CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT MAKERERE UNIVERSITY.pptx

MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

1. GUESS WHAT??????????

2. CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT MUGEZI ASUMAN 21/U/24107/HTG AND NALUBIDDE OLIVER

3. child abuse and neglect!!!!

4. By the end of this topic, we should be able to; 1 who is achild 2 Know childrens’rights Define child abuse and neglect Predisposing factors to child abuse 5 Know different forms of child abuse 6 Signs of different forms of child abuse 7consquences of child abuse 8 How to stop child abuse.

5. introduction WHO IS A CHILD? A child is any body below the age of 18 years according to the children’s statue of 1996. CHILDREN’S RIGHTS: Children have rights just like any other Human being. However owing to the tender age that they are in, special emphasis has been placed on these rights. This is because children depend on Adults for obtaining their basic needs and necessities. A child’s Rights mean the basic needs that a child must have to ensure his/her growth and development.  

6. EXAMPLES OF CHILDREN’S RIGHTS A child has a right to live and grow in a peaceful caring and secure environment and to have basic necessities of life i.e. food, Health care, clothing, shelter, love and affection. Right to a name and Nationality. Right to know his/her parents and enjoying family life with them. Right to express opinion and be guided especially in decision making like in areas of disability, legal systems, areas of harmful initiations and cultural practices. Right to basic education. Right to proper nutrition and highest standard of health facilities to grow up in body and mind. Failure to observe the child’s Rights leads to child abuse

7. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines child abuse and neglect as “all forms of maltreatment, physical , emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, and exploitation that results in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, development or dignity.”  Abuse ; is defined as an act of commission and neglect; is defined as an act of omission in the care leading to potential or actual harm.

8. DEFINITIONS CONT’D Child abuse happens when a parent or other adult causes serious physical or emotional harm to a child. According to the federal law, any recent act or failure, on the side of the parent or caretaker which results in death or serious physical or emotional harm to a child, sexual abuse or exploitation is considered child abuse. Or An act or failure to act which presents an eminent risk of serious harm.

9. FACTORS/SITUATIONS PREDISPOSING TO CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT Identify a number of situations and factors that predispose children to abuse and the main categories are Being an orphan Poverty and other economic conditions Inadequate parental responsibility Early sex and marriage Unstable families The HIV/AIDs epidemic. Alcohol use (selling and drinking) Low awareness about child rights and channels for intervention. Parents dying without a will (intestate) N.B. All these will be discussed under the types of abuse.

10. TYPES/FORMS OF CHILD ABUSE

11. 1. Physical abuse Physical abuse is the intentional use of physical force. For example, hitting, kicking, shaking, burning, shoving, or other physical interaction types against a child are considered physical abuse such as: Holding a child under water Tying a child up Intentionally burning a child or scalding a child with hot water

12. Physical abuse cont’d………….. Sending the child away from home Giving child sleeping pills so that the guardian/parent goes for outings Locking a child in a house Throwing an object at a child or using an object to beat a child Starving a child or failing to provide a child with food

13. Physical abuse cont’d………. Abusive head trauma , or shaken baby syndrome, is a specific form of physical abuse. It's the leading cause of death in child abuse cases in the U.S. Most incidents last just a few seconds, but that's enough time to cause brain damage or even kill a baby  Causing any physical injury to a child is known as physical abuse and can happen at the hands of parents, teachers, or a third person, such as a coach or religious leader. Abusers are often good at hiding physical evidence or developing fictitious causes for things like cuts, bruises, or broken bones, so they’re not always reported.

14. Child physical abuse

15. CHILD LABOUR IN CHILD ABUSE

16. In physical abuse, unlike physical forms of discipline, the following elements are present: Unpredictability. The child never knows what is going to set the parent off. There are no clear boundaries or rules. The child is never sure of what behaviour will trigger a physical assault. Lashing out in anger. Physically abusive parents act out of anger and the desire to assert control, not the motivation to lovingly teach the child. The angrier the parent, the more intense the abuse. Using fear to control behaviour. Parents who are physically abusive may believe that their children need to fear them in order to behave, so they use physical abuse to “keep their child in line.” However, what children are really learning is how to avoid being hit, not how to behave or grow as individuals.

17. Physical child abuse

18. Warning signs of physical abuse in children Frequent injuries or unexplained bruises, welts, or cuts. Is always watchful and “on alert,” as if waiting for something bad to happen. Injuries appear to have a pattern such as marks from a hand or belt. Shies away from touch, flinches at sudden movements, or seems afraid to go home. Wears inappropriate clothing to cover up injuries, such as long-sleeved shirts on hot days.

19. 2. NEGLECT  is the failure to meet a child’s basic physical and emotional needs. These needs include housing, food, clothing, education, and access to medical care. There are varied reasons for child neglect. It may occur if a parent or a guardian is either physically or psychologically unfit to take care of a child. It can also happen in cases where the parents or guardians have a substance abuse issue, making them unable to care for their children. Poverty can also be a factor in neglect. Apathy or lack of concern is another reason for child neglect. One of the most visible and apparent physical signs of negligence is the skinny or bloated appearance of a child, resulting from undernourishment. Neglect may also cause a child to suffer from physical disorders such as asthma, hypertension, or various allergies.

20. Child neglect

21. Warning signs of neglect in children Clothes are ill-fitting, filthy, tone, or inappropriate for the weather. Hygiene is consistently bad (unbathed, matted and unwashed hair, noticeable body odour). Untreated illnesses and physical injuries. Is frequently unsupervised or left alone or allowed to play in unsafe situations and environments. Signs of malnutrition. Is frequently late or missing from school.

22. 3. SEXUAL ABUSE This is any use of children by adults for their sexual gratification/satisfaction.  Includes pressuring or forcing a child to engage in sexual acts. Fondling, penetration, and exposing a child to other sexual activities, such as: Pornography -Movies. Touching children’s sexual parts Having sex with children Child prostitution Touching or leaking child’s sexual organ

23. Sexual child abuse

24. Sexual abuse cont’d……. Adults having sexual intercourse or speaking obscene words when children are watching them Exposing children to sexual activities in exchange of money Pushing objects .e.g. fingers or test tubes in the private parts of children Forcing a child to leak or touch the adult’s sexual organs .e.g. vagina, penis, breasts or even buttocks Making signs to children that suggestive of sex

25. SEXUAL ABUSE ……… Sexual abuse affects children both physically and psychologically. Physical harm can be caused, including damage to internal organs, bleeding, exposure to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), several neurological conditions such as improper functioning of the brain, untimely pregnancy in the case of girls, and even death. Psychological repercussions—mental trauma, depression, loss of self-confidence or low self-esteem, anxiety, or self-destruction symptoms that may eventually lead to suicide—are not uncommon.

26. Warning signs of sexual abuse in children Trouble walking or sitting. Displays knowledge or interest in sexual acts inappropriate to his or her age, or even seductive behaviour. Makes strong efforts to avoid a specific person, without an obvious reason. Doesn’t want to change clothes in front of others or participate in physical activities. An STD or pregnancy, especially under the age of 14. Runs away from home.

27. 4. EMOTIONAL/Psychological MALTREATMENT Refers to behaviors that harm a child’s self-worth or emotional well-being. All the maltreatment meant to hurt a child’s feelings. Things like name-calling, shaming, rejection, withholding love, and threatening are all considered emotional maltreatment. OR Emotional abuse is defined as the production of psychological and social deficits in the growth of a child as a result of behaviour such as loud yelling, coarse and rude attitude, inattention, harsh criticism, and denigration of the child's personality.

28. Examples of emotional abuse Barking at the child and not appreciating the child’s efforts. Use of bad words e.g. curse, abusive words, or telling a child he or she is “no good," "worthless," "bad," or "a mistake." Denying a child’s Social privileges. Actions towards a child which make him/her feel under valued, useless etc. Maternal deprivation. Constant belittling, inappropriate or excessive demands, destruction of personal belongings, shaming, and humiliating a child. Calling names and making negative comparisons to others.

29. Cont……. Frequent yelling, threatening, or bullying. Ignoring or rejecting a child as punishment, giving him or her the silent treatment. Limited physical contact with the child—no hugs, kisses, or other signs of affection. Exposing the child to violence or the abuse of others, whether it is the abuse of a parent, a sibling, or even a pet.

30. EMOTIONAL MALTREATMENT CONT’D….. The results can either create two extreme psychological conditions: a child may become too aggressive or become extremely passive. Mental child abuse can happen at home as well as in school. Overprotective parents may tend to abuse in the course of disciplining a child emotionally. Mental abuse is some times unintentional on the part of the abuser but happens due to circumstances. In some cases, however, the abuse is intentional . Understanding the types of abuse is the first step in preventing it. Each of us has the power to  be the change  to stop child abuse.

31. CAUSES, INCIDENCE AND FACTORS Physical abuse tends to occur at moments of great stress. Many people who commit physical abuse were abused themselves as children. As a result, they often do not realize that abuse is not appropriate discipline. Often people who commit physical abuse also have poor impulse control. The rate of child abuse is fairly high. The most common form is neglect. The major risk factors for child abuse include:

32. CAUSES, INCIDENCE AND FACTORS….. Alcoholism Domestic violence Drug abuse Extended or step parents/ relatives. Being a single parent Lack of education poverty

33. People who abuse children Parents Relatives Maids Teachers siblings Community Media or internet

34. SYMPTOMS Black eyes Broken bones that are unusual and unexplained Bruise marks shaped like hands, fingers, or objects (such as a belt) Bruises in areas where normal childhood activities would not usually result in bruising Bulging fontanel or separated sutures in an infant’s skull Burns or scalding marks, usually seen on the child’s hands, arms, or buttocks

35. symptoms Choke marks around the neck Ciggarette burns on exposed areas or on genitals Circular marks around the wrists or ankles ( signs of twisting or tying up) Human bite marks Lash marks Unexplained unconsciousness in an infant

36. Effects of Child Abuse Many street children Early & unwanted pregnancies Mental illness like depression Death Suicide Increased spread of HIV/AIDS Malnutrition due to poor feeding Early marriage Drug abuse Increased government expenditure Increased crime rates i.e. theft Failure to thrive School refusal Poor performance Trauma i.e. minor (bruises or cuts) or severe (broken bones, haemorrhage, or even death).

37. Tests done to detect some physical injuries: The following tests can reveal physical injuries: Physical examination from head to toe, assess for signs of malnutrition. Bone x-ray. All of the child's bones, including the skull, are x-rayed to look for unseen fractures or old, healing fractures. MRI or CT scan of the head or abdomen are done if there is a skull fracture; bleeding in the eye; unexplained vomiting; severe bruising of the face, skull, or abdomen; unexplained nervous system (neurological) symptoms; headaches; or loss of consciousness.

38. Treatment Physical injuries are treated as appropriate. The parents will need counseling and counseling of abused children. In some cases, the child may be temporarily or permanently removed from the home to prevent further danger. Life-threatening abuse, or abuse resulting in permanent damage to the infant or child may result in legal action.

39. Other forms of therapy Group therapy, Play therapy, and Art therapy. Each of these types of treatment can be used to better assist the client/children, depending on the form of abuse they have experienced. Play therapy and art therapy are ways to get children more comfortable with therapy by working on something that they enjoy (colouring, drawing, painting, etc.). The design of a child's artwork can be a symbolic representation of what they are feeling, relationships with friends or family, and more. Being able to discuss and analyze a child's artwork can allow a professional to get a better insight of the child.

40. expectations The authorities will determine whether the abuser gets psychiatric help, such as parenting training and impulse/anger management training. Child protection agencies generally make every effort to reunite families when possible. Calling of the health care provider; Whenever there is suspect of any form of child abuse, call health care provider, Child Protective Services, or local council or police if you suspect or know that someone is being abused.

41. complications Because adults are so much stronger and bigger than children, an abused child can be severely injured or killed by accident. Physical abuse of a child can lead to severe brain damage, disfigurement, blindness, crippling, and death. Abused individuals may carry emotional scars for a lifetime and develop mal-adoptive behaviour. Children can be permanently removed from the parents' custody if the parents are abusive enough. However, this experience can also cause the child psychological problems. The child may feel rejected, or the placement may not lead to a strong, long-term attachment to the new caregivers.

42. prevention Recognize the warning signs of abuse. The caregiver may: Strengthen the rules & laws governing children. Resolving domestic violence between couples. Sensitizing parents about children’s rights or care or upbringing Initiation of income generating activities Sensitizing people about family planning Early detection of children at risk and empowering community leaders about children’s rights Detention of suspects & rescue of the children Avoid transfer of abuse to the children i.e. an abused parent Strengthen rules & policies governing drug & substance abuse The public should help the mentally ill access treatment. If you think a child is in immediate danger because of abuse or neglect, you should call 911. It’s important to report immediately to the appropriate authority whenever you suspect any form of child abuse. Most Countries have a child abuse hotline. You may also use the Child help National Child Abuse Hotline (1-800-4-A-CHILD).

43. Sensitization on child neglect

44. INTERNATIONAL: There are a number of policies and legislative framework against elimination child labour. Article 11 of Geneva Convention, Session of the 14 th conference, ‘only adult able bodies males who are of an apparent age of not less than 18 may be called upon. WAYS OF ERADICATING CHILD ABUSE IN UGANDA

45. 2). National legislation - uganda At the national levels, the national Constitution 1995 Article 34(4) And shall not be employed in or required to perform work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with their education or to be harmful to health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.’ The local Government Act (1997). This law provides for local councils and secretaries responsible for children affairs. Universal primary education (UPE) to increase number of children in school (especially a girl child) hence eradicating child labour. Through the Poverty Eradication Action Plan, Government aims to eradicate poverty among the rural population.

46. 3) Sensitization of families, communities and public about children’s rights and abusive issues EXAMPLES: The parents/Guardians should be taught about children’s normal growth and development e.g. children should have proper nutrition, parental love and proper education. The parents should be taught to use discipline without resorting to physical force. In other words, discipline must be consistent. Offer suggestions for alternative ways of handling un desirable behaviour. Re-enforcement for appropriate mothering behaviours she does exhibit.

47. 4) The community should be a ware of the child who has potential for being abused. - Chronically ill children. - Retarded children - Hyperactive child These children should be given protection by the families, communities and the public. Organizations and provisions for observance of children’s rights e.g. FIDA, UNICEF, and Child Advocacy organization  If the abuse is in the family, use other clan members, LCs, Family protection Units of the Social workers police, child care facilities and involve the legal system i.e. Police, FIDA, National Council for Children if the abuse is in the community.

48. Ways of eradicating child abuse in Uganda cont’d……………. 5) All children abused should be referred to hospitals for thorough check up and treatment of physical and psychological trauma and for legal defence. 6) Involve Educational Institutions to sensitize children on children’s Rights and abuse. 7) The Government should improve on the media so that programmes are tailor made. (To suit the children’s).

49. Important:

50. Stop Child abuse

51. Important: