Chemical Bonding

1. Chemical Bonding T- 1-855-694-8886 Email- [email protected] By iTutor.com

2. Introduction Chemical bonding provides the energy necessary to hold two different atoms together as part of a chemical compound. Strength of the bond depends on the molecules or atoms involved in the process of bond formation. © iTutor . 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved

3. Types of Chemical Bonding Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Hydrogen Bonds Metallic Bonds © iTutor . 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved

4. Ionic Bonds An Ionic bond is when an electron leaves one atom and exothermically enters into orbit around another. These to oppositely charged ions now attract each other. Ionic bonds are generally formed between metals and nonmetals © iTutor . 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved

5. Example of Ionic Bond A classic example of ionic bonding is between Na and Cl. Na is a silvery metal. It has 1 valence electron. Cl is a yellow-green gas, and it needs 1 electron to fill its valence shell. If you put the gas and the metal together, then they will burn as electrons are exchanged. The metal dissolves and the gas disappears. The ions now have opposite charges and are attracted to each other by electrostatic forces. They form a crystal with the rock salt structure. © iTutor . 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved

6. Covalent Bonds A type of chemical bond in which there is mutual sharing of electrons between two atoms is called covalent bond. It is further classified into single, double, and triple covalent bond with respect to mutual sharing of one, two, and three bonds respectively. © iTutor . 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved

7. Example of Covalent Bond when two hydrogen atoms get close enough together, the attraction is balanced in both directions and they share the electrons between them. A covalent bond is made and hydrogen gas (H2) is formed. In the hydrogen molecule (H2) the darker area between the two nuclei shows where the two electrons, which are now shared, are most likely to be. © iTutor . 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved

8. Hydrogen Bonds A hydrogen bond is the attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of a different molecule. Usually the electronegative atom is oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine, which has a partial negative charge. © iTutor . 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved

9. Example of Hydrogen Bond Each hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to the oxygen via a shared pair of electrons. Oxygen also has two unshared pairs of electrons. Thus there are 4 pairs of electrons surrounding the oxygen atom, two pairs involved in covalent bonds with hydrogen, and two unshared pairs on the opposite side of the oxygen atom. Oxygen is an "electronegative“ atom compared with hydrogen. © iTutor . 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved

10. Metallic Bonds Metallic bonding is the type of bonding found in metallic elements. This is the electrostatic force of attraction between positively charged ions and delocalized outer electrons. Metallic bonding refers to the interaction between the delocalized electrons and the metal nuclei. © iTutor . 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved

11. Example of Metallic Bond As the metal cations and the electrons are oppositely charged, they will be attracted to each other, and also to other metal cations. These electrostatic forces are called metallic bonds, and these are what hold the particles together in metals. © iTutor . 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved

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