Chemistry Investigatory Project made by divit.pptx

investigation of the foaming capacity of different washing soaps

1. Investigatory Project Objective:- Investigation of the foaming capacity of different washing soaps and the effect of addition of Sodium carbonate on it Name:- Divit Kr Chowdhary Class:- XI-B Adm. No.:- 13516

2. Certificate This is to certify that Divit Kr Chowdhary of class Xl -B has satisfactorly completed the project on “ Foming capacity of washing soaps” under guidance of honerable teacher Himani Handa .

3. Acknowledgement I'd like to express my greatest gratitude to the people who have helped & supported me throughout my project.Special thanks of mine goes to my teacher and friends who helped me in completing the project by giving interesting ideas, thoughts & made this project easy and accurate.I wish to thanks my parents for their undivided support & interest who inspired me & encouraged me to go my own way, without which I would be unable to complete my project. At last but not the least I want to thanks my friends who appreciated me for my work & motivated me and finally to God who made all the things possible...

4. Introduction Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids like stearic, palmitic and oleic acids can be either saturated or unsaturated. They contain a long hydrocarbon chain of about10-20 carbon with one carboxylic acid group as the functional group A soap molecule a tadpole shaped structure, whose ends have different polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon chain that is non-polar and hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but oil soluble. At the other end is the short polar carboxylate ion which is hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but insoluble in oil and grease.

5. When soap is shaken with water it becomes a soap solution that is colloidal in nature. Agitating it tends to concentrate the solution on the surface and causes foaming. This helps the soap molecules make a unimolecular film on the surface of water and to penetrate the fabric.The long non-polar end of a soap molecule that are hydrophobic, gravitate towards and surround the dirt (fat or oil with dust absorbed in it). The short polar end containing the carboxylate ion, face the water away from the dirt. A number of soap molecules surround or encircle dirt and grease in a clustered structure called 'micelles', which encircles such particles and emulsify them.

6. Cleansing action of soaps decreases in hard water. Hard water contains Calcium and magnesium ions which react with sodium carbonate to produce insoluble carbonates of higher fatty acids.

7. Theory The foaming capacity of soap depends upon the nature of the soap and its concentration. This may be compared by shaking equal volumes of solutions of different samples having the same concentration with same force for the same amount of time. The solutions are then allowed to stand when the foam produced during shaking disappears gradually. The time taken for the foam to disappear in each sample is determined. The longer the time taken for the disappearance of the foam for the given sample of soap, greater is its foaming capacity or cleansing action.

8. Appratus Required:- Five 100ml conical flasks, five test tubes, 100ml measuring cylinder, test tube stand, weighing machine, stop watch. Chemical Required:- Five different soaps sample,distilled water,tap water.

9. Procedure Take five 100ml conical flasks and number them 1,2,3,4,5. Put 16ml of water in each flask and add 8 grams of soap. Warm the contents to get a solution. Take five test tubes; add 1ml of soap solution to 3ml of water. Repeat the process for each soap solution in different test tubes .

10. Close the mouth of the test tube and shake vigorously for a minute. Do the same for all test tubes and with equal force. Start the timer immediately and notice the rate of disappearance of 2mm of froth. Record the observations

11. Observations The Following observations were notice

12. Result Foaming Capacity of different samples of soaps is in the order: Lifeboy > Detol > Liril > Lux > Dove Conclusions The soap for which the time taken for the disappearance of foam is highest has maximum is the best quality soap among the soaps tested.

13. Precaution Each test tube containing the soap solution must be shaken with the same force and the same period of time. Bibliography Chemistry lab manual www.google.com www.wikipedia.com www.icbse.com www.youtube.com

14. Thank You