CHRONOPHARMACOLOGY

Chronopharmacology is the branch of science focusing on biological rhythms and mechanism and application of chronopharmacology in various diseases.

1. PRESENTED BY:- PRAJAKTA ASHOK BHANDARKAR CHRONOPHRMACOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF CHRONOTHERAPY IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES F.Y. M .PHARM R. C. PATEL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACETICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH SHIRPUR Department of Pharmacology

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction (chronopharmacology) Biological rhythm Circadian rhythm Human circadian time structure Biological Clock Advantages Application in cardiovascular disorder References

3. Chrono - Pharmacology INTRODUCTION Chronology : The arrangement of events according to the time of occurrence Rhythm CHRONOBIOLOGY :- The science dealing with the phenomenon of rhythmicity in living organisms

4. Jean- Jaques d’Ortous de Mairan : described circadian rhythms of plants in the 18th century. Dr. Franz Halberg coined the term ‘Circadian’ in 20th century. (circa – about or approximately; dies-day, or about 24 hour). Considered as one of the founders of Modern Chronobiology. HISTORY

5. CHRONOPHARMACOLOGY It is a Science dealing with optimization of drug effects & minimization of adverse effects by timing medications in relation to biological rhythm. It is concerned with the effects of drugs upon the timing of biological events and rhythms

6. CRONO- PHARMACOLOGY CHRONOPHARMACOLOGY SUBDIVIDED INTO

7. Biological rhythm A biological rhythm is a self-sustaining oscillation with the duration of time between successive repetitions ( i.e ; the period) being rather non-varying under normal conditions. same events occurring in the body of a living being over a particular time interval

8. Biological Rhythm Type

9. BIOLOGICAL CLOCK

10. HUMAN CIRCADIAN TIME STRUTURE PEAK TIME OF FUNCTIONS

11. DISEASE RHYTHM CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF DISEASES Peak Time of event/variables

12. BIOLOGICAL CLOCK IN HUMAN

13. ADVANTAGES It Prevents An Overdosing Of Any Class Of Drug. It Makes The Utilization Of The Drug More Appropriate And Thus The Value Of A Drug Is Increased. It Reduces The Unnecessary Side Effects Of A Drug And Helps In Caring Out The Treatment For Only A Particular Or Limited Period Of Time

14. APPLICATIONS OF CHRONOPHARMACOLOGY Cardiovascular Disorders Diabetes Rheumatoid Arthritis Cancer GI Tract Disorders Allergies Asthma Therapy Addison’s disease CNS

15. Applied Chronopharmacology On Cardiovascular Diseases Myocardial infarction Sudden cardiac death Angina pectoris Transient ischemic attacks / Stroke High incidence between 6am and 12 noon

16. BLOOD PRESSURE RHYTHM

17. OBJECTIVE Deliver drug in high conc. During great need ACE inhibitors Nifedipine Amlodipine in night time The first chronotherapeutic therapy for hypertension and angina pectoris

18. Matches drug delivery to the circadian pattern of blood pressure and rhythm of myocardialischemia . Verapamil has been employed When the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors were first introduced, morning dosing was recommended

19. PEAK TIME OF FUNCTIONS

20. PREVENTION This strategy was re-evaluated after the discovery of the circadian rhythm of cholesterol biosynthesis in which higher rates of cholesterol intake and hepatic cholestrogenesis occur during the evening hours, even in the fasting state.

21. Except Atorvastatin all (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors are administered between the evening meals and sleep . Bedtime (but not morning) aspirin dosing best for preventing pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia.

22. Aspirin – maximum antiplatelet effect in the morning. . Atenolol – more effective during day time Enalapril Peak effect in the afternoon after morning dose Early morning after evening dose

23. CONCLUSION The major objective of this is to inform biologists, clinicians, pharmaceutical scientists and other professional about the importance of biological clocks & Chronopharmacology to human health and disease also motivate the investigator to develop new tools for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases Also provide a new ideas to use of older or already well-established active pharmaceutical ingredients for the treatment of various diseases

24. REFERENCES Chronopharmacology and its Aspects, www.pharmainfo.net Prajapati P and patel C. Chronopharmacolgy and chronopharmaceutical of cardiovascular disease. Res. J pharma. Bio. Chem. Sci. 2011;2:(2): 740-48 Singh R, Sharma PK, Malviya R. Review on Chronopharmaceutices – a new remedy in the treatment of various diseases. European j biological. Sci. 2010; 2(3): 67-76 Maurya Krishna, Review on Chronopharmacology : A Therapy for Cardiovascular diseases. Pharma journal Vol.1 No 32012: 6-15

25. “The rhythm of the body the melody of the mind and the harmony of the soul create the symphony of life.’’ - Prajakta A. B . THANK YOU for your valuable time ……