Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.pptx

It is about copd.

1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease copd Lakshmanraj Chandhini Sanka Ekshitha Syed Thofikshah Nikhare Shubham keshav

2. Contents DEFINATION CLASSIFICATION DIAGONSIS TREATMENT SUMMARY

3. COPD A progressive lung disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways and obstructed airflow from the lungs. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to a group of diseases that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Over time, COPD makes it harder to breathe. You can’t reverse lung damage. COPD has two major clinicopathologic manifestations Emphysema Chronic bronchitis 20XX presentation title 3

4. 20XX presentation title 4 Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. It's characterized by daily cough and mucus (sputum) production. Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. It's characterized by daily cough and mucus (sputum) production. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

5. emphysema Emphysema is a condition in which the alveoli at the end of the smallest air passages (bronchioles) of the lungs are destroyed as a result of damaging exposure to cigarette smoke and other irritating gases and particulate matter. When you exhale, the damaged alveoli don't work properly and old air becomes trapped, leaving no room for fresh, oxygen-rich air to enter. Most people with emphysema also have chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the tubes that carry air to your lungs (bronchial tubes), which leads to a persistent cough. 20XX presentation title 5

6. 20XX presentation title 6

7. 20XX presentation title 7 Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are two conditions that make up chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Treatment may slow the progression of COPD, but it can't reverse the damage.

8. 20XX presentation title 8 CAUSES Smoking tobacco causes up to 90% of COPD cases. Other causes include: Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, a genetic disorder. Secondhand smoke. Air pollution. Workplace dust and fumes. Smoking Tobacco smoke irritates airways, triggering inflammation (irritation and swelling) that narrows the airways. Smoke also damages cilia so they can’t do their job of removing mucus and trapped particles from the airways. AAT deficiency AAT ( alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency ) is an uncommon, inherited disorder that can lead to emphysema. Alpha-1 antitrypsin is an enzyme that helps protect the lungs from the damaging effects of inflammation. Having AAT deficiency, body don’t produce enough of alpha-1 antitrypsin. The lungs are more likely to become damaged from exposure to irritating substances like smoke and dust. It’s not possible to distinguish COPD related to alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency from common COPD. Therefore, all people with COPD should get screened for AAT deficiency with a blood test.

9. SYMPTOMS 20XX presentation title 9 COPD symptoms often don't appear until significant lung damage has occurred, and they usually worsen over time, particularly if smoking exposure continues. Signs and symptoms of COPD may include: Shortness of breath, especially during physical activities Wheezing Chest tightness A chronic cough that may produce mucus (sputum) that may be clear, white, yellow or greenish Frequent respiratory infections Lack of energy Unintended weight loss (in later stages) Swelling in ankles, feet or legs People with COPD are also likely to experience episodes called exacerbations, during which their symptoms become worse than the usual day-to-day variation and persist for at least several days.

10. 20XX presentation title 10 Syndromes In-toxification syndrome Acute bronchial obstruction syndrome Inflammatory syndrome Pulmonary tissue compaction syndrome Respiratory insufficiency syndrome

11. 20XX presentation title 11 Complications Respiratory complications: Acute exacerbations: Sudden worsening of symptoms like breathlessness, wheezing, and cough, often needing urgent medical attention. Pneumonia: Increased susceptibility to lung infections due to weakened defenses. Pneumothorax: Collapsed lung due to air leak caused by weakened lung tissue. Respiratory failure: Difficulty breathing requiring oxygen therapy or ventilator support in severe cases. Cardiovascular complications: Cor pulmonale: Right-sided heart failure caused by increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries due to COPD. Hypertension: High blood pressure, often linked to inflammation and stress associated with COPD. Arrythmias: Irregular heartbeats due to changes in oxygen and electrolyte levels.

12. 20XX presentation title 12 Other complications: Osteoporosis: Thinning of bones due to reduced physical activity and inflammation. Muscle weakness and fatigue: Reduced exercise capacity and energy levels impacting daily life. Depression and anxiety: Common psychological effects of coping with chronic illness and breathlessness. Weight loss: Muscle wasting and decreased appetite due to increased energy expenditure from breathing difficulties. Sleep disturbances: Difficulty breathing while sleeping can lead to poor sleep quality and daytime fatigue.

13. Diagnosis

14. Complete Blood count test A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test. It's used to look at overall health and find a wide range of conditions, including anemia, infection and leukemia. A complete blood count test measures the following: Red blood cells, which carry oxygen White blood cells, which fight infection Hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells Hematocrit, the amount of red blood cells in the blood Platelets, which help blood to clot A complete blood count can show unusual increases or decreases in cell counts. Those changes might point to a medical condition that calls for more testing.

15. 20XX presentation title 15

16. Arterial Blood Gas test 20XX presentation title 16 An arterial blood gas (ABG) test measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood. It also checks the acidity of your blood. This is called your acid-base balance or your pH level. The blood sample is taken from an artery,  the sample from an artery inside your wrist known as the radial artery. which is a blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from your lungs to your body.  in people with COPD, pH and PaO2 levels decrease and PaCO2 levels increase.  COPD can cause acidosis. Respiratory acidosis occurs when the lungs cannot properly remove carbon dioxide. A typical range of values: pH:  7.35–.45 PaO2:  75–100 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) PaCO2:  35–45 mmHg HCO3:  22–26 milliequivalents per liter ( meq /L) Base excess/deficit:  -4 to +2 SaO2:  95–100%

17. The smoking index was determined by multiplying the number of cigarettes smoked per day by the number of years of smoking, and it was categorized into three levels: mild smoking (smoking index ≤200), moderate smoking (200 < smoking index <400), and severe smoking (smoking index ≤400). 20XX presentation title 17 Smoker index Formula : Smoking index = CPD × years of tobacco use .

18. Pulse oximeter A pulse oximeter measures your blood oxygen levels and pulse. A low level of oxygen saturation may occur if you have certain health conditions. Your skin tone may also affect your reading. Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive test that measures the oxygen saturation level of your blood. It can rapidly detect even small changes in oxygen levels. These levels show how efficiently blood is carrying oxygen to the extremities furthest from your heart, including your arms and legs. The pulse oximeter is a small, clip-like device. It attaches to a body part, most commonly to a finger.

19. 20XX presentation title 19 Spirometry is the most common type of pulmonary function or breathing test. This test measures how much air you can breathe in and out of your lungs, as well as how easily and fast you can the blow the air out of your lungs. Your doctor may order spirometry if you have wheezing, shortness of breath, or a cough. This can help diagnose problems like asthma and COPD. Spirometry measures two key factors: E xpiratory forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). We also look at these as a combined number known as the FEV1/FVC ratio. FEV1 helps measure the progression of lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. FEV stands for forced expiratory volume, which is the air you exhale in 1 second. A low FEV1 suggests a breathing obstruction. Spirometry

20. Tracking COPD progression with the spirometer T he spirometer to regularly monitor lung function and help track the progression of the disease. The test is used to help determine COPD staging and, depending on FEV1 and FVC readings, COPD stage 1 FEV1is equal to or greater than the predicted normal values with an FEV1/FVC of less than 70 percent. In this stage, symptoms are most likely to be very mild. COPD stage 2 FEV1 will fall between 50 percent and 79 percent of the predicted normal values with an FEV1/FVC of less than 70 percent. Symptoms, like shortness of breath after activity and cough and sputum production, are more noticeable. This COPD is considered to be moderate. COPD stage 3 FEV1 falls somewhere between 30 percent and 49 percent of the normal predicted values and your FEV1/FVC is less than 70 percent. In this severe stage, shortness of breath, fatigue, and a lower tolerance to physical activity are usually noticeable. Episodes of  COPD exacerbation  are also common in severe COPD. COPD stage 4 This is the most severe stage of COPD. FEV1is less than 30 percent of normal predicted values or less than 50 percent with chronic respiratory failure. At  this stage , quality of life is greatly impacted and exacerbations can be life-threatening.

21. 20XX presentation title 21

22. GOLD CLASSIFICATION

23. 20XX presentation title 23 Definition The GOLD system bases the stage of COPD on several things: Symptoms How many times COPD has gotten worse Any times the patient had to stay in the hospital because COPD has gotten worse Results from spirometry, a test that checks the amount of air and speed that one can exhale GOLD stands for the Global Initiative for  Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.

24. 20XX presentation title 24 GOLD Stages or Grades The original GOLD system used the term "stages" to refer to the different levels of COPD. Now it is called "grades." T his system allows doctors to better match patients with the right treatments. The original stages also relied only on FEV results. But now other things are considered too. G rades are assigned to these four things: How severe your current symptoms are Your spirometry results The chances that your  COPD will get worse The presence of other health problems Stage 1: Mild – FEV-1 ≥ 80%: May have no symptoms. Might be  short of breath  when walking fast on level ground or climbing a slight hill. Stage 2: Moderate – FEV-1 50-79%:   If walking on level ground, M ight have to stop every ­few minutes to catch your breath. Stage 3: Severe – FEV-1 30-49%:   M ay be too short of breath to leave the house. M ight get breathless doing something as simple as dressing and undressing. Stage 4: Very Severe – FEV-1 ≤ 30%:   Might have lung or  heart failure . This can make it hard to catch breath even when resting. M ight hear this called end-stage COPD.

25. 20XX presentation title 25 Group A (GOLD 1 or 2) : symptoms are very mild. FEV-1 is 80% or more. Might have had no flare-ups over the past year, or perhaps just one. Weren’t hospitalized for symptoms. Group B (GOLD 1 or 2) : FEV-1 is between 50% and 80%. H ave more symptoms than people in Group A. This is the stage where most people see doctor for coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath . Might have had one major  flare-up , but haven’t been in the hospital for symptoms within the past year. Group C (GOLD 3 or 4) : Air flow into and out of your lungs is severely limited. FEV-1 is between 30% and 50%. H ad more than two flare-ups in the past year, or you’ve been admitted to the hospital at least once.   Group D (GOLD 3 or 4) : It’s extremely hard to breathe   in or out. Had at least two flare-ups in the past year, or has been hospitalized at least once. This stage is called “end-stage” COPD. That means very little lung function. Any new flare-ups could be life-threatening. GOLD 1:  Mild GOLD 2:  Moderate GOLD 3:  Severe GOLD 4:  Very severe

26. 20XX presentation title 26

27. 20XX presentation title 27

28. 20XX presentation title 28

29. 20XX presentation title 29 Differential diagnosis Asthma: Both COPD and asthma cause wheezing, shortness of breath, and cough. However, asthma typically has reversible airflow obstruction, while COPD has irreversible airflow limitation. In addition, asthma often starts earlier in life and may have triggers like allergens or exercise. Interstitial lung disease (ILD): This group of lung diseases involves scarring or inflammation of the lung tissue, leading to symptoms like cough, shortness of breath, and fatigue. Chest X-ray or CT scan can help differentiate ILD from COPD by showing scarring patterns not typical of COPD. Congestive heart failure (CHF): CHF can also cause breathlessness, cough, and fatigue. Distinguishing it from COPD involves assessing for signs of fluid buildup in the lungs, such as crackles on lung auscultation and chest X-ray findings. Pulmonary embolism (PE): PE occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery in the lung, causing sudden breathlessness, chest pain, and cough. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like CT scan or ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan. Lung cancer: Though less common, lung cancer can also present with respiratory symptoms like COPD. Chest X-ray or CT scan and further investigations like sputum cytology or biopsy may be needed for diagnosis.

30. While there's no cure for COPD, various treatment options can help manage the symptoms, slow the disease progression, and improve quality of life. Here's an overview of the commonly used approaches: 1. Smoking cessation: The single most effective intervention for COPD, halting further lung damage and significantly improving symptoms. Support programs and medications can aid in quitting. 2. Medications: Bronchodilators : These medications relax the airways, making breathing easier. Types include short-acting relievers for immediate symptom relief and long-acting maintenance medications for ongoing symptom control. Corticosteroids: Inhaled corticosteroids reduce inflammation in the airways, particularly helpful for moderate to severe COPD. Antibiotics: Used to treat and prevent respiratory infections, common in COPD patients. 3. Pulmonary rehabilitation: A personalized program of exercise training and education designed to improve lung function, exercise capacity, and daily living activities. 4. Oxygen therapy: For patients with low blood oxygen levels, supplemental oxygen improves breathing and quality of life. Different delivery methods and devices are available depending on individual needs. 5. Surgery: In rare cases, severe COPD may benefit from lung surgery procedures like bullectomy or lung volume reduction surgery to remove damaged lung tissue and improve airflow. Treatment

31. 20XX presentation title 31

32. 20XX presentation title 32

33. Summary 20XX presentation title 33 Chronic lung disease: COPD makes breathing difficult due to blocked airways. Main culprit: Smoking causes most COPD cases, but air pollution and genetics can also play a role. Breathlessness, wheezing, cough: These are common symptoms , along with fatigue. Spirometry test : Measures airflow to diagnose COPD. No cure, but treatments help : Quitting smoking is key, along with medications, rehab, and oxygen therapy if needed. Early diagnosis is crucial : It helps slow disease progression and improve quality of life. Complications to watch for: Infections, lung collapse, and heart problems can occur. Healthy lifestyle matters : Exercise, good diet, and vaccinations can help manage COPD. Live well with COPD : Proper management allows many people to lead active and fulfilling lives. Remember: While there's no cure, COPD is manageable with the right approach. Early diagnosis and a healthy lifestyle are key to living well with this chronic condition.