CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI MAHARAJ AND SWARAJYA

THE MANAGEMENT GURU OF ALL THE TIME - CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI MAHARAJ

1. UNIT 2 –INSIGHTS & LESSONS FROM THE LIFE OF
CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI MAHARAJ
PPT BY –PROF. MAHESH TAMBE
SIOM,PUNE
INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS

2. SYLLABUS TOPICS -
•Overview of Shivaji Maharaj's life
•Leadership qualities of Shivaji Maharaj -Leadership in adversity,
Leadership styles and effectiveness in different contexts.
•Shivaji Maharaj's strategic vision and planning
•Innovative strategies in warfare and governance
•Principles of governance in Shivaji's kingdom
•Administration structures and decision-making processes
•Efficient and ethical governance
•Shivaji Maharaj as an entrepreneur and nation-builder
•Economic policies and trade strategies
•Balancing tradition with modernity in leadership
•Relevance of Shivaji Maharaj's leadership in contemporary management
and leadership.

3. •ChhatrapatiShivajiMaharaj,bornonFebruary
19,1630,inthehill-fortofShivneri,wasa
prominentMarathawarriorandthefounderof
theMarathaEmpireinwesternIndia.
•Hislifeandlegacyhaveleftanindeliblemark
onIndianhistory,embodyingthespiritof
resistanceagainsttheMughalEmpireandthe
questforself-governance.
•ShivajiwasborntoShahajiBhonsle,aMaratha
general,andJijabai,whoseteachings
profoundlyinfluencedhisearlylife.
•Jijabaiinstilledinhimasenseofprideand
responsibilitytowardstheirlandandpeople.
Fromayoungage,Shivajiexhibited
exceptionalleadershipqualitiesandastrong
senseofjustice.

4. OVERVIEW OF SHIVAJI MAHARAJ’S LIFE

5. JIJAU ENSURED THE NOBEL UPBRINGING FOR YOUNG SHIVAJI
BY NARRATING TO HIM THE TALES OF MAHABHARATHA &
RAMAYANA DURING THEIR STAY AT THE LAL MAHAL,PUNE.

6. AT THE YOUNG AGE OF 15, SHIVAJI, WITH HIS MATES,
PLEDGED TO ESTABLISH SWARAJ.

7. JIJAU THEN RESORTED THE KASBA GANPATI TEMPLE AT
KASBA PETH, PUNE AT THE HANDS OF SHIVAJI,
MARKING THE DAWN OF HIS GOLDEN REGIME.

8. SHIVAJI METICULOUSLY CATERED TO ALL THE BASIC
NEEDS OF HIS SUBJECTS –FOOD, CLOTHING, MEANS &
TOOLS OF FARMING & SO ON. AND SO HIS CITIZENRY
WERE CONTENT & HAPPY.

9. RUTHLESS INVADERS HAD CURSED THE HOLY LAND OF
PUNE BY PLOUGHING THE LAND WITH DONKEYS. THE
LAND WAS THEN PURIFIED BY SHIVAJI BY PLOUGHING
WITH GOLDEN PLOUGH.

10. UNDER JIJAU’S GUIDANCE, YOUNG SHIVAJI RECEIVED IN -
DEPTH EXPERTISE AT WEAPONS, EQUESTRIANISM(HORSE),
RELIGION-THEOLOGY,ECONOMIC -FINANCE & ABOVE ALL THE
SCIENCE OF FORTS.

11. SHAISTA KHAN HAD ILLEGITIMATELY OCCUPIED LAL MAHAL FOR
THREE YEARS & WAS HARASSING THE INNOCENT VILLAGERS & HAD
SPREAD TURNMOIL ACROSS SWARAJYA.
AT AN APPROPRIATE OCCASION SHIVAJI PLANNED A STRATERGIC
ATTACK & CRUSHED HIM BADLY, SO MUCH THAT HE FLED FOR HIS LIFE,
HE NEVER CAME BACK.

12. SHIVAJI SUCCESSFULLY TIED THE FESTOON OF
CAMPAIGN FOR SWARAJYA BY CONQUERING THE
FORT TORNA AT A AGE OF 16YEARS.

14. DHARMA, RAJDHARMA & ARTHA
1.Dharma: It refers to the moral and ethical duties and responsibilities that
individuals must uphold in society. Dharma is often associated with one's caste, age,
and social position and is considered a key principle for maintaining social order.
2.Rajdharma: Rajdharmais the concept of duty and morality for rulers. It
emphasizes that kings and rulers must govern justly, following dharma, and ensuring
the welfare of their subjects. It's closely related to the idea of the "divine right of
kings.“
•The four aims of life in Hinduism are:
•Dharma:person's duty and actions, and is concerned with their true purpose.
•Kama:means love, desire, and pleasure.
•Artha:This means prosperity, and to Hindus this means the pursuit of wealth.
•Moksha -liberation

15. CAUSES FOR THE RISE OF MARATHA
1. Region and Terrain:Theyresided in the narrow, strategically defensible region
ofKonkan, known for its rugged mountains and secluded valleys.
2. Character and Skills:With a heritage of military valourand proficiency
inguerrilla warfare, executingswift surprise attacksand autonomously adapting
tactics as needed.
3. Bhakti movement, led byTukaram, Ramdas,andEknath, with their Marathi
hymns created widespread societal bonds and unified them.
4. Other reasons:The downfall ofBijapur and Golconda, coupled with
exhaustive Deccan wars, ledShivajitounite the fragmented Marathas.

16. Shivaji’s Military Campaigns
1.EarlyFortAcquisitions:Atayoungage,heacquired
theTornafortfromBijapurSultanin1646.Further,hecaptured
andrebuilttheRaigadFort.Hetookcontroloftheforts
ofBaramati,Indapura,Purandhar,andKondana.

17. 2. Expansion into the MavalRegion: In 1656, he became
popular as he wrestedJavali(Sataradistrict) from its Maratha
chief, took control of thehighlands (Mavalregion)and
constructed thePratapgarhfort, paving the way for further
expansion.

18. 3. Naval Strategy against the
Sidis:
Recognisingnaval significance, he
built a fleet to confront theSidis of
Janjirawho managed several
ports and had a large navy; he
couldn’t overpower them due to
ineffective artillery.

19. Shivaji and the Mughals
1658: Aurangzeb became Emperor and
assignedShaistaKhan(Mughal governor of Deccan) in
the Deccan the task to quell Shivaji,resulting in the
capture ofPune and Chakan.
1663: Aurangzeb recalled Shaistafrom the Deccan when
Shivaji infiltratedPoonaand struck ShaistaKhan’s camp.
1664: Shivaji plunderedSurat, a significant Mughal port,
promptingAurangzebto deployRaja Jai Singhto counter
him and capture Bijapur. With a comprehensive encirclement,
Shivaji was forced to negotiate, paving the way for theTreaty
of Purandarin1665.

20. •1663:AurangzebrecalledShaistafromtheDeccanwhen
ShivajiinfiltratedPoonaandstruckShaistaKhan’scamp.
•1664:ShivajiplunderedSurat,asignificantMughalport,
promptingAurangzebtodeployRajaJaiSinghtocounterhim
andcaptureBijapur.Withacomprehensiveencirclement,
Shivajiwasforcedtonegotiate,pavingthewayfortheTreatyof
Purandarin1665.

21. TREATY OF PURANDER -1665
Shivaji Agreed To Surrender 23 Forts
To The Emperor While The Emperor
RecognisedShivaji’s Authority Over
12 Forts Including Rajgad& Its
Revenue.
Shivaji Promised To Supply For 5000
MansabsUnder His Son Sambhaji&
Shivaji Also Promised To Fight On
Behalf Of Emperor Whenever
Demanded.

22. •1666:JaiSinghpersuadedShivajitovisittheMughalcourtin
Agrawherehefaceddisrespectandhumiliation.Hewasput
underhousearrest,whichhesuccessfullyescaped.
•1670:AurangzebreclaimedaportionofShivaji’sjagirinBerar.
ShivajiretaliatedbywithdrawinghistroopsfromtheMughal
service,reclaimedthefortssurrenderedintheTreatyof
PurandarandraidedSuratagain.By1672,theMarathas
imposedaChauth(one-fourthoftherevenue)asanannual
tributeonSurat.

23. •CoronationandDeccanCampaigns
•In1674,ShivajiwascrownedatRaigarh,assumingthetitle
of“Chhatrapathi”(supremeking).Thedayofhisconsecration
markedthecommencementofanewera,theRajyabhisheka
saka.
•Hedescribedhimselfas“theprotectorofcowsand
brahmins”(gobrahmancepratipalak)and“theupholderof
dharma”(dharmaparayena)

24. •Rajmudrais an authentic stampthatShivaji maharajused to use in his
letters and ordinance. It has been believed that, rajmudrawas given to
Shivaji maharajby his father ShahajirajeBhosale when he sent Jijabai
and young Shivaji to handlePune Jahagir. The earliest letter found
containing this ‘authenticity stamp' is from the year1639.
•“The glory of this Mudra of Shahaji’sson Shivaji (Maharaj ) will
grow like the first day moon .It will be worshiped by the world &
it will shine only for well being of people.

25. •DiplomacyunderShivaji:In1677,heforgedananti-Mughal,
anti-BijapuralliancewithGolconda(richestofDeccanistates)
andravagedMughalterritoryinBerar,KhandeshandBaglan
andBijapurterritoryinKanara.
•HesecuredPanhalafortandSatara.
•HeconqueredareasofSenjiandVelloreallowinghishalf-
brother,Venkoji(orEkoji),togovernThanjavur,withSenjiservingas
asecondarylineofdefenseforhissuccessors.
•Cultural and Administrative Reforms: He
replacedPersianwithMarathiasthecourtlanguageand
orderedthecompilationofaSanskritdictionary,theRaj-
VyavaharKosh.
•LastDaysofShivaji:Shivajidiedin1680,havingsuccessfully
establishedanddefendedakingdomagainstthesuperior
BijapurandMughalforces

26. LEADERSHIP QUALITIES OF SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
1.An effective organizer
2.An efficient general and military strategist
3.A skilful diplomat
4.Brave soldier
5.An enlightened administrator
6.Respect for others faith
7.An inspiring leader
8.An obedient son
9.A dutiful disciple
10.Shivaji as the maker of Maharashtra

27. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj: A pioneer of
Management principles
1. Commitment to Decentralisationand Delegation
Shivaji Maharaj believed in empowering subordinates and
giving them the freedom to make decisions on their own.
This allowed his army to respond quickly to changing situations
and to make the most of emerging opportunities.
He trusted his commanders to make decisions about the
deployment of troops and the allocation of resources.
This gave them the flexibility to respond to changing
situations, such as shifting battlefields, in a timely and effective
manner.

28. 2. Commitment to ethical leadership -
Shivaji Maharaj recognisedthat his people were the backbone
of his kingdom, and they needed to be treated with dignity and
respect.
He believed that ethical practices were essential for building
trust and that leaders should always strive to do what was right,
even when it was difficult. He set an example of ethical
leadership through his actions.
For instance, he was known for his honesty and integrity, and he
took great care to ensure that his subordinates were also held
to high ethical standards.
He was known to reward honesty and integrity and to punish
unethical behavior, even if it came from a high-ranking officer.

29. 3. Shivaji Maharaj’s respect for
people-
It can be seen in his policies
toward religious minorities. He
was a devote Hindu, recognised
the importance of religious
tolerance, and was fair and just
toward people of all faiths.
He encouraged his subordinates
to do the same and was quick to
punish anyone who
discriminated against people
based on their religion.

30. 4. Focus on innovation and strategic planning-
Shivaji Maharaj was a visionary leader who recognised
the importance of innovation in his military tactics,
infrastructure, and administration.
He was always on the lookout for new ideas and
technologies that could help his kingdom to grow and
prosper.
He was not afraid to take risks and try out new
strategies, and he encouraged his subordinates to do
the same.

31. Shivaji Maharaj’s innovation was his use of
guerrilla warfare tactics-
Shivaji Maharaj recognisedthat the Mughal army
was much larger and better equipped than his
own, and he needed to find a way to overcome
their advantages.
He used guerrilla warfare tactics that involved
sudden attacks, ambushes, and hit-and-run raids.
This strategy helped his army to take on the
Mughals and eventually defeat them.

32. Shivaji’s Administration: Governance, Revenue
and Military Structure
SHIVAJI’S GOVERNANCE –FOUNDATIONS OF MARATHA EMPIRE
1.Central Government -Advisory Council:‘AshtaPradhanMandal’with eight ministers.
Mukhya Pradhan(Peshwa)
He was the prime minister andlooked after the general welfare and
interests of the State and officiated for the king in his absence.
Amatya/Mazumdar Finance minister
Walkia-Nawis (Mantri)
Maintained the records of the king’s activities and the proceedings
in the court.
Summant(foreign Sec.)Advised on war, peace, and diplomacy.
Sachiv(ShuruNawis)
Managed correspondence with the king and checked accounts of
Parganas.
Pandit Rao (Danadhyaksha)Oversaw religion, ceremonies, and morality.
Nyayadhish The chief justice responsible for civil and military justice.
Sari Naubat (Senapati)The commander-in-chief

33. •MinisterialAuthorityandMilitaryLeadership:Everyminister
ledmilitaryexpeditionsandcommanded armies
exceptNyayadhishandPanditRao.
•AdministrativeStructureandDecreeApproval:Everyroyal
decreeneededapprovalandsealsfromtheKingand
thePeshwaandendorsementsfromfourotherkeyministers.
Therewereeighteenadministrativedepartmentseachoverseen
bydifferentministers.
•ControlofLandedFamilies:Shivajicontrolledthe
influentialMarathalandedfamilies(Deshmukhs)byexpanding
thecrownland.
•FormalDocumentationofPolicies:Adnyapatrawasaroyal
edictontheprinciplesofMarathapolicywritteninModi
scriptbyRamchandraPantAmatya.

34. •2.ProvincialGovernment
•Administrative Division: Shivaji divided the
kingdom(Swaraj)intoMauzas,TarafsandPrants.
•Provinces:wereknownasprantsundersubedar,karkun(ormukhya
desbadhikari).
•Tarfs:wereheadedbyahavaldar,karkunoaparipatyagar.
•Mauza:wasthesmallestunit.
•HierarchyinProvincialAdministration:
•Sarsubedar:Overanumberofprantstherewasthesarsubedartocontrol
andsupervisetheworkofsubedars.
•Subedars:Eachsubedarhadeightscbordinateofficers:diwan,mazumdar,
fadnis,sabnis,karkhanis,chitnis,jamadarandpotnis.
•Faujdar/Kotwal:ThepoliceofficerinruralareaswascalledFaujdarand
inurbanareaswascalledKotwal.
•AbolitionofJagirs:Thetraditionofgrantingjagirswasreplaced
withcashpaymentstoallofficers.
•Officialswhowereassignedtherevenuesofaplacehadcontrolonlyoverthe
income,notthepeople.

35. 3.RevenueAdministration
•Shivaji’sCompassionateRevenueSystem:Therevenue
systemwasestablishedonMalikAmber’sKathi
systemwherethelandwascalculatedbyRodorKathi.
•CompassionatetoFarmers:landsdiligentlyassessedandafixed
statedemandofinitially30%,laterraisedto40%,ofthegross
produce.
•DuringFamines:thegovernmentprovidedrepayableaidand
advancedloanstopeasantsforagriculturalnecessities.
•ChauthandSardeshmukhi:ShivajicollectedChauth(one-
fourthofrevenueofthedistrictconquered)
andSardeshmukhi(additional10%byvirtueofhispositionas
Sardeshmukh)fromadjoiningterritoriesofhisempire,
conqueredterritoriesandMughal/Bijapurlands.

36. •4.MilitaryOrganisation
•WarfareandInnovativeWeaponry:TheMarathaswereexperts
inguerrillawarfare,alongwiththeuseofaninnovativeweapon,
theBaghnaka,meaningtigerclaw.
•Infantry:Theinfantrywashighlymobileandlight,withMavli(foot
soldiers)playinganimportantrole.
•PartTimeSoldiers:Atthetimeofexigencies,peasantsalsofunctionedasparttime
soldiers.
•MilitaryOrganizationandRankStructure:Thesmallestunit
withninesoldierswasheadedbyaNaik(corporal).
•Eachunitwith25horsemenwasplacedunderoneHavildar(equivalenttotherankofa
sergeant).
•FivehavildarswereplacedunderoneJamaladarandtenJamaladarsunderoneHazari.
•Cavalry:wasdividedintotwoclasses:
•Bargirs:soldierswhosehorsesweregivenbythestate
•Shiledars:mercenaryhorsemenwhohadtofindtheirownhorses.
•JudicialSystem:Justicesystemwasrudimentarywithnoformal
courtsandPanchayatsoperatinginvillages.
•OrdealsandSmritis:guidedlegalproceedings.
•Nyayadhish:heardappealsinbothcivilandcriminalcases.
•HazirMajlim:servedasthefinalcourtofappeal.

37. •Shivaji’s letter dated April 1673 addressed to his administrative and revenue
officers speaks volumes about his concern for the common folk in his country.
He writes in this letter:
“If you rob the poor cultivators of their grain, bread, grass, fuel
or vegetables, they will find life impossible and run away.
Many will die of starvation. Then they will think that you are
worse than the Mughals who overrun the countryside. Know
this well and behave yourself. You have no business to give the
slightest trouble to the rayats. Whatever you want -whether
grain, grass, fuel, vegetables or other provisions —you should
purchase it in the bazaar. There is no need for you to force
anybody or to quarrel with anybody.”

38. BROAD PRINCIPLES OF SHIVAJI MAHARAJ’S
GOVERNANCE
1. The defenceof the country (swarajya) should be given highest priority through
a net-work of well garrisoned land and marine forts, a strong army and a navy. In
view of peculiar geographical features of Maharashtra, specially the Konkan
region, this was the best means of protecting the land from the hostile powers.
2. All those in the Government service were to be paid in cash and not through
land grants orjagirs. In no case, fresh grants of lands were to be made.
4. All posts were to be filled on the basis of merit and not heredity, caste, or
religion.
5. Revenue collection was to be direct, i.e. by the State, through its own agencies
and departments, and not through middlemen of any type.

39. 6 The system of farming lands, like theijarasystem of the Mughal government,
so widespread after Aurangzeb's death, was abolished.
7. People of all castes, including tribals, were to be involved, according to their
suitability, in the defenceand upkeep of the forts and land, and in the
administration of the country, with no caste enjoying exclusive position or
privileges.
8. All people, irrespective of their caste and religion, were to have same rights,
and enjoy freedom to follow their religion, and no section of the people should be
discriminated against on the basis of their faith.
9. During war, and in course of raids in the enemy territory, the women, children
and religious places were not to suffer any harm or damage.
10. The finances of the state were to be so managed and budgeted as to leave
surplus every year to fall back upon in times of national need.

40. SHIVAJI MAHARAJ –A CONSTRUCTIVE
GENIUS
1.Chhatrapati Shivaji's private life was marked by a high standard of
morality. He was a devoted son, a loving father and an attentive husband.
2.The sincerity of his faith is proved by his impartial respect for the holy men
of all sects and toleration of all creeds. Strict enforcement of morality in
his camp was a wonder in that age.
3.He had the inborn quality of personal magnetism that cast a spell over all
who knew him, drawing the best elements of the country to his side and
winning the most devoted service from his officers, while his dazzling
victories and ever ready smile made him idol of soldiery.
4.His royal gift of judging character was one of the main causes of his
success, as his selection of generals and governors, diplomats and
secretaries was never at fault, and his administration was a great
improvement on the past.

41. 5. His army organization was a model of efficiency; and excellent spy
system supplied him in advance with the most minute information
about the theatre of his intended campaign, divisions of his army were
combined or dispersed at will over long distances without failure.
6. His success can be explained only by an analysis of his political
genius. He possessed an unfailing sense of reality in politics. He was
guided by an instinctive perception of how far his actual resources
could carry him, how long a certain line of action or policy was to be
followed, and where he must stop.
7.His reign brought peace and order to his country, assured the
protection of women's honourand the religion of all sects without
distinction, extended the royal patronage to the truly pious men of all
creeds, and presented equal opportunities to all his subjects by
opening the public service to the talented irrespective of caste or
creed.

42. Chhatrapati Shivaji's War Strategy
1. Chhatrapati Shivaji referred to his art of war by such words as Shaha-Baji -
the art of checkmating the enemy by skillful moves and Hunuari.e. skill,
which is the essence of war, since war is a struggle between rivals of physical
strength as well as mental equipment.
2.The Guerrilla strategy aims at avoiding pitched battles. It strives to change
the balance of military force by tactful operations. It knows no distinction
between the offensive and defensive. Its strategy is always offensive. The
descriptive label attached to such war was GhanimiKava.
Chhatrapati Shivaji made war by means of an organised, regularly paid and
equipped state army and a fighting navy. He met his foes in battles on more
or less equal terms and conducted expeditions into distant regions from his
home base. The difference between him and his adversaries was one of
strategical approach and tactical organisation.

43. 3.Ghanimsof Chhatrapati Shivaji evolved a defensive-offensive
strategy based on well-understood unchanging principles of
war namely, mobility, surprise, maintenance of lines of
communication and supplies.
4.The mountainous nature of the country led to the adoption
of a defensive-offensive strategy. The attacking army could
not act in mass; military movement of detachments tried the
skill of the general in keeping the lines of communications
open between the main base and the new bases of
operations.
5.Boldness, ingenuity, endurance and personal skillin the use
of weapons are essential qualities in hill warfare.

44. Chhatrapati Shivaji's Naval Power
•In order to strengthen his hold over his kingdom, Chhatrapati Shivaji
realisedthat a strong Navy was necessary not only to defend his
coastal possessions but also to promote sea trade. Within two years,
1657-59, a fleet of 20 warships and several merchantmen were ready.
•Since the English, the Portuguese and Siddisof Janjirawere in
control of the sea-coasts of Thane and Kolabadistricts, Chhatrapati
Shivaji diverted his attention to the South i.e., Ratnagiri district and
successfully conquered Dabhol, Rajapuri, and nearby areas.
Henceforth, he decided to have strong sea forts and well-equipped
navy from Ratnagiri to Goa. This ambitious programmewas aimed at
establishing his naval supremacyand the protection of the sea-faring
activities.

45. •The marine forts of Chhatrapati Shivaji were mainly of two types. The first
one was the island fort in which the stronghold was surrounded by sea on
all sides. The other type was known as the coastal fort which was
constructed along the sea-shore where the entrance would be from the land
side and the rear part of the fort would face towards the sea.
•Chhatrapati Shivaji personally took part in the construction of the fort.
Construction of Sindhudurg as marine fort was one of the greatest
achievements of Chhatrapati Shivaji.

46. The Founder of HindaviSwaraj
•Chhatrapati Shivaji played a pivotal role in the successful venture of
establishing the HindaviSwaraj. Credit also goes to Chhatrapati Shivaji for
taking advantage of political, religious, social, edcuationaland economic
condition of his time and preaching loyalty, self-sacrifice, determination,
preparedness for hard work, etc. to his followers.
•People's movement and involvement was as much essential for Swaraj as
Chhatrapati Shivaji's leadership and farsightedness. It was a people's
movement and the people desired from their hearts to have such Swaraj.
HindaviSwaraj did not mean merely a rule of Hindus.
•It meant freedom to the local people of all castes and religions. Chhatrapati
Shivaji not only provided protection to mosques but even gave grants to them.
Under Hindavirule, slave trade by Europeans was stopped. Local Muslims
were recruited to the services, especially in the navy and cavalry.

47. •In this Swaraj, none was persecuted for the sake of
religion. His Swaraj was a Kingdom of justice, equality,
liberyand fraternity.
•The cardinal principles of Shivaji’s administration of
Swarajyawere:
1.To promote the well-being of his people and the
general welfare of the State.
2.To maintain an efficient military force to defend
Swarajya.
3.To provide adequately for the economic needs of the
people by encouraging agriculture and industry.

48. •He was a born military leader. He thoroughly understood
the geographic factor in military tactics. For the
protection of Swarajya, he made the hill forts along the
Sahyadri Ghats his main line of defence. With sound
military instinct, he created a marvelloussecond line of
defencein the Kaveri valley, to which he could retire in
an emergency.
•He knew that the first duty of a ruler is to make his
people happy and prosperous.
•The way Chhatrapati Shivaji protected the tillers of the
soil and encouraged agriculture which formed the
backbone of Maharashtra's economy, the keen interest
that he showed in developing trade, commerce and
industry in his dominions.

49. A Great Humanitarian
1.Chhatrapati Shivaji's concept of 'Maharashtra Dharma' was not directed
against any religion. It meant freedom and equal treatment to all faiths.
His politics was not influenced by religion though he was a devout Hindu.
2.Chhatrapati Shivaji had an innate love for the poor and the oppressed. He
valued friendship and loyalty dearly. That is why he could collect around
him men of sterling qualities and characterlike TanajiMalusare, Baji
Prabhu, Morarbaji, YesajiKank, and a host of others who were ready to
lay down their lives for Swaraj.
3.Under Chhatrapati Shivaji's rule, local people of all castes and religions
were free in true sense of the term. He treated all his subjects alike and
did not discriminate against anyone. He never allowed religious
considerations to affect his State policy.

50. Tributes
1. Upon hearing the demise of Chhatrapati Shivaji, Aurangzeb was stirred to a
speech of unusual chivalry:
"He was a great captain and the only one who had the magnanimity to raise
a new Kingdom. My armies have been employed against him for nineteen
years, and, nevertheless, his state has been always increasing".
2. The British Historian Dennis Kincaid records:
The Muslim historian KhafiKhan, who cannot mention Shivaji in his chronicle
without adding epithets of abuse, nevertheless, acknowledges that Shivaji
never entered a conquered town without taking measures to safeguard the
mosques from damage; whenever the Quran came into his possession he
treated it with the same respect as if it had been one of the sacred works of
his own faith; and that whenever his men captured Muslim ladies they were
brought to Shivaji, who looked after them as they were his wards till he could
return them to their relations".

51. RAIGAD FORT

52. TORNA FORT