Chinese revolution 20th c- pareja 2012

1. The Chinese The Chinese
RevolutionRevolution
By: Janet Pareja, Signature SchoolBy: Janet Pareja, Signature School
Evansville, INEvansville, IN

2. May 4May 4
thth
Movement Movement
•1919- 3,000 students
from Beijing’s
universities protested
•First true First true
nationalist nationalist
movement in Chinamovement in China
•Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

3. Sun Yat senSun Yat sen•LeaderLeader - -
Nationalist Party:Nationalist Party:
((KMTKMT- - KuomintangKuomintang))
•Started to unite a Started to unite a
China beset with China beset with
warlordswarlords
•Allies: Soviets, Allies: Soviets,
Chinese Communist Chinese Communist
PartyParty

4. CHIANG KAI-SHEKCHIANG KAI-SHEK
•New leader of KMT at
death of Sun Yatsen.
•““Northern Expedition” Northern Expedition”
militarily UNIFIEDUNIFIED
China under
Nationalists

5. Civil WarCivil War
•Chiang ordered massacre Chiang ordered massacre
of Communist Partyof Communist Party
members at Shanghai.
•German advisors helped
“eliminate the cancer of
Communism”
•Some escaped …including
Mao Zedong.

6. The Long March 1934-1935The Long March 1934-1935
•Communist nationalistsCommunist nationalists
forced to fleeflee to
countryside:
•Traveled 6,000 miles
•Took 370 days
•Through 11 provinces Through 11 provinces
•Through 18 mountain ranges
•100,000 set out
•4-8,000 survived

7. Where were they going?Where were they going?
•Just running! Along the way
they were unwelcome by local
warlords…
•““Long March” became Long March” became
a badge of honor in a badge of honor in
the CCP.the CCP.
•Deng Xiaoping was a Long
Marcher – one of the last living

8. •Undisputed
leader of the
CCP during the
Long March

9. Meanwhile, Japanese Meanwhile, Japanese
Occupied Manchuria… Occupied Manchuria…
•Chiang’s
generals forced
him to ally with
the Communists
to fight the
Japanese.

10. 1937 – 1945 Sino-Japanese War & 1937 – 1945 Sino-Japanese War &
World War II World War II
•Japanese occupied major coastal cities
•20 million Chinese died in the war

11. Non-Traditional WarfareNon-Traditional Warfare

12. Post World War II: West Post World War II: West
Supported NationalistsSupported Nationalists
•Civil War resumed
•Japanese insisted on
surrender only to
Nationalists, per orders
from US
•Nationalists
disorganized & corrupt,
in debt…
•Printed more money to
pay war debt 
hyperinflation

13. Nationalists Fled to TaiwanNationalists Fled to Taiwan
After 3 more years of civil war, Mao
proclaimed the creation of the
People’s People’s

Republic of Republic of
ChinaChina

14. Economic CHANGE in ChinaEconomic CHANGE in China
•All businesses were All businesses were
nationalized!nationalized!
•Land & homes were taken Land & homes were taken
from Gentry, redistributed from Gentry, redistributed
to peasants!to peasants!
•Peasants’ land was Peasants’ land was
collectivized, and they collectivized, and they
worked on state owned worked on state owned
cooperative farms. cooperative farms.

15. Mao’s POLITICAL ChangesMao’s POLITICAL Changes
One-party totalitarian state: One-party totalitarian state:
Chinese Communist PartyChinese Communist Party

• Sacrifices for “the State”Sacrifices for “the State”
•Government attacked crime & Government attacked crime &
corruptioncorruption

16. Mao’s SOCIAL ChangesMao’s SOCIAL Changes
•Peasants encouraged to “speak bitterness” “speak bitterness”
against landlords (10,000 landlords killed as
result)
•Maoism/Communism replaced Confucianism.Maoism/Communism replaced Confucianism.
•Political education Political education in new schools.
•Health careHealth care workers sent to remote areas.
•WomenWomen won equality (but little opportunity in
government, and were paid less than men)
•The extended family replaced by Communist The extended family replaced by Communist
comrades & party leaders.comrades & party leaders.

17. The Great Leap ForwardThe Great Leap Forward 1958-1960 1958-1960
•Mao’s plan toto increase agricultural increase agricultural
& industrial production:& industrial production:
•All life to be All life to be collectivizedcollectivized
•Family houses torn down,
replaced with community
domiciles & farms
•Backyard steel furnaces set up, using
scrap metal to make iron & steel

18. The Great Leap Forward: The Great Leap Forward:
FAILURE!FAILURE!
•Initial production statistics were inflated to
show progress
•Backyard furnaces did not turn out iron of
acceptable quality
•Bad weather of 1950’s – 60’s contributed to
low farm production
•16 million Chinese starved16 million Chinese starved

19. Korean War - 1950Korean War - 1950
•China allied with North KoreaChina allied with North Korea
•By 1953 - War over but North and South By 1953 - War over but North and South
remain enemiesremain enemies

20. Break with USSR - 1962Break with USSR - 1962
•Marxism, Leninism, Marxism, Leninism,
Stalinism, Maoism… Stalinism, Maoism…
•Considered the USSR too
revisionist – too much capitalism
•USSR consider CCP too revisionist
– too agricultural
•Both “Exported Both “Exported
Communism.”Communism.”

21. Cultural Revolution – 1960’sCultural Revolution – 1960’s
•Mao called upon studentsstudents to rebel against to rebel against
authority to form units of the Red Guardauthority to form units of the Red Guard.
•Chaos in cities & rural areas
•Destruction of Temples
•Schools & offices closed
•Transportation disrupted

22. According to Mao:According to Mao:
“Although the bourgeoisie has been overthrown, it is still trying to
use the old ideas, culture, customs, and habits of the exploiting
classes to corrupt the masses, capture their minds, and endeavor to
stage a comeback.
The proletariat must do just the opposite: It must meet head-on every
challenge of the bourgeoisie in the ideological field and use the new
ideas, culture, customs, and habits of the proletariat to change the
mental outlook of the whole of society.
At present, our objective is to struggle against and crush those
persons in authority who are taking the capitalist road, to criticize
and repudiate the reactionary bourgeois academic "authorities" and
the ideology of the bourgeoisie and all other exploiting classes and to
transform education, literature and art, and all other parts of the
superstructure that do not correspond to the socialist economic base,
so as to facilitate the consolidation and development of the socialist
system.”

23. Cultural Revolution- 1960’sCultural Revolution- 1960’s
““Relationship between Teacher & student is as important as between
family members”
•Cultural revolutionaries
•assembled in large groups,
•held "great debates," and
•wrote educational plays.
•Western art, music, Western art, music,
philosophy, literature was philosophy, literature was
banned; artists were banned; artists were
“reformed.”“reformed.”
•Those who could not
reform were exiled,
purged, rehabilitated,
disappeared…

24. Mao Purges the PartyMao Purges the Party
•Cult of Personality Cult of Personality –
•Mao compares himself to the first emperor of China
•Party officials not considered loyal sent to work
in labor camps in countryside.
•Gang of FourGang of Four
•Mao’s loyal followers vs. other factions in the Party

25. U.S. “Opening” with ChinaU.S. “Opening” with China
•February 21, 1972, at 10:30
P.M., EST, Richard M. Richard M.
NixonNixon stepped down from
Air Force One alone, and
offered his hand to Premier
Chou En-lai, to
consummate one of the
most historic handshakes
in diplomatic history.

26. Later that day, Nixon met the Later that day, Nixon met the
aging Chairman, Mao Tse-tungaging Chairman, Mao Tse-tung

27. Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

29. Change in Chinese LeadershipChange in Chinese Leadership

30. New Leader: Deng XiaopingNew Leader: Deng Xiaoping
•Launched economic
reforms
•Agricultural first
•““It does not matter if the cat It does not matter if the cat
is black or white; what is black or white; what
matters is how well it matters is how well it
catches mice.”catches mice.”
•Direct contrast to ideology of
Mao, whose favorite saying
was “Better Red than expert.”

31. Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square
•Economic reforms 
Question of political reform
•Tiananmen Square,
May, 1989May, 1989
•Leaders of the Party saw
student protest as an attack on
their power
•Officially, only 200
demonstrators died

32. After Deng….After Deng….
•1997
•Jiang ZeminJiang Zemin
•economic growth at all economic growth at all
costscosts
•widening gap between widening gap between
rich and poor in China,rich and poor in China,
•social costssocial costs absorbed by absorbed by
those left behind by those left behind by
economic reform. economic reform.

33. New Leadership:New Leadership:
Hu JintaoHu Jintao
•Addressing the imbalances:
•Development v. environment,
•Rich v. poor
•Health issues
•Spring 2006 – Spent several days with
Microsoft’s Bill Gates & with Boeing
Airlines’ executives on the West Coast
of the U.S.
•Traveled to several college campuses
over a week’s time.
•Spent an afternoon with US president,
George Bush, before returning to
China.

34. Chinese – US Relations TodayChinese – US Relations Today
•Help with North
Korea!
•Permanent Seat
on Security
Council of UN
•Imbalance of
Trade w US ( our
major creditor!)

35. The Role of Women in Russian & The Role of Women in Russian &
Chinese RevolutionsChinese Revolutions
Russia
•Served in Red Army
•65% of factory workers
•Government ordered
equal pay (though not
enforced
•Maternity leave with full
pay
•Women entered
professions
China
•New marriage law forbade
arranged marriage (met w/
resistance
•Worked alongside men in
factories
•State-run nurseries to care
for children
•Party leadership male
•Efforts to end foot binding

36. What will the future bring between What will the future bring between
the US and China?the US and China?
Hint: If you plan to go into business
or government, you should study
Chinese language and culture…