Chepter 4, part- 9 Volatile Oil .CLASSIFICATION OF VOLATILE OILpptx

Volatile oils are products which are generally complex in composition, consisting of the volatile principles contained in plants. The odorous, volatile principle of plant source are known as volatile oil.”
They are also called as essential oils because they represent essence of active constituents of the plant.
As they evaporate when exposed to air at ordinary temperature, they are also called as ethereal oil.

1. Volatile Oil Chepter-4 D. Pharm 1 st Year

2. INTRODUCTION “Volatile oils are products which are generally complex in composition, consisting of the volatile principles contained in plants. The odorous, volatile principle of plant source are known as volatile oil.” They are also called as essential oils because they represent essence of active constituents of the plant. As they evaporate when exposed to air at ordinary temperature, they are also called as ethereal oil.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF VOLATILE OIL

4. OCCURRENCE: Volatile oils are present in entire plant or in any part of the plant. They are secreted in special structure such as duct, cell, lysigenous gland, trichomes (hair-like structure). Lighter than water Possess distinct odours Commonly found in the family like, Labiatae, Rutaceae , piperaceae , zingiberaceae , umbelliferae , myrtaceae , lauraceae They are present in entire plant or in any part of the plant Don't leave stains like fixed oils Insoluble with water and soluble in organic solvents like ether, alcohol, chloroform, ethanol etc. They should be stored in a cool, dry place in tightly stoppered.

5. Distribution Glandular hair in Labiatae Modified parenchyma cells in Piperaceae Special tubes or oil tube in pericarp of fruits of umbelliferae Lysogenous and schizogenous cavities in Rutaceae In the conifers ,volatile oil may occur in all tissues Petals of rose Bark of cinnamon Fruit of coriander Leaves of pepper mint

6. ISOLATION Distillation Distillation With Water Distillation With Steam Water & Steam Distillation Expression (Ecuelle Method) Extraction Extraction with Volatile Solvents Enfleurage Method

7. Distillation with water The crude drugs are distilled with water by using Clevenger apparatus . It is applied to plants which are not injured upon boiling. Crude drug is introduced into the distillation chamber along with water and subjected to heat below 40 C. A mixture of oil and water is obtained as a distillate which is collected in a Florentine flask. The distillate is separated into two layers oil being withdrawn through the upper outlet of the condenser and water from the lower outlet or vice versa in case of clove as clove oil is heavier than water. E.g. Clove, sandal wood, cinnamon etc. are extracted by this method.

8. Distillation with Steam For substances which are usually injured by direct heat and boiling. Take some water in a tank subjected to heat. Take the plant part which contain volatile oil in a other tank but it connect with the water tank. Steam is passes through the crude drug, steam is generated by another chamber and piped into container having drug. The vapor contain vol oils are introduced in condensing chamber cooled and collected.

9. Water & Steam Distillation For substances which are usually injured by direct heat. Dried drug ground and covered with layer of water. Steam is passes through mixture, steam is generated by another chamber and piped into container having drug. The vapor contain vol oils are introduced in condensing chamber for cooled and collected.

10. Expression (Ecuelle Method) Ecuelle method is used for the extraction of citrus oil. Where oils cells in rind are ruptured mechanically using pointed projections by twisting raw material over them in clockwise direction either mechanically or manually. Then the fruit rupture are pressed with hydraulic platform using high pressure. Solid from the oil is then separated from the juice by centrifugation. The emulsion is treated in a centrifuged where essential oil being lighter is separated from water.

11. Extraction with Volatile Solvents Fresh flowers are transferred into specially constructed extractors at room temperature and carefully treated with purified solvent usually petroleum ether. The solvent penetrates the flowers and dissolves the natural perfume together with some waxes and other albuminous and coloring matter. This solution is pumped into an evaporator and concentrated at low temperature. After complete evaporation of solvent the flower oil is obtained. This method is used in perfume Industry.

12. Enfleurage Method Enfleurage method is used for extraction of delicate perfumes. In this method , The drug containing volatile oil is spread on glass sheet, which is arranged in vertical wooden frame. The fat absorbs volatile oil constituents. The fat containing volatile oil is known as pomade which is collected. The volatile oil is extracted from the pomade using alcohol. For example, Oil of rose.

13. Identification

14. THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY Therapeutic activities of volatile oils are: As a counter irritant Eucalyptus oil administered as an inhalant. Improves local circulation As carminative (relive gas), shows anti-spasmodic. Thymol is used in mouth washes and gargles Local an anesthetic Reduce secretion of lungs in cough and asthma. Antiseptic, anti bacterial, anti fungal Anti helminthes Also used in aroma therapy ( eg. lavander , rosemary)

15. PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATION Perfume & cosmetic Industry Masking agent in cleaning mixtures Polishes & insecticides Flavours for foods & confections (elaborate sweet/delicacy) As starting material for synthesis of other compounds