Chicago School of Architecture

Chicago’s architecture is famous throughout the world and one style is referred to as the Chicago school.

In the history of architecture the first Chicago school was a school of architects . active in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century .

They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial Buildings.

A “second Chicago school” with a modernist aesthetic emerged in the 1940’s through 1970’s.

Which pioneered new buildings technologies and structural system such as the tube-frame structure.

1. CHICAGO SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE SUBMITTED BY ; NAME : B.DHANARAJ REG NO :318106101026 BATCH : 2/5 B.ARCH COLLAGE : AUCE (architect : Louis Sullivan)

2. Introduction Chicago’s architecture is famous throughout the world and one style is referred to as the Chicago school. In the history of architecture the first Chicago school was a school of architects . active in Chicago at the turn of the 20 th century . Chicago school of architecture

3. They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial Buildings. A “second Chicago school” with a modernist aesthetic emerged in the 1940’s through 1970’s. Which pioneered new buildings technologies and structural system such as the tube-frame structure. Chicago school of architecture Louis Sullivan

4. What is Chicago school Chicago School  is a neoclassical economic  school  of thought that originated at the University of  Chicago  in the 1930s. The main tenets of the  Chicago School  are that free markets best allocate resources in an economy and that minimal, or even no, government intervention is best for economic prosperity

5. About architect Louis Sullivan (1856-1924 ) Born : 3 September 1856, Boston, Massachusetts, united states. Died :14 April 1924, Chicago, united states Books : The autobiography of an idea Education : MIT school of architecture and planning, The English high school. Awards : AIA gold medal

6. Louis  Henry  Sullivan  (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924) was an American architect Louis Sullivan is also called as "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism". He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper, was an influential architect and critic of the Chicago School. Louis Sullivan

7. First Chicago school "Chicago School" is widely used to describe buildings constructed in the city during the 1880s and 1890s. Chicago buildings of the era displayed a wide variety of styles and techniques. Contemporary publications used the phrase "Commercial Style" to describe the innovative tall buildings rather than proposing a sort of unified school. Chicago school

8.  The distinguishing features of the Chicago School are use of steel-frame buildings with masonry cladding (usually terra cotta ). allowing large plate-glass window areas and limiting the amount of exterior ornamentation. In some cases elements of neoclassical architecture are used in Chicago School skyscrapers.  Chicago School skyscrapers contain the three parts of a classical column.  The lowest floors functions as the base.

9.  the middle stories usually with little ornamental detail act as the shaft of the column.  last floor or two, often capped with a cornice and often with more ornamental detail, represent the capital. They are three types of window in the school Chicago window Bay window Oriel window Steel frame structures

10. Chicago window It is a three-part window consisting of a large fixed center panel flanked by two smaller double-hung sash windows. Chicago window Bay window The arrangement of windows on the facade typically creates a grid pattern, with some projecting out from the façade.

11. Oriel window The Chicago window combined the functions of light-gathering and natural ventilation a single central pane was usually fixed while the two surrounding panes were operable. These windows were often deployed in bays. Bay window Oriel window

12. Second Chicago school In the 1940s, a "Second Chicago School" emerged from the work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe  and his efforts of education at the Illinois Institute of Technology  Its first and purest expression was the 860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments (1951) and their technological achievements. Second Chicago school

13. This was supported and enlarged in the 1960s due to the ideas of Chicago structural engineer  Fazlur  He introduced a new structural system of framed tubes in skyscraper design and construction Fazlur Khan defined the framed tube structure as a three dimensional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames Second Chicago school

14. braced frames, or shear walls joined at or near their edges to form a vertical tube-like structural system capable of resisting lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation Closely spaced interconnected exterior columns form the tube  Horizontal loads, for example wind, are supported by the structure as a whole. About half the exterior surface is available for windows  Framed tubes allow fewer interior columns, and so create more usable floor space. 

15.  Where larger openings like garage doors are required, the tube frame must be interrupted, with transfer girders used to maintain structural integrity. The first building to apply the tube-frame construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building which Khan designed and was completed in Chicago by 1963. This laid the foundations for the tube structures of many other later skyscrapers, including his own John Hancock Center and Willis Tower , there are different styles of architecture all throughout the city, such as the Chicago School, neo-classical, art deco,

16. Chicago school plans

17. elevation section Interiors interiors

18. Louis Sullivan auditorium The  Auditorium Building  in Chicago is one of the best-known designs of Louis Sullivan and  Dankmar Adler Completed in 1889  the building is located at the northwest corner of South Michigan Avenue and Congress Street  The building, which when constructed was the largest in the United States and the tallest in Chicago, was designed to be a multi-use complex, including offices, a theater, and a hotel  Frank Lloyd Wright worked on some of the interior design.

19. The Auditorium Theatre is part of the Auditorium Building and is located at 50 East Ida B. Wells Drive  The theater was the first home of the Chicago Civic Opera and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 17, 1970 the Auditorium Building has been part of Roosevelt University Chicago auditorium Auditorium interiors

20. Auditorium section Auditorium plan interiors

21. The top level houses mechanical devices such as elevator engines and water tanks. It appearance proclaims its difference in function from the rest of the building. A succession of workers offices fill the upper stories and are modular and repetitive and appearance. Street level spaces for shops, banks and public commerce. These are large, open spaces ‘’liberal, expansive and sumptuous’’ that will flow up into the second storey.

22. characteristics Bold geometric facades pierced with either arched or lintel-type openings. The wall surface highlighted with extensive low-relief sculptural. Ornamentation in terra cotta. Buildings often topped with deep projecting eaves and flat roofs The multi-story office complex highly story. Intermediate floors, and the attic or roof The intermediate floors are arranged in vertical bands. Large arched window

23. characteristics Large arched window Decorative terra cotta panel Decorative band Vertical strips of windows Pilaster-like mullions Projecting eaves(The under part of a sloping roof overhanging a wall)

24. characteristics Highly decorative frieze Enriched foliated Rinceau (an ornamental motif of scrolls of foliage ,usually vine) Porthole windows Decorated terra cotta spandrels Capital of pilaster strips

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