Chronopharmacology

Basic concepts about chronopharmacology

1. CHRONOPHARMACOLOGY SNJB’S SHRIMAN SURESHDADA JAIN COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Presented By :- Bhore Prayagkumar Pravin F.Y.M.Pharmacy (Pharmacology) Roll No. 01 Guided By :- Dr.  Aman B.  Upaganlawar Associate Professor, Dept. of Pharmacology SSDJ College of Pharmacy, Chandwad . Presented By :- Bhore Prayagkumar Pravin F.Y.M.Pharmacy (Pharmacology) Roll No. 01 Guided By :- Dr.  Aman B.  Upaganlawar Associate Professor, Dept. of Pharmacology SSDJ College of Pharmacy, Chandwad . 1

2. CONTENTS 2 CHRONOBIOLOGY CHRONOPHARMACOLOGY BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM CIRCADIAN RHYTHM CHRONOTHERAPY OF VARIOUS DISEASES

3. CHRONOBIOLOGY Chronos = Time Bio = Life Logy = Study Chronobiology is the study of biological rhythms. It examines the effects of time on biological events and internal biological clocks. 3

4. CHRONOPHARMACOLOGY A science concerned with the variation in the pharmacological actions of various drugs over a period of time of the day. O ptimize drug therapy by selecting the appropriate time of drug administration. Helpful in ach ieving maximum efficacy and minimal adverse effects. 4

5. BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM Biological rhythms are repetitive biological processes. They can range in frequency from microseconds to less than one repetitive event per decade. The variations of the timing and duration of biological activity in living organisms occur for many essential biological processes.  5

6. TYPES OF RHYTHM Ultradian : Cycles shorter than a day. eg. microsecond for a neuron to fire. Circadian : Lasting for about 24 hrs. eg. sleep-wake cycles. Infradian : Cycles longer than 24 hrs. eg. menstrual cycle. 6

7. CIRCADIAN RHYTHM Circa = About Dies = Day / 24 Hrs Changes in physical, mental or expressional activity in a time cycle of 24 hrs. Also called as Biological Clock of Body . 7

8. CONTROLLED BY The circadian biological clock is controlled by a part of the brain called the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) . A group of neurons in the hypothalamus that respond to light and dark signals. 8

9. AFFECTED BY Light Darkness 9

10. MAY AFFECT Sleep Body Temperature Hormones Apetite 10

11. ABNORMALITY RESULT INTO Obesity Diabetes Depression Bipolar Disorder Insomnia Sexual Behaviour 11

12. EFFECTS OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHM MORNING : Peak level of Serum Cholesterol, Aldosterone & Testesterone . MID-DAY : Hematocrit is high. EVENING : Highest level of Uric acid, Cholesterol & Insulin. NIGHT : Melatonin, Prolactin, FSH, LH are higher. 12

13. CHRONOTHERAPY T he administration of medication or treatment in coordination with the body’s circadian rhythms to maximize effectiveness and minimize side effects C hronobiological studies have established circadian rhythm for almost all body functions, e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, plasma concentration of various hormones, gastric pH and renal function. C hronotherapeutics have potential benefits in the management of a number of diseases. 13

14. HYPERTENSION The BP of a hypertensive patient increases rapidly in the morning after awakening, typically peaks in the middle to late time of the day, decreases in the evening, and is lowest while the patient sleeps at night. The risk of heart attack appears to be greatest during the early morning hours after awakening. There are antihypertensive  products in the market that are chronotherapeutic medications with novel drug delivery systems, releasing drug during the vulnerable period of 6 am to noon upon administration of medications at 10 pm. 14

15. MYOCARDIAL INFRACTION Acute myocardial infarction mostly occurs in the early morning. Rise in BP, HR, coagulation cascade and coronary artery tone during early morning. This result into circadian onset of acute coronary syndrome. 15

16. ASTHMA S ymptoms of asthma occur 50 to 100 times more often at night than during the day. Cortisol levels were lowest in the middle of the night and histamine concentrations peaked at a level that resulted to greatest degree of bronchoconstriction at 4:00 am. A research finding also reveals that theophylline absorption is slower at night. 16

17. DIABETES MELLITUS The difference between maximum and minimum plasma insulin concentration has short-term rhythmicity.  Insulin can show its cyclic rhythmicity of 8-30 min which can show the optimal action. The modulators of insulin release can be administered in a circadian pattern and potentiate the action of insulin . 17

18. PEPTIC ULCER G astric acid secretion is highest at night & GI motility and gastric emptying are all slower at night. Suppression of acid secretion at night is an important factor in peptic ulcer healing. O nce daily at bedtime is the recommended dosage regimen for H2 antagonists. 18

19. REFERENCES https://www.pharmatutor.org/articles/chronopharmacology-overview Manpreet Kaur and Rajni Bala , CHRONOTHERAPY: A REVIEW, International Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Vol 10/ Issue 4. Srinivas P, Sandeep G, Pridhvi AR And Soujanya Y: Chronotherapy- Clock Of Curing, International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, Vol 2/ Issue 3 Singh R., Sharma P.K. and Malviya R.: Review on Chronotherapeutics - A New Remedy in the Treatment of Various Diseases, European Journal of Biological Sciences 2 (3): 67-76, 2010

20. Latha K, Uhumwangho , MU Sunil, SA Srikanth, MV Ramana, Murthy KV : Chronobiology and Chronotherapy of Hypertension – A Review, International Journal of Health Research, September 2010; Vol3/ Isuue 3 Jha N, Bapat S: Chronobiology and C hronotherapeutics . Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 2004; Vol 2/ Isuue 8