CHEMISTRY-LABORATORY-MANUAL PRESENTATION.pdf

Laboratory Manual

1. 1




INTRODUCTION


The Kings College of the Philippines- SHS/JHS laboratory aims to
create opportunities to provide students with hands-on experience in
laboratory experiments that could connect theoretical concepts and
their application in everyday life. The laboratory performance is based
on the idea that science focuses on hands-on, minds-on observational
activities, and that these activities help students in making connections
between various scientific concepts and real-life experiences. If
students are to make use of any technology/ scientific skills in their
classrooms, they must learn to

✓ make observations;
✓ formulate hypotheses;
✓ conduct experiments;
✓ collect data;
✓ use appropriate tools;
✓ analyze the data and
✓ interpret the obtained results.

Following the aforementioned steps during practical activities will
enable students to make connections to other areas of science
communicate the information effectively and argue their conclusions
logically. Students can learn these skills if they can participate in a
variety of laboratory exercises. This is also to promote effective
teaching and learning.









ABOUT THE LABORATORY

The table below indicates the number of hours allocated per
week for practical activities to be conducted in a year in the respective
subjects.

Table 1: Hour Allocation for Practical Activities per Week

*NOTE: Schedules per class will depend on the designated time for the
subject


A. LABORATORY CONDITIONS

The laboratory was constructed away from the classrooms to
ensure the safety of the students. One is located on the 4th floor
and basement of the main building.

Each laboratory can accommodate four (4) to eight (8) groups
at max. The laboratory on the 4th floor has good ventilation, is well-
illuminated, and is spacious enough to avoid congestion during
practical activities. The laboratory found in the basement of the
main building is much smaller and mainly for fewer groups.

To accomplish the objectives of the lessons, the laboratories are
well equipped with the necessary apparatus (see Appendix A) and
resources such as gas, electricity, and water.





Subject Hours/Week
Biology at least TWO
Chemistry at least TWO
Physics at least TWO

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B. CHEMICAL STORAGE AND DISPOSAL

Chemicals are stored in a separate room to ensure the safety
of the students. The chemicals are issued by the laboratory
custodian as instructed by their respective teachers. Also, in
handling chemicals the students are not allowed to take more than
what they are given to ensure that there are no unnecessary
experiments done.

The disposal of the used chemicals is categorized by whether
they are too hazardous or not. All the highly hazardous chemicals
are disposed of by the teacher while the moderately hazardous will
be handled by the students. It is also to teach the students how to
handle such chemicals. In the laboratory, there is a separate bin
for the hazardous chemicals

Chemicals involve two requirements: knowledge and the habit
of safety. Knowledge entails understanding the particular
hazardous characteristics of a chemical that will be used. Is it
flammable? Is it toxic? Knowledge also means knowing what to do
and what to avoid when a chemical is flammable, corrosive or an
irritant. In addition to knowledge, developing habit of safety is also
essential which means following safety rules in the science
laboratories by teachers and students.

C. PRECAUTIONARY LABELS ARE PROVIDED AND LABELED
ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING :

1. Signal Word: ‘Danger’, ‘Warning’, or ‘Caution’. Only one of the
three should be used on a label.
a. ‘Danger’ is the strongest of the three and is used when
the contents present a potential for serious foreseeable
harm.
b. ‘Caution’ is restricted to chemicals that are foreseeably
the least potentially harmful.
c. ‘Warning’ is for chemicals intermediate in their
potential to cause foreseeable harm.

2. Statements of Hazard follow the Signal Word. These are brief
descriptions of the major foreseeable ways or ways in which
the chemical could cause harm.
- Examples include:
a. ‘Flammable’
b. ‘Harmful if Inhaled’
c. ‘Causes Severe Burns’
d. ‘Poison’
e. ‘May Cause Irritation’

3. Precautionary Measures
These are brief descriptions of actions to be undertaken or
avoided and which, if followed, will prevent the corresponding
hazard(s) that are described by the Statements of Hazard.
- Examples include:
a. ‘Keep Away from Heat, Sparks, and Flame’
b. ‘Use with Adequate Ventilation’
c. ‘Do Not Get in Eyes’
d. ‘Avoid Breathing Dust’

4. First Aid. For example,
a. IF ON CLOTHING/ SKIN: Rinse immediately
contaminated clothing or skin with plenty of water.
b. IF IN EYES: Rinse with water for several minutes.
Source:
http://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/policies/safety/ch
emical-safety-for-teachers-and- their-supervisors.pdf

3. 3

Thus, chemicals in the laboratory are labelled as shown in the
example below.















Source: https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3636.pdf




LABORATORY PROCEDURES

A. BORROWING EQUIPMENTS
Step 1: Copy all the materials you need from your teacher
Step 2: Get a Borrower Slip found at the door of the
laboratory
Step 3: Fill and Sign the slip. Your teacher also needs to sign
Step 4: Give the slip to the laboratory custodian together
with 1 ID
Step 5: Wait for your materials
Step 6: Check if the materials/ equipment are complete

B. ACQUIRING CHEMICALS/ REAGENTS
Step 1: No students are allowed to get any chemical unless
approved or consented by the teacher
Step 2: Teachers need to get Chemical Slip to the custodian
1 to days before the scheduled laboratory work
Step 3: Fill and sign the slip and return to the custodian
Step 4: The chemicals/ reagents requested will be released
20mins before the laboratory experiment (or earlier)

C. BORROWING THE LABORATORY
- The laboratory prioritizes the schedule given by the Head
Teachers. Therefore, if the class is scheduled in specific
time and day in a week it shall be followed and no need to
reserve.
- If there are unscheduled (according to subject plotting),
reservation is available. Thus, the following should be
followed:
o Ask the laboratory custodian for any available date and
time
o The custodian will hand over a log book for your
reservation
o The reservation should contain the reason for
laboratory usage, time, and date
o For borrowing equipment and reagents follow the
same procedure listed above

D. RETURNING BORROWED MATERIALS
- Wash and dry before returning the equipment
- Check if there are any damages to the equipment
- The custodian will double-check before releasing the ID
that is surrendered

E. LEAVING THE LABORATORY
- Clean before leaving the laboratory




Hazard Statement:
Causes severe skin burns and eye damage/ highly corrosive.

Wear protective gloves, safety goggles and face shield with chin guard.
Wash arms, hands and face thoroughly after handling.

IF ON SKIN: Rinse skin with water.
IF ON CLOTHING: Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of
water.
IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if
present
IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.
Seek medical assistance soon after receiving first aid.

4. 4

- Unplug all electric equipment
- Switch off the lights and lock the door when leaving
F. PENALTIES
- If there are any damaged apparatus the students/group
responsible shall change it with the same brand and size.
- If there are any appliance that is damaged the
student/group responsible shall change it with the same
brand, but if it can be repaired they shall also handle the
cost.
- Punishment for the students who violated the rules in the
laboratory shall depend on their teacher.



SAFETY IN THE LABORATORY

A. SAFETY RULES FOR TEACHERS
• Following points are highly recommended for providing a
healthy and safe environment during practical activities:

1. Check safety and first-aid equipment.
2. Keep a back-up first-aid box during your class (including
bandage tape, gauze, antiseptic, scissors, cotton wool, etc.)
3. Wear adequate protective equipment, including laboratory
coats, safety goggles and gloves, when experiments are
conducted.
4. Keep exits unobstructed.
5. Display and follow safety signs. (See Annexure B)
6. Keep water, gas and electricity turned off when not in use.
7. Do not store flammable liquids in open containers.
8. Avoid frayed electrical cords or placing electric cords under rugs
or near heat sources.


B. SAFETY RULES FOR STUDENTS
• Implementing proper laboratory safety procedures as part of
instructions reduces the possibility of a teacher or student
suffering from an incident or injury. Also, it helps to minimize
the losses resulting from accidents and promotes a safe
approach in students.

Given is the list of laboratory safety rules recommended to be
followed at all times by the students:

1. Responsibly conduct yourself at all times in the laboratory.
Practical jokes, pranks, and horseplay are strictly prohibited.
2. When entering a science laboratory, avoid touching any
equipment, chemicals, electrical and electronic devices, or other
materials until you are instructed to do so.
3. Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully given by the
teacher/ instructor.
4. Do not start any practical work unless you are clear about its
directions. Ask your teacher before proceeding with the activity.
5. Wear a laboratory coat, safety goggles, and gloves at all times
in the laboratory.
6. Keep your working station clean and tidy. Do not eat or drink in
the laboratory.
7. Be cautious at all times in the laboratory. Call the teacher
immediately if you notice any risky conditions.
8. Never work alone in the laboratory. THE PRESENCE OF A
TEACHER OR CUSTODIAN IS NECESSARY.
9. Bring only the laboratory instructions and notebook into the
laboratory. Other materials (purse, bags, etc.) should be placed
outside the laboratory.
10. Read the labels and instructions on the chemicals and electronic
devices carefully before use.
11. Keep your hands away from your eyes and mouth while using
chemicals.
12. Know the locations and operating procedures of all safety
equipment, including a first-aid kit, fire extinguisher and fire

5. 5

alarm.
13. Do not place combustibles (paper/ notebooks) near heat
source.
14. Do not wear contact lenses in the laboratory.
15. In case of any spillage, breakage or injury, report to the teacher
instantly. STAY CALM.
16. If a chemical splash into your eyes or skin, flush your eyes with
running water thoroughly and seek medical attention.
17. Examine glassware before use. Never use chipped, cracked or
dirty glassware.
18. Do not taste or smell any chemical present in the laboratory.
19. When recording an observation, keep yourself at least one foot
away from the setup.
20. Take great care when transferring acid and other corrosive
chemicals from one apparatus to another. Hold the apparatus
securely as demonstrated by the teacher.
21. When removing an electrical plug from its socket, switch off and
grasp the plug, not the electrical cord. Hands must be dry when
touching an electrical switch, plug or outlet/ socket.
22. Never return unused chemical to its original container.
23. Do not take any chemical away from the laboratory premises.
24. It is recommended to avoid mouth pipetting. AKU -EB
encourages schools/ colleges to use rubber pipette filler.
However, if mouth pipetting is done, it should be carried out
under a teacher’s supervision.
25. Do not immerse hot glassware in cold water as the glassware
may break. Put the heated glassware at a separate place to be
cooled.
26. Never look into a container that is being heated. Always observe
containers from sideways.
27. If the Bunsen burner goes out accidentally, immediately turn off
the control device/ gas supply.
28. Never leave a lit burner unattended.
29. While heating a chemical in a test tube, do not point the mouth
of the test tube towards yourself or anyone else.
30. Wash your hands with liquid soap and water before leaving the
laboratory.


FIRST AID (To do if there are any accidents.)


EYE SPLASH
Immediately flush the eyes with a gentle stream of clean, temperate
water for 15 minutes. Hold the eyelids open.

THERMAL BURNS
If the skin is unbroken, submerge the burned area in clean water. Do
not break any blisters.

CUTS AND SCRATCHES
Keep the injured lying down, and raise the bleeding part higher than
the rest of the body if the cut is severe.

POISONING BY INGESTION
Do not induce vomiting. Immediately obtain medical assistance.

POISONING BY INHALATION
Do not become a victim yourself by exposure to the same poison while
rescuing the injured person. Transport the victim to uncontaminated
air immediately.

CLOTHING FIRE
If your clothing catches fire, immediately drop to the floor and roll. If
someone else’s clothing catches on fire, knock that person to the floor
and roll him around to smoothen the flame.

LABORATORY FIRE
If you cause or discover smoke or fire, PULL the closest alarm and
evacuate to the designated space*.

NOTE: Seek medical assistance soon after receiving first aid.

6. 6

APPENDIX A
Apparatus, Equipment and Chemicals

NAME OF EQUIPMENT/ APPARATUS QNT UNIT
1 Analog-Digital Timer 1 Pc
2 Aneroid Barometer (Demonstration Type) 1 Pc
3 Astronomical Telescope 1 Pcs
4 Balance, Double Beam 3 Pcs
5 Balance, Triple Beam 3 Pcs
6 Beaker 50 mL Borosilicate PYREX 10 Pcs
7 Beaker 100 mL Borosilicate PYREX 10 Pcs
8 Beaker 250 mL Borosilicate PYREX 10 Pcs
9 Bunsen Burner- Gas Type 10 Pcs
10 Cart Rail System 1 Pcs
11 Condenser Liebig W/ Accessories PYREX 1 Pcs
12 Cork Assorted Sizes (Set) 2 Set
13 Cork Borer (12 Borer Size) 1 Set
14 Distilling Flask 250 mL PYREX 5 Pcs
15 Evaporating Dish 75 mL Capacity 10 Pcs
16 Filter Paper 2 Packs
17 Friction Apparatuses 2 Pcs
18 Glass Tubing 3 Inches 10 Pcs
19 Glass Funnel 75mm 10 Pcs
20 Graduated Cylinder 10 mL PYREX 10 Pcs
21 Graduated Cylinder 100 mL PYREX 10 Pcs
22 Hand Lens 5x Magnification 5 Pcs
23 Hand Lens 10x Magnification 5 Pcs
24 Hydrometer, Heavy 10 Pcs
25 Hydrometer Light 10 Pcs
26 Hand Gloves/ Acid Resistant Nitrile (Box) 5 Box
27 Meter Stick (Plastic) 12 Pcs
28 Mortar And Pestle 150 mL 10 Pair
29 Magnesium Ribbon (Roll) 3 Roll
30 Magnetic Compass 10 Pcs
31 Multimeter- (Electronic Measuring Instrument)
SANWA JAPAN
1 Pc
32 pH paper 2 Packs
33 Reagent Bottle NM 250 mL 10 Pcs
34 Reagent Bottle WM 250 mL 10 Pcs
35 Rubber Tubing ¼ X 1/16 Latex 1 Roll
36 Slinky 5 Pcs
37 Spatula Porcelain 10 Pcs
38 Spring Balance 2N 5 Pcs
89 Spring Balance 5N 5 Pcs
40 Spring Balance 10N 5 Pcs
41 Stirring Rod 6x250mm 10 Pcs
42 Test Tube 16x150mm PYREX 50 Pcs
43 Top Loading Balance 1kg Capacity KERN 1 Pcs
44 Watch glass 100mm 10 Pcs
45 U-Magnets 10 Pcs
46 Bar Magnets 10 Pcs
47 Electric Motor/ Generator Simple 5 Pcs
48 Concave Mirror 10 Pcs
49 Convex Mirror 10 Pcs
50 Concave Lens 10 Pcs
51 Convex Lens 10 Pcs
52 Digital Multi-tester 1 Pc

7. 7


NAME OF EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS QNT UNIT
1. Filter Paper 2 Packs
2. Surgical gloves, latex
3 Packs
2 packs
3.
Chromatography paper, Whatman, 100
sheets per pack
1 Pack
4. Blue Litmus Paper 2 Packs
5. Red Litmus Paper 2 Packs
6. 1 mL syringe 1 box
7. Centrifuge Machine, 5000rpm 1 Set
8. Water Bath 10 Pcs
9. Dissecting kit 10 Sets
10. Anatomy model 1 Pc


NAME OF CHEMICALS/REAGENTS QUANTITY UNIT
1. Ammonium hydroxide 2000 mL
2. Hydrochloric acid 2000 mL
3. Acetic Acid 2000 mL
4. Iron Filings 500 g
5. Naphthalene Balls 500 g
6. Urea 1000 mL
7. Sodium bicarbonate 1000 g
8. Molisch’s Reagent 1000 mL
9. Sulfuric Acid 1000 mL
10. Potassium Bromide 1000 mL
11. 37% Formalin 4000 mL
12. Copper Sulfate 1000 mL
13. Sodium Hydroxide 2000 mL
Note: Chemicals and consumables change



APPENDIX B
Danger/ Warning Signs

8. 8

APPENDIX C
System International Unit

TABLE 1. SI BASE UNITS
SI base unit
Base quantity Name Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric Current ampere A
Thermodynamic Temperature kelvin K
Amount Of Substance mole mol
Luminous Intensity candela cd

TABLE 2. EXAMPLES OF SI DERIVED UNITS
SI derived unit
Derived quantity Na
me
Symbol
Area square meter m
2
Volume cubic meter m
3
Speed, Velocity meter per second m/s
Acceleration meter per second squared m/s
2

Wave Number reciprocal meter
m
-1
Mass Density kilogram per cubic meter kg/m
3

Specific Volume cubic meter per kilogram m
3
/kg
Current Density ampere per square meter A/m
2

Magnetic Field Strength ampere per meter A/m
Amount-Of-Substance
Concentration
mole per cubic meter mol/m
3

Luminance candela per square meter cd/m
2

Mass Fraction
kilogram per kilogram, which
may be represented by the
number 1
kg/kg = 1


TABLE 3. SI DERIVED UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES AND
SYMBOLS
SI derived unit
Derived
quantity
Name Sym
Expression
in terms
of other SI
units
Expression
in terms of
SI base
units
Plane Angle radian
(a)
rad - m· m
-1
= 1
(b)
Solid Angle
steradian
(a)

sr
(c) -
m
2
· m
-2
= 1
(b)
Frequency hertz Hz - s
-1
Force newton N - m· kg· s
-2

Pressure, Stress pascal Pa N/m
2
m
-1
· kg· s
-2

Energy, Work,
Quantity Of Heat
joule J N· m m
2
· kg· s
-2

Power, Radiant
Flux
watt W J/s m
2
· kg· s
-3

Electric Charge,
Quantity Of
Electricity
coulomb C - s· A
Electric Potential
Difference,
Electromotive
Force
volt V W/A m
2
· kg· s
-3
· A
-1

Capacitance farad F C/V m
-2
· kg
-1
· s
4
· A
2

Electric
Resistance
ohm


V/A m
2
· kg· s
-3
· A
-2

Electric
Conductance
siemens S A/V m
-2
· kg
-1
· s
3
· A
2

Magnetic Flux weber Wb V· s m
2
· kg· s
-2
· A
-1

Magnetic Flux
Density
tesla T Wb/m
2
kg· s
-2
· A
-1

Inductance henry H Wb/A m
2
· kg· s
-2
· A
-2

9. 9

Celsius
Temperature
degree
Celsius
°C - K
Luminous Flux lumen lm cd· sr
(c)
m
2
· m
-2
· cd = cd
Illuminance lux lx lm/m
2

m
2
· m
-4
· cd = m
-2
·
cd
Activity (Of A
Radionuclide)
becquerel Bq - s
-1
Absorbed Dose,
Specific Energy
gray Gy J/kg m
2
· s
-2
(Imparted),
Kerma
Dose Equivalent
(D)

sievert Sv J/kg m
2
· s
-2
Catalytic Activity katal kat s
-1
· mol
Catalytic Activity katal kat s
-1
· mol