Child Psychology - Sigmund freud theory

Theory of Sigmund Freud

1. Presented by:Ishani Sharma CHILD PSYCHOLOGY

2. CONTENT Introduction Theories of child psychology S. FREUD THEORY References 2

3. I ntroduction What is Psychology ? Science dealing with human nature, function and phenomenon of his soul in the main 3

4. What is Child Psychology ?? Defined as the science that deals with the mental power or an interaction between the conscious and subconscious elements in a child. (Kenneth Clark and George Miller, 1970) 4

5. Importance of Child Psychology: To better understand the child To know the problem of psychological origin To deliver dental sciences in a meaningful and effective manner To establish effective communication with the child To gain confidence of child and parents To teach child and parent importance of primary and preventive care To have a better Rx planning and interaction To produce a comfortable environment for dental team to work on the patient 5

6. THEORIES OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY A] Psychodynamic theories 1.Psychosexual/Psychoanalytic theory – Sigmund Freud (1905) 2.Cognitive theory – Jean Piaget (1952) 3.Psychosocial theory – Erik Erickson (1963) 6

7. B] Theories of learning and behavior development Classical conditioning – Pavlov (1927) Operant conditioning – Skinner (1938) Hierarchy of needs – Maslow (1954) Social learning theory – Bandura (1963 ) C] Margaret Mahler’s theory of development (1933) 7

8. Sigmund Freud Was born on 6 May 1856, an Austrian  neurologist  and the founder of  psychoanalysis . Freud was born to  Galician  Jewish parents in the  Moravian  town of  Freiberg , in the  Austrian Empire . Freud began his study of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1873. 8

9. Books written by Freud 1891  On Aphasia 1895  Studies on Hysteria  (co-authored with  Josef Breuer ) 1900  The Interpretation of Dreams 1901  On Dreams  (abridged version of  The Interpretation of Dreams ) 1904  The Psychopathology of Everyday Life 1905  Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious 1905  Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality 1907  Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva 1910  Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis 1910  Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood 1913  Totem and Taboo: Resemblances between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics 1915–17  Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis 9

10. 1915–17  Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis 1920  Beyond the Pleasure Principle 1921  Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego 1923  The Ego and the Id 1926  Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety 1926  The Question of Lay Analysis 1927  The Future of an Illusion 1930  Civilization and Its Discontents 1933  New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis 1939  Moses and Monotheism 1949  An Outline of Psycho-Analysis 10

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12. 12 Psychoanalytic theory… Psychosexual development Freuds theory comprises of 3 components

13. A- T opographic model There are 3 levels of consciousness: Conscious - a part of personality which is aware of thoughts and feelings for basic activities Preconscious - a part of personality of which the individual is not aware of at the moment however able to recollect into awareness without great difficulty. Subconscious/unconscious - part of personality of which individual is unaware, which generally cannot bring into awareness without help of assistant 13 Psychoanalytic theory…

14. B- Instinct / drive theory 14

15. C. Psychic model/Psychic triad 15 Psychoanalytic theory…

16. 1) ID Basic structure of personality. Inherited reservoir of unorganized drives. Based on pleasure principle - when tension is raised(either by internal or ext situations) it produces excitation, releases tension and returns organism to comfortably constant and low energy level. 16 Psychoanalytic theory…

17. Features of id Present at birth Impulse ridden (instinctual) Strive for immediate pleasure and gratification Selfish and cannot withstand pain If retained – aggressive personality 17

18. 2 ) EGO Mediator between ID and Super ego Defined as ‘the integrating or mediating part of personality, which develops out of interaction of Id and environment. It has perception of internal and external world’. It modifies the ID and form the executive part of the personality- ‘executive function’. Ego delays satisfying Id motives and channels behavior into more socially acceptable outlets. 18 Psychoanalytic theory…

19. Based on reality principle - prevents the discharge of tension until the object of satisfaction is achieved. The reality principle suspends pleasure principle temporarily although pleasure principle is served when needed object is found and tension is relieved. 19

20. Functions of Ego A. Relationship with reality Maintenance of sense of reality Adaptive Reality testing B. Regulation and control of drives c. Relationship with other people d. Cognitive e. Defensive f. Synthetic – the ability to hold together as a person g. Autonomous – derived from autonomous energies of ego 20

21. Functions of ego: Defense mechanism – prevents the instinctual impulses from the ID and reduces the level of anxiety. As a positive function in that the individual is able to avoid crisis. As a negative function in that they cause self deception and prevent the individuals from accepting the realities of life. 21 Psychoanalytic theory…

22. E GO DEFENCE MECHANISMS PROJECTION: Individual projects, personal feelings of inadequacy onto someone in order to feel more comfortable. DENIAL: Inability to accept the psychological impact of a potentially stressful event . DISPLACEMENT: The transfer of hostile and aggressive feelings from a original source to another, usually a less important one. 22 Psychoanalytic theory…

23. IDENTIFICATION: assumption of qualities of some one else to vent frustration or create fantasy (imitation) REACTION FORMATION: Transfer of hostile or more aggressive impulses into their opposite or more socially desirable form. RATIONALISATION: A strategy developed to excuse or minimize the psychological consequences of an event. REPRESSION: The process of unconscious forgetting which allows the suppression, painful experiences into subconscious mind . 23

24. 3) SUPEREGO Acts as a censor for acceptability of thoughts, feelings and behavior It is determined by the restrictions imposed by the parents, society and culture, i.e . morals and ethics It is developed by initial reward and punishment. Proper parenting is important. 24

25. 25 Psychoanalytic theory…

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28. Freud’s stages of development 28

29. Stage 1: Ora l stage (0-1 year ) Perioral region is the area of pleasure and gratification – erogenous zone Adequate and regular feeding is very important Dependent stage Satisfaction of this stage helps in the development of trust and in later years it result in successful achievements of needs If child’s needs are not met properly at this stage: excessive optimism, pessimism, demandingness, envy, jealousy 29

30. Dental implications- Oral stimulation is also produced by engaging in activities such as sucking, biting, swallowing and manipulating various parts of mouth. This satisfaction of oral desires help in development of trust. 30

31. The infant who is neglected or over- protected in course of being nursed might become an orally- fixated man or women. Fixation at oral stage might have 2 effects;- Neglected child- psychologically dependent adult, becoming manipulative person in fulfilling his or her needs. Over-protected child- resist maturation and return to dependence upon others in fulfilling his/her needs. 31

32. Stage 2: Anal stage (18 months-3 year) Anal region (bowel movements) - the zone of pleasure Ego centric or self centered behavior Maturation of his neuromuscular control – toilet training Child become more independent and develops personal autonomy . 32

33. Over emphasis of toilet training causes compulsive, obstinate, and perfectionist behavior in later life. The first part of anal stage involves pleasure from expulsion of feces, the latter part involves pleasure from retention. The child may defecate often to achieve this pleasure. Child learns that there are certain times when it is appropriate to expel waste and sometimes not. 33

34. Dental implications The child generally comes to understand his mother’s wishes and abides by them. The child realizes the increasing voluntary control which provides him with this sense of independence and autonomy. Child develops control over bowel movements and learns about toilet training. 34

35. Fixation- 1. Expulsion of feces- adult characteristics of messiness and disorganization. 2. Pleasure from retention –excessive compulsiveness, over conformity and exaggerated self- control. 35

36. Stage 3: Phallic stage (3-7 year) Child becomes increasingly aware of his or her genitals, he can differentiate the sexes . Characteristics:- Oedipus complex : boys become attached to his mother . Resolution of this crisis for boys is to identify with his father and use him as a role model. 36

37. Ahmed S. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory Oedipus complex: A critical study with reference to D. H. Lawrence’s “Sons and Lovers” The reasons are in many ways:- S ome come from the parents; some come from his and brothers, some even from the society, the mechanical civilization, which leads the family tragedy and distortion of personality and devastates people’s healthy development on spirits. Thus , it can be asserted that it is not usual or natural for the people living in a healthy family and environment to have such anomalous and complex emotional problems. 37 Internal journal of English and literature Vol. 3(3), pp. 60-70, March 2012

38. Electra complex : DEVELOP “PENIS ENVY”. Opposite of Oedipus complex. Girls get attached to father and consider mother as rival. 38 Psychoanalytic theory…

39. Stage 4: Latency stage (7-11 year) Period of consolidation Latent means inactive and Freud believed that sexual impulses are suppressed in the services of learning. More importance is on peer development and character formation Greater degree of control over instinctual impulses. Lack of resolution of this stage can lead to immature behavior and decreased development of skills. 39 Psychoanalytic theory…

40. Stage 5: Genital stage (11-18 year) Spurt in sexual activity Hormonal and physiological changes increase the interest in sexual matters;- Memories and sensations from earlier childhood periods. Physical manipulation of genitals and other erogenous zones Hormonal secretions 40

41. Child makes contact and forms relations with members of opposite sex, superego becomes more flexible. Dental implications- Sense of identity develops Personality matures Helps to separate from dependence of parents Their acceptance of adult role, functions with social expectations and cultural values 41

42. Most important stage that shapes the future of a child are oral and phallic stages A successful resolution of oral stages give the foundation of close trusting relationship while unresolved phallic stage leads to confusion over sexual role and behavior 42 Psychoanalytic theory…

43. Shortcomings of Freud’s theory Too much emphasis has been laid on the role of sexuality in psychological development. 2. Role of society in development of behavior has been totally neglected. 43

44. Concept of fixation Fixation is a failure of development in which the individual seek a particular kind of gratification even after he or she has passed through the stage in which that kind of pleasure is normally sought. If the need for pleasure at any stage is either under-gratifies or over-gratified , an individual may become fixated in that stage of development. 44

45. Comparison with other theories 45

46. Comparison with other theories Sigmund freud Says development affects a person's future Focuses on erogenous zones and their developments Sexual libido has a lot to do with development Says aggression is influenced by Id, Ego, and Superego Parents are important influences in development Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development (1952) Focused on cognitive factors Focuses on the idea that there is mental development Focuses on moral judgments 46 Compare And Contrast Of Piaget's Developmental Theory With Sigmund Freud Researchomatic .Retrieved 7 , 2012, from http://www.researchomatic.com/Compare-And-Contrast-Of-Piagets-Developmental-Theory-With-Sigmund-Freud-139473.html

47. Eric Erickson (1963)- PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY Eric Erickson (1963) Society responds to child’s basic needs or developmental tasks in a specific period of life Individual passes through 8 developmental stages Each stage is characterized by different psychological crisis 48

48. Eric Erickson (1963 )- PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 49

49. 50 THANK YOU

50. References Introduction to psychology by C .Morgan and King 7 th ed.2009 Contemporary orthodontics by William Profitt 5 th Edi. 2008 Pinkham .Pediatric Dentistry; 4 th ed 2005.Elsevier 51