CHN I Topic 2.ppttttttttttttttttttttttttt

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1. THEORIES AND MODELS OF
COMMUNITY HEALTH
NURSING
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2. Introduction
•All professional disciplines are based on a unique
body of knowledge that is expressed through
conceptual models and theories that guide
practice.
•The hallmark of professional nursing is theory –
based nursing.
• Community-oriented nursing practice blends
nursing and public health theory into a population-
focused practice to promote and preserve the
health of the community.
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3. Definition
•“Theory is a set of interrelated concepts or hypothesis that seeks
to explain or predict phenomena.”
•“Model is a description or analogy used as a pattern to enhance
our understanding of something that is known.”
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4. Essential Characteristics of Nursing
Service to Populations
•Community oriented, population focused
–Community orientation is a process that is
actively shaped by the unique experiences,
knowledge, concerns, values, beliefs, and
culture of a given community
–Population focus implies that a nurse uses
population-based skills such as epidemiology,
research in community assessment, and
community organizing as the basis for
interventions
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5. Theories and models of Community
Nursing Process
•Nightingale’s Theory of Environment
•Orem’s Self Care Model
•Neuman’s Health Care System’s Model
•Roger’s Model Of The Science Of Unitary Man
•Parser’s Human Becoming Theory
•Pender’s Health Promotion Model
•Roy’s Adaptation Model
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6. Theories and models of Community
Nursing Process
•Milio’s Framework For Prevention
•Salmon White’s Construct For Public Health
Nursing
•Minnesota Wheel The Public Health Interventions
Model
•Omaha System Model
•Block and Josten’s Ethical Theory Of Population
Focused Nursing
•Canadian Model For Community
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7. Nightingale’s Theory of Environment
•Focused on preventive care for populations
•Nightingale used observations to validate her
hypothesis
–Poor environmental conditions are bad for
health
–Good environmental conditions reduce
disease
•Others have added social services and health
care in addition to environment
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8. Orem’s Self-Care Model
•Communities can be considered to have a
collective set of self-care actions and
requirements that affect the well-being of the total
group
•Self-care deficit: demand exceeds client abilities
related to
–Universal requirements
–Developmental requirements
–Health deviation requirements
•Nursing care supports client
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9. Neuman’s Health Care
Systems Model
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10. Rogers’ Model of the Science
of Unitary Man
•Based on systems theory
•Whole is greater than the sum of the parts
•Three principles:
–Life proceeds in one direction along a rhythmic
spiral
–Energy fields follow a certain wave pattern and
organization
–Human and environmental energy fields
interact simultaneously and mutually, leading
to completeness and unity
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11. PENDER’S MODEL
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12. Parse’s Human Becoming
Theory
•Originally “Man-living-health” theory
•Three themes:
–Meaning
–Rythmicity
–Transcendence
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13. PARSE’S MODEL
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14. Pender’s Health Promotion Model
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15. Roy’s Adaptation Model
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16. Milio’s Framework for Prevention
•Premise: Behavioral patterns of populations are a result of
habitual patterns and limited choices
•Challenged “lack of knowledge” concept
•Proposed that government and institutional choices set the range
of options for aggregate and individual choices
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17. Salmon White’s Construct for
Public Health Nursing
•Categories of nursing interventions
–Education directed toward voluntary change in
the attitudes and behavior of the subjects
–Engineering directed at managing risk-related
variables
–Enforcement directed at mandatory regulation
to achieve better health
•Interventions target determinants in four
categories:
–human/biologic, environmental,
medical/technologic/organizational, and social
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18. Minnesota Wheel – the Public
Health Interventions Model
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19. Omaha System Model
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20. Block and Josten’s
Ethical Theory Of
Population Focused Nursing
•Three essential elements of population
•focused nursing
•An obligation to population
•The primacy of prevention
•Centrality of relationship - based care.
• The first two are from public health and the
• third element from nursing.
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21. Application of Eight Tenets
(ideology) of PHN to CHN
1.Use a comprehensive and systematic process
2.Work in partnership with the people
3.Focus on primary prevention
4.Promote a healthful environment
5.Target all who might benefit
6.Give priority to community needs
7.Promote optimum allocation of resources
8.Collaborate with others in the community
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22. Social Issues Influencing CHN
Care
•Communication technology
•Genetic engineering
•Global economy
•Migration
•Terrorism and bioterrorism
•Climate changes
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23. Community health in Rwanda
•CH in Rwanda embraces the concept of primary
health care (PHC)
•PHC means:
•essential health care based on practical,
scientifically sound and socially acceptable
methods and technology made universally
accessible to individuals and families in the
community through their participation and at a
cost that the community and country can afford to
maintain at every stage of their development in
the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination
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24. Group Assignment
Group 1: Discuss the commonly used health promotion
models.
Group 2: Discuss social issues that influence CHN Care in
Rwanda, explaining how they affect the community’s well-
being.
Group 3: Discuss different approaches used in community
health nursing.
Group 4: Discuss the concepts and principles of the
primary healthcare
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