chemistry of jute composite fiber and its properties.pptx

this is of jute fiber

1. JUTE FIBER COMPOSITE USING VINYLESTER RESIN Presenter Name: Yash Singh Date:27/08/2025 1

2. Introduction Introduction to jute fiber composites Definition of composites. A material or structure made by combining two or more different substance that retain their own properties while contributing to the overall performance of the composites. Why use jute Fiber? Jute Fiber is widely used for several reasons owing to its unique properties and advantages: Eco-Friendly Biodegrable -Jute decomposes naturally reducing environment impact. Sustainable – Renewable and grows having a heavy fertilzers or pesticides. Cost-effectiveness- Jute is inexpensive compared to synthetic fibres or other natural fibre like cotton, making it accessible for mass production. Why Vinyl ester resin? Vinyl ester resin is a versatile material with unique properties that make it a popular choice in various industries. Chemical Resistance- Vinyl ester resin offers superior resistance to a wide range of chemical, including acids, alkalis and solvents. Mechanical Strength- It has high tensile strength, flexural strength and impact resistance where mechanical stresses are common. 2

3. Presentation Objectives To study the properties of jute fiber To explore the use of vinyl ester resin are matrix To understand the fabrication process To evaluate mechanical and chemical properties 3

4. Material Used Reinforcement: jute fiber (Woven and Non woven) Resin : Vinyl ester resin Additives: Curing agents, accelerators and hardeners Tools: Molds, Roller brush, Gloves and Protective gear. 4

5. Properties of Jute fiber Mechanical properties (1 ) Tensile strength: Moderate tensile strength, typically ranging from 250-350Mpa. (2) Young’s Modulus: High stiffness with values around 20-30Gpa. (3) Elongation at break: Low extensibility with an elongation of around 1.5-2%. (4) Density : Light material with a density of approximately 1.3-1.5g/cm 3 5

6. Thermal properties Thermal conductivity : Jute fiber is a poor conductor of heat which means it can act as an insulator property makes jute useful in thermal insulation application less than synthetic insulators like glass wool or foam. Thermal degradation: jute fiber starts to degrade at temperature above 180-200 o C (356-392 o F).like other natural fibers jute contains cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Structure 6

7. Environmental Properties Biodegradability: Jute is a 100% biodegradable natural fibre. When discarded it decomposes naturally, leaving no harmful residues or long-term environmental impact major advantage over synthetic fibres like nylon, polyester, and polypropylene, which can take hundreds of years to break down. J ute decomposes within a few months, especially when exposed to moisture and microorganisms, making it less harmful to soil and water ecosystems. Renewable Resource: Jute is a renewable resource as it comes from the jute plant (Corchorus species), which can be harvested annually. Jute plants grow quickly (typically in 4-6 months). Carbon Sequestration: Like other plants, jute absorbs carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere during its growth cultivation of jute contributes to carbon sequestration, helping to mitigate climate change by removing CO₂ from the air. Waste Utilization and Circular Economy: In addition to Fiber, jute plants also produce useful by-products such as jute sticks (which can be used as fuel or in the production of paper) and jute leaves (which can be used as animal feed or in composting). 7

8. Challenges Water Consumption in Retting Process : The retting process, which is used to separate jute fibers from the plant, requires large amounts of water. In regions where water scarcity is an issue, this could be a concern. Land Use : Jute cultivation requires land, and large-scale jute farming can put pressure on land resources. However, compared to crops like cotton, jute requires less chemical input and is often more suited to marginal lands. 8

9. Properties of Vinyl ester resin High-tensile strength : Vinyl ester resins are specially formulated to enhance the mechanical properties of traditional vinyl ester. These resins are typically used in demanding structural application, offering exceptional strength and durability. Key feature: Enhanced tensile strength: Tensile strength can be depend on the specific formulation and reinforcement. Superior impact resistance and resistance to cracking under stress compared to standard vinyl esters and polyester resins. Maintains excellent resistance to a variety of corrosive chemicals, similar to standard vinyl esters. Low volumetric shrinkage during curing ensures minimal internal stresses and dimensional stability. 9

10. Good corrosion resistance Vinyl esters resin is widely recognized for its excellent corrosion resistance making it an ideal choice for environments exposed to aggressive chemicals, moistures and high temperature. Chemical Compatibility (a) Acids : Resistance to many organic and inorganic including hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid. ( b) Alkalis : Performs well in caustic environments, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solutions. (c) Solvents : Good resistance to common organic solvents like alcohols, ketones and hydrocarbons. Low water absorption : Vinyl esters resins typically exhibit water absorption rates in the range of 0.1% to 0.3% by weight over a 24 hour period. 10

11. Fabrication process Fiber preparation: Fiber preparation refers to the processes used to prepare plant or animal fibers for various uses, such as in textiles, composites, or other materials. These processes may vary depending on the type of fiber (e.g., cotton, wool, flax, or synthetic fibers) and its intended application. Below are some common fiber preparation processes: 1. Harvesting Natural Fibers : For plant fibers (like cotton, flax, or hemp), this involves harvesting the raw materials from plants. Animal fibers (such as wool or silk) are obtained from animals. Synthetic Fibers : Involves the production of fibers from chemicals, such as nylon, polyester, and acrylic, typically made from petroleum-based products. 2. Cleaning (Scouring) Plant Fibers : Plant fibers such as cotton or flax often need to be cleaned to remove impurities like seeds, dust, and natural oils. This process is known as scouring. Animal Fibers : Wool, for example, is cleaned to remove lanolin (a natural grease) and other contaminants. Synthetic Fibers : These may undergo minimal cleaning, as they are produced in controlled environments. 11

12. Resin Mixing Resin mixing refers to the process of combining resin and hardener (or catalyst) to initiate a chemical reaction that causes the resin to cure and harden. This process is commonly used in industries such as composites, coatings, and art (such as resin casting). Proper resin mixing is essential to ensure that the final product has the correct strength, durability, and finish. 1. Types of Resin There are several types of resins, and each requires specific mixing methods: Epoxy Resin : One of the most common types, often used for bonding, coating, and casting. Polyester Resin: Frequently used in composite manufacturing (like fiberglass) and for casting. Vinyl Ester Resin: Similar to polyester but has better resistance to corrosion and is used for high-performance applications. Polyurethane Resin: Used for coatings, casting, and flexible products. Each of these resins usually has a hardener or catalyst that must be mixed in the right proportion to ensure proper curing. 2. Ingredients for Mixing Resin: The primary substance, typically in liquid form. Hardener/Catalyst: A chemical substance that, when mixed with the resin, causes the resin to undergo a chemical reaction and harden. Additives (Optional): These may include fillers, colorants (pigments), thixotropic agents (to adjust viscosity), or release agents, depending on the application. 12

13. Layering Layering refers to the process of applying multiple layers of materials, often for building up thickness, creating a desired texture, enhancing durability, or achieving specific aesthetic effects. Layering is widely used in many fields, including resin casting, painting, textile manufacturing, and even construction. Below is an explanation of layering across different contexts: 1. Resin Layering In the context of resin, layering refers to pouring multiple layers of resin to build up a thicker or more complex finish. This technique is commonly used in casting, coating, and creating artwork. 2. Layering in Painting In art and painting, layering involves applying successive layers of paint to a surface. This technique is often used in oil painting, acrylic painting, and watercolors. 3. Layering in Textiles (Fabric Construction) In textile and garment production, layering refers to the technique of stacking multiple pieces of fabric, often with different properties or colors, to create garments, upholstery, or designs. 13

14. Curing Curing is the process by which a material undergoes a chemical or physical transformation, often through the application of heat, time, or a chemical catalyst, to achieve its final, hardened, or stable form. Curing is essential in various industries such as resin casting, construction, rubber production, painting, and even food processing. Types of Curing Chemical Curing In chemical curing, a hardener, catalyst, or another chemical is added to a material (like resin or concrete) to initiate a chemical reaction that changes the material's properties. Heat Curing Heat curing involves applying heat to a material to accelerate a chemical reaction, allowing the material to set and harden. UV Curing Ultraviolet (UV) curing uses ultraviolet light to initiate a chemical reaction that hardens a material. This type of curing is commonly used in inks, coatings, and some types of resins. 14

15. Finishing 1. Resin Finishing In resin work, finishing refers to the process of smoothing, polishing, and refining the surface of resin-based projects, such as resin art, jewelry, or composite parts. Process: Sanding : After the resin has cured, the surface may need to be sanded to remove any imperfections such as bubbles, dust, or unevenness. Start with coarse sandpaper (e.g., 80–120 grit) to remove large imperfections, and gradually move to finer grits (e.g., 320–600 grit) to achieve a smooth surface. Polishing : Once sanding is complete, the surface can be polished to restore its gloss and shine. You can use polishing compounds and a buffing wheel or hand polish for smaller items. Polishing removes micro-abrasions from sanding and enhances the resin's clarity and depth. Coating (Optional) : In some cases, a final layer of resin may be applied to create a glossy, smooth finish. This is particularly common in resin art and jewelry making. UV Resin can also be applied over cured resin pieces to achieve a glossy and protective finish. 15

16. Mechanical Test Methods Tensile Testing Purpose : To measure the ultimate tensile strength, Young’s modulus (stiffness), and strain at break. Process : A specimen is subjected to a uniaxial tensile load until it fractures. The force and displacement are recorded to determine the stress-strain curve. Importance : Tensile strength is crucial for applications where the material will be subjected to stretching forces. Flexural Testing (Bending) Purpose : To determine the flexural strength, flexural modulus, and bending behavior of composites. Process : A specimen is placed on two supports and subjected to a central load. The material is bent, and the stress-strain curve is plotted. Importance : Flexural properties are critical for applications such as structural beams or panels where bending is a key concern. Impact Testing (Charpy/Izod) Purpose : To determine the impact resistance (toughness) of a composite material. Process : A standard test (Charpy or Izod) involves striking a notched specimen with a hammer to measure how much energy is absorbed during fracture. Importance : This is especially relevant for materials exposed to sudden impacts or shocks, such as in automotive or aerospace components. 16

17. Advantages and Application Title: Advantages Lightweight : Jute is a lightweight fiber, and its combination with vinyl ester resin leads to a composite material that has a relatively low weight, beneficial for applications where reducing weight is critical, such as in automotive and aerospace sectors. Sustainability and Environmentally Friendly : Jute is a natural, biodegradable fiber , making jute-based composites a more sustainable alternative to synthetic fibers like glass or carbon. Vinyl ester resin is less toxic compared to other resins like polyester, making the combination more environmentally friendly. Cost-Effective : Jute is inexpensive compared to other reinforcing fibers like carbon or glass, which makes the composite cost-effective. Vinyl ester resin, while more expensive than polyester, provides a good balance of price and performance. 17

18. Application Jute fiber composites using vinyl ester resin have a variety of applications across different industries due to their environmental benefits, mechanical properties, and cost-effectiveness. Some key applications include: 1. Automotive Industry: Interior Parts : Jute-based composites can be used in manufacturing automotive interior components, such as door panels, dashboards, and seat backs. The lightweight nature of the composite helps in reducing the overall weight of vehicles, improving fuel efficiency. Exterior Components : Parts like bumpers, spoilers, and fenders can be made using jute composites. The combination of jute fiber and vinyl ester resin provides good mechanical strength and impact resistance, which is crucial for automotive safety. 2. Construction Industry: Building Materials : Jute composites can be used in the production of panels, tiles, and other structural components for buildings. The lightweight and durable nature of jute fiber composites makes them suitable for applications in non-load-bearing walls, partitions, and insulation materials. Flooring and Wall Panels : These composites are used for flooring tiles, wall cladding, and insulation boards due to their cost-effectiveness and eco-friendly nature. 18

19. 3. Furniture Industry: Furniture Components : Jute-based composites can be used to create furniture parts such as table legs, chair backs, and storage units. The material's strength and sustainability make it a viable alternative to traditional wooden or plastic-based materials. Eco-Friendly Furniture : The use of jute composites aligns with the growing trend of environmentally-conscious design in the furniture industry. 4. Packaging Industry: Packaging Materials : Jute fiber composites are used to manufacture biodegradable packaging products such as protective wraps, boxes, and containers. These are ideal for sustainable packaging solutions that reduce plastic usage. Protective Padding : The cushioning and strength of the composite make it suitable for creating protective packaging for fragile items. 19

20. Challenges and Limitation Moisture Absorption : Jute fibers are naturally hygroscopic, meaning they can absorb moisture from the environment. This can lead to swelling, weakening, or degradation of the composite material over time, especially when exposed to high humidity or wet conditions. Vinyl Ester Resin Cost : Vinyl ester resin, while superior in certain aspects like chemical resistance and impact strength, is generally more expensive than polyester resin. This can increase the overall cost of the composite, making it less cost-effective for applications where performance requirements are not as high. Limited long term durability 20

21. Conclusion Summary of jute fiber composites potential Biodegradable, renewable, and low environmental impact. Jute composites are lightweight making them suitable for application where weight reduction is critical. Jute Fiber exhibit good tensile strength, flexibility and toughness when combined with polymer matrices Jute composites may degrade under high temperature limiting their applications Future potential: With growing environmental concerns and demand for sustainable materials, jute composites are gaining attention across industries. Note: TGA = Thermogravimetric Analysis study the thermal stability and composition of material by measuring changes in their weight. DSC=Differential Scanning Calorimetry used to measure the heat flow associated with physical or chemical changes in a material as a function of temperature or time 21

22. Sustainability and Environmental impact Jute is a plant based fiber making it a renewable resources that replenishes annually. It is completely biodegradable decomposing into the soil without leaving harmful residues. Jute plants absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide and release oxygen during their growing period. One hectare of jute cultivation can absorb approximately 15 tons of CO 2 and release 11tons of oxygen in 100 days. Encourage natural pest control methods and reduce dependence on chemical pesticides. 22

23. Future research scope 1. Improved Fiber Treatments and Surface Modifications: Enhancing Fiber-Matrix Bonding : Research can focus on developing new surface treatments or coatings (e.g., silane coupling agents, chemical treatments, or plasma treatments) to improve the bonding between jute fibers and the resin matrix. This would enhance the mechanical properties and durability of the composites. Water Resistance : Jute fibers are hygroscopic, so developing methods to reduce moisture absorption and improve water resistance is crucial for expanding their applications in environments with high humidity or outdoor exposure. Biochemical Treatments : Exploring natural or bio-based chemical treatments to improve fiber properties and reduce degradation is an area with great potential for sustainability and performance improvement. 2. Development of Advanced Resin Systems: Bio-based and Eco-friendly Resins : Research into bio-based resins that are more compatible with natural fibers, such as vegetable-based resins or bio-based epoxy alternatives, can improve the sustainability and performance of jute fiber composites. High-Performance Vinyl Ester Resins : Improving vinyl ester resin formulations to better resist environmental factors like UV degradation, moisture, and temperature variations can significantly enhance the long-term durability of jute-based composites 23

24. 3. Hybrid Composites: Combination with Synthetic Fibers : Hybrid composites that combine jute fibers with synthetic fibers (e.g., glass, carbon, or aramid) can be researched to improve the mechanical properties of jute composites. The goal would be to enhance strength, toughness, and impact resistance while retaining the sustainability benefits of jute. Multi-Fiber Hybrid Systems : Exploring combinations of different natural fibers (e.g., hemp, flax) with jute to create multi-fiber hybrid composites can offer better performance in terms of mechanical properties, durability, and cost-effectiveness. 4. Durability and Long-Term Performance: Environmental Degradation Studies : Future research could focus on understanding how jute composites degrade under long-term exposure to moisture, UV radiation, heat, and microbial attack. This could lead to the development of protective coatings or additives that improve durability. Testing Under Extreme Conditions : Research into the performance of jute composites under extreme conditions (e.g., high temperatures, moisture, and mechanical stresses) can help identify areas for improvement and broaden the scope of applications, especially in industries like automotive, construction, and aerospace. 24

25. 5. Application-Specific Research: Automotive and Aerospace Applications : Further research is needed to explore the potential of jute composites in the automotive and aerospace sectors. Focus can be on improving fire resistance, crash safety, and performance under varying temperatures and humidity levels. Construction and Building Materials : Researching the use of jute composites in the construction industry, including in flooring, insulation, and wall panels, could enhance their utility in sustainable building materials. Packaging : Exploring the potential of jute composites for eco-friendly packaging, especially in high-performance packaging for electronics or food products, is an area of increasing interest. 6. Economic and Social Impact: Cost Reduction : Researching methods to further reduce the production costs of jute composites, such as optimizing the supply chain for jute fibers or improving resin efficiency, will make them more competitive with synthetic composites. Socioeconomic Benefits : Investigating the social and economic benefits of jute composite production, particularly in rural and agricultural areas where jute cultivation can provide income, is crucial. Supporting the development of jute as a sustainable industry can create jobs and reduce dependency on synthetic fibers. 25

26. Introduction The 1958 invention of polyacetylene marked the beginning of the era of inherently conducting polymers. However, due to its ease of synthesis and lower cost as compared to polyacetylene, polyaniline-commonly abbreviated as PANI or PAni -has garnered significantly greater attention from researchers. The history of PANI predates both polyacetylene and many other conducting polymers, even though the research of Alan G. McDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa, and Alan J. Heeger is regarded as the groundbreaking work in the field of conducting polymers, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in 2000. Dr. Henry Letheby , a professor at the College of the London Hospital, initially reported the synthesis of "a blue substance" in 1862. This compound was created by electrolyzing aniline sulphate (AS), which partially decolorizes when exposed to a reducing agent. Because of its dark pigment colour , which was used to dye textile materials, it was known as "aniline black" in the past. Since then, a great deal of study has been done in this area to examine its possible applications in other fields. While dedoping doped PANI in the presence of a base degrades its electroactive properties, doping with acids improves electroactive behaviour . The extensive range of electrical and electrochemical properties of PANI, which may be tuned through doping or dedoping , along with its diverse range of nano- and microstructures, make it suitable for use in these fields. Applications such as fuel cells, gas sensors, pH sensors, and supercapacitors can benefit from PANI's reversible redox behaviour . PANI's frequency-dependent conductivity is used in the application of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. Furthermore, a broad range of shapes, sizes, and crystal structures can be adjusted for PANI structures. Among conducting polymers, polyaniline is the most promising and studied due to its high stability, high processability, and adjustable conducting and optical properties. Polyaniline's conductivity is reliant on the dopant concentration, and it only exhibits metal-like conductivity in pH values below 3 (Wang and Levon, 2012) [12] . There are various types of polyaniline (Fig. 1). Based on the degree of oxidation, they are categorized as leucoemeraldine , emeraldine, and pernigraniline ; that is, leucoemeraldine is present in a state of adequate reduction, while pernigraniline is present in a state of complete oxidation. Only at a somewhat oxidised state does polyaniline become conductive; at a fully oxidised state, it behaves as an insulator (S. Bhandari, 2018) [31] 26

27. Synthesis of Polyaniline The reason PANI is regarded as an appealing electrically conductive polymer is its ability to be effortlessly transformed between base and salt forms by the addition of basic (OH−) or acid (H+). PANI was one of the most conductive polymeric materials the researchers worked with because of its resistance to oxidation and reduction, high electrical conductivity, simplicity in synthesis and modification, and durability in the environment. PANI was previously made via the oxidative polymerization of aniline monomers in an acidic media, but as PANI research and work progressed, other approaches and procedures were employed to make it, such as (Wallace et al., 2008) [11] . 1. Electrochemical polymerization. 2. Chemical polymerization. 3. Vapor-phase polymerization (VPP). 4. Photochemically initiated polymerization. 5. Enzyme-catalyzed polymerization. 6. Polymerization employing electron acceptors. Electrochemical Polymerization Since many applications need for the manufacture of polymers in the form of a thin film with a large surface area, the electrochemical approach for creating conductive polymers is crucial to the process. PANI was prepared using electrochemical processes, utilising both galvanic and electrodynamic techniques. The process is carried out in a straightforward chamber cell with a power source, an electrode, and an electrolyte solution. The electrochemical method has numerous advantages over the chemical method, including being more affordable and simpler to use and producing a very pure and homogenous polymer deposited on the electrode ( Beygisangchin et al., 2023) [40] . The following are the steps in the electro-polymerization procedure used to manufacture PANI: The suggested mechanism for the electropolymerization of PANI (Fig. 2) is as follows: (1) formation of a positive free radical (cationic free radical) of aniline monomers by oxidation at the anode; (2) combination of the structures formed in the first step to form dimers through the process of removing protons and rearranging electrons in the aromatic rings; (3) growth of these formed dimers and the formation of new, larger structures; and (4) the last step is the spontaneous activation of the polymeric chain formed by the acid present in the solution to obtain the resulting denatured PANI. 27

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30. Chemical polymerization One of the easiest ways to create polyaniline is by chemical oxidation; in this process, a monomer precursor of the corresponding polymer is combined with an oxidizing agent in the presence of an appropriate acid in ambient conditions to produce products; the authors' preferred doping acid and oxidizing agent are used in this process (Fig. 3). The synthesis of polyaniline is shown by the reaction media turning green. The same procedure is used for the preparation of the composite. Oxidizing chemicals such as potassium bichromate, ceric nitrate, ammonium persulfate, ammonium peroxy disulfate, and so on are typically utilised . Effective modulation of the physical parameters by the conductivity is dependent on the pH of the acid dopant. When the pH is between 1 and 3, the polymer and composite have strong conductivity ( Ravindrakumar , Bavane , 2014; Yang et al., 2020) [15, 19] . 30

31. Reference Rachit, M., & Prakash, C. (2020). Jute and its composites: A review of their mechanical properties and applications. Journal of Natural Fibers, 17 (1), 1-16. DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2019.1651371 This paper reviews the mechanical properties and potential applications of jute fiber composites, highlighting the benefits and challenges in using jute as a reinforcement material in composite manufacturing. Saba, N., & Jawaid, M. (2020). A review on the influence of natural fibers on the mechanical and thermal properties of polymer composites. Journal of Materials Science, 55 (4), 1311-1328. DOI: 10.1007/s11041-019-01879-z This review covers the use of various natural fibers, including jute, in composite materials, discussing their mechanical, thermal, and environmental properties. Nayak, S. K., & Thakur, M. (2018). Jute fiber reinforced composites: A review on mechanical performance and application potentials. Composites Part B: Engineering, 143 , 168-184. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.02.032 This paper presents an in-depth review of jute fiber reinforced composites, focusing on the challenges and opportunities in improving their mechanical performance and broadening their applications in industries like automotive and construction. Gassan , J., & Bledzki , A. K. (1999). Possibilities for improving the mechanical properties of jute/epoxy composites by alkali treatment of the fibers. Composites Science and Technology, 59 (11), 1303-1309. DOI: 10.1016/S0266-3538(99)00049-6 This research discusses how alkaline treatment of jute fibers enhances their mechanical properties when used in composites, providing insights into surface treatment methods. 31

32. Holbery , J., Houston, D., Natural-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites in Automotive Applications, JOM, 2006, 11, 80-86. Bledzki , A. K., Faruk, O., Sperber, V. E., Cars from Bio-Fibres, Macromolecular Material Engineering, 2006, 291, 449–457. Mohantya , A. K., Misraa , M., Hinrichsen, G., Biofibres, Biodegradable Polymers and Biocomposites : An Overview, Macromolecules and Material Engineering, 2000, 276/277, 1-24. Bledzki , A. K., Gassan, J., Composites Reinforced with Cellulose Based Fibres , Progress in Polymer Science, 1999, 24, 221–274. Saheb, D. N., Jog, J. P., Natural Fiber Polymer Composites: A Review, Advances in Polymer Technology, 1999, 18 (4), 351–363. Li, X., Tabil, T. G., Panigrahi, S., Chemical Treatments of Natural Fiber for Use in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Review, Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 2007, 15, 25–33. 32