactive nonmetals such as fluorine (F) and chlorine (Cl).
Noble Gases (Group 18): Inert gases like helium (He) and neon (Ne), known for their lack of reactivity.

1. Elements that belong to Group 1A (alkali metals) of the periodic table can give off one electron only, while those in Group 2A (alkaline earth metals) can lose two electrons. Alkali metals produce ions with positive one (+1) charge, while alkaline earth metals produce two (+2) ions.

2. Group 1A: Na+ Sodium K+ Potassium Li+ Lithium Group 2A: Mg²+ Magnesium Ca²+ Calcium Be²+ Berrylium

3. Transition metals (Group 1B to 8B of the periodic table) vary in the number of electrons they tend to loose, resulting in a variety of electrical charges of their ions. In the classical method, the ion with the lower charge ends with – ous , while that with the higher charge ends with – ic . Examples: