wetting, wettability, and contact angle as the main measurement methods for macroscopic and nanoscale surfaces.
Chapter 5also introduces the several functional surfaces.
InChapter 6, a series of equations permitting the calculation of unknown surface tension, energy, work of adhesion,
etc. from known measurable macroscopic parameters have been grouped under the name“fundamental equation of
interfaces.” Their versatility in predicting the values of many interfacial parameters, for example, interfacial tension,
wettability, polarity of the surface, etc. from contact angle makes them extremely useful in practice. InChapter 7, the
surface and interfacial tension are introduced via thermodynamic treatment of the interfacial layer. Although this
treatment has no direct practical implications, it gives the theoretical background necessary for the interpretation
of interfacial adsorption isotherms and interfacial tension vs concentration curves for surfactants and amphiphiles.
Chapter 8treats surface functionalization that can be achieved in different ways, by physical methods such as
roughening of the surface, or photolithographic nanopatterning, and by chemical methods, by adsorption of surfactant
molecules. The adsorption of surfactant molecules on solid surfaces involves either chemical or physical bonding,
resulting in the formation of a self-assembled monolayer. Several types of chemical bonding and substrates are
reviewed. In addition, a surfactant monolayer can be prepared first at the water-air interface and then transferred onto
the surface of the solid via the Langmuir-Blodgett and dip-coating methods.
Solid-solid interfaces also have practical relevance, especially in layered electronic devices. Solid-solid interface, in
particular the metal-organic interface, is the locus of another type of phenomena of practical importance, namely the
electron transfer. In the previous chapters, the interfaces were the place where different forces met. InChapter 9, the
metal-organic interfaces are treated as the contact point between electron energy levels of a metal, material with delo-
calized electron energy levels called bands, and the organic molecules and polymers whose energy levels are discrete
and localized. Understanding electron transfer between metal electrodes and organic conductors is of practical impor-
tance, especially for the manufacturing of organic photovoltaics, organic light emitting diodes, and other organic elec-
tronic devices. Any of these devices requires at least several layers of electroactive organic materials, and knowledge of
adhesion, wettability, and interfaces is required for their development and manufacturing.
Chapters 10 and 11deal with the interaction forces and energies between interfaces in different media. These inter-
action forces can be repulsive or attractive and they are the same forces governing the molecular interactions. The bal-
ance between the attractive and repulsive interaction forces is of practical importance, controlling the phenomena of
particle aggregation, colloid stability, particle adsorption on surfaces, self-assembly of nanoparticles, etc.Chapter 12
introduces colloids, which are the oldest type of nanomaterials known and are today encountered in the food industry,
pharma, and many other consumer products. Colloids are constituted from finely divided particles, nanoparticles, or
liquid droplets dispersed into a continuous medium. Because their surface-to-volume ratio is very high, their behavior
is governed almost exclusively by their surface and interfacial properties. Synthesis of colloids as well as stability cri-
teria is discussed.
As a continuation on the topic of colloids, but deserving special attention,Chapter 13introduces the synthesis of
polymeric nanoparticles and polymeric nanostructured interfaces via emulsion polymerizations. As expected, the
interfacial aspects determine the types of emulsions and nature of the nanomaterials that can be synthesized. The types
of emulsions and conditions of formation are briefly reviewed. A case study covers some examples of synthesis of
nanostructured interfaces, polymerization of the emulsions stabilized by amphiphilic particles.
Some nanoparticles, depending on their surface properties, can also spontaneously adsorb at interfaces; they can
form monolayers and stabilize emulsions. The factors responsible for why some particles can adsorb at liquid-liquid,
liquid-gas, and solid-liquid interfaces are discussed inChapter 14. Once adsorbed at the interfaces the particle-particle
interactions leads to the decrease in the interfacial tension. Responsible for this is their lateral interaction, which is
governed by the same types of forces as in case surfactants, and in addition by particle specific interactions, capillary
floatation, or immersion forces. In fact, in recent times, nanoparticles have been used in the synthesis of photonic crys-
tals via the Langmuir-Blodgett method and other self-assembly structures.
The last chapter of this book discusses the role of interfaces in integrated circuit manufacturing via photolithogra-
phy. Photolithography is the only top-down preparation method of nanomaterials and nanostructured surfaces. In the
past few years, it evolved into the most precise technique to prepare with large machines, structures as small as 7nm
(the gate of the field-effect transistor). In practice, the photolithographic manufacturing process of chips and processors
requires in-depth knowledge and control of interfacial phenomena such as adhesion, wetting, capillary forces, and
interfaces.
Reference
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3Reference