CITRA Final Presentation for plagiarism limit

plagiarism limit

1. Prof. Dr. Mohammad Tariqul Islam
Dept. of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
LMCK1621: Ethical & Professionalism

2. 2
We Know …
Science…
Abodyofestablishedknowledge
Theobservation,identification,investigation,and
theoreticalexplanationofnaturalphenomenon
Theory…
Asetofinter-relatedconstructsandpropositionsthat
specifyrelationsamongvariablestoexplainandpredict
phenomena
Shouldbesimple,consistentwithobserved
relationships,tentativeandverifiable
ScientificMethod…
Involvestheprinciplesandprocessesregardedas
characteristicofornecessaryforscientificinvestigation
Processorapproachtogeneratingvalidandtrustworthy
knowledge

3. 3
What is Research ?
TheOxfordConciseDictionarydefinestheResearchas…
a.Thesystematicinvestigationintoandstudyofmaterials,
sources,etc.inordertoestablishfactsandreachnew
conclusions.
b.Anendeavourtodiscoverneworcollateoldfactsetc.bythe
scientificstudyofasubjectorbyacourseofcritical
investigation.
TheMerriam-WebsterDictionarydefinestheResearchas…
Studiousinquiryorexaminationaimedatthediscoveryand
interpretationoffacts,revisionofacceptedtheoriesorlawsinthe
lightofnewfacts,orpracticalapplicationofsuchneworrevised
theoriesorlaws.

4. 4
Research is NOT …
AccidentalDiscovery
Accidentaldiscoverymayoccurinstructuredresearch
process
Usuallytakestheformofaphenomenonnotpreviously
previouslynoticed
Mayleadtoastructuredresearchprocesstoverifyor
understandtheobservation
DataCollection
Anintermediatesteptogainreliableknowledge
Collectingreliabledataispartoftheresearchprocess
Searchingoutpublishedresearchresultsinlibraries
(ortheinternet)
Thisisanimportantearlystepofresearch
Theresearchprocessalwaysincludessynthesisand
andanalysis
But,justreviewingofliteratureisnotresearch

5. 5
Research is …
Whatwedowhenwehaveaquestionoraproblem
wewanttoresolve
Wemayalreadythinkweknowtheanswertoour
questionalready
Butuntilwehavesubjectedourproblemtorigorous
rigorousscientificscrutiny,our'knowledge'remains
littlemorethanguessworkoratbest,intuition
Searchingforexplanationofevents,phenomena,
relationshipsandcauses
What,howandwhythingsoccur(Astro)
Arethereinteractions?
Asystematicprocess
Plannedandmanaged–tomaketheinformation
generatedcredible
Theprocessiscreative/innovative(spacepen,Muslim
Musliminspace/LED)
Itiscircular–alwaysleadstomorequestions

6. 6
The Process of Research
Step1:Theprocessisinitiatedwithaquestionorproblem
Step2:TheGoalsandobjectivesareformulatedtodealwiththe
questionorproblem
Step3:Theresearchdesignisdevelopedtoachievetheobjectives
Step4:TheResultsaregeneratedbyconductingtheresearch
Step5:Finally,interpretationandanalysisofresults

7. 7
Typical Research Process for Student

8. 8
General Research Process

9. Aresearcharticleisawrittenpaperthat
illustratesanoutcomeofscientificresearch
withsupportingclinicaldata.
Itiswrittenbyandforresearchersforthe
purposeofmakingspecificfindingsknown
tothescientificcommunityatlarge.
Articlesdescribethemethodologyused
bytheauthorwhenconductingtheir
research.
9
What is Research Article?

10. Researchis(hypotheses,objectives,methods,results,analysesof
data,interpretationofdata,preliminaryconclusions)completed.
Writingthemanuscript
Authorsendsarticletojournal/editor
Editorsendsarticletoreferees/reviewers(validationbyrefereeingis
animportanttoolforqualitycontrol)
Ifnotrejected,somecorrectionsmayberequired,butfinallypaperis
acceptedandprinted/publishedinjournal(coupleofmonthsafter
writingofthepaper!)
Titleandabstractareincludedindatabases,readersstartreferringto
it,whichisregisteredincitationdatabase
10
Writing Research Article
Steps in the Process :

11. Research/Scientificarticle
Longpaper(morethan5pagestill30
pages)
Letter(1to3pages)
Shortcommunication(3to5pages)
Reviewarticle
11
Writing Research Article
Types of articles
Contd.

12. Title+authorsnames,affiliations,addresses
Abstract:summaryofthe‘why’,‘how’and‘results’!
Introduction:statusofknowledge(literaturereviewwithreferencesto
keyliterature),hypothesesandobjectives
Methods:detaileddescriptionofmethodsandperformedresearch
Materials:detaileddescriptionofthematerials,datamonitoring,
conductedlaboratoryexperiments,etc.
Results(anddiscussions):descriptionoftheresearchresults
followedbyinterpretationoffindings
Conclusions:summaryofresearch/paper
Acknowledgments
References
12
Writing Research Article
General Content/Structure
Contd.

13. Writingscientific/researcharticle
doesnothavetobeboring
Itislikeastorybook.Yourwriting
shouldattractthereadertoread
ittotheend.
Learningtowriteislearningto
edityourself
Manystudentsdoabraindump,
edititonceandcallitdone,
expectingtheadvisortocleanit
up
13
Writing Research Article
Writing Principles
Contd.

14. Writedownideasinafreeform,creatinga
generaloutlineforthepaper
Whatisthemessageofthepaper?
Whatisthenewresultorcontributionthat
youwanttodescribe?
Whatdoyouwanttoconvincepeopleof?
Conductathoroughliteraturesearchto
identifythoseimportantcontributions
thatarerelatedtoyourwork
14
Writing Research Article
Before starting to write
Contd.

15. “Isanaccountofwhathasbeenpublishedona
topicbyaccreditedscholarsandresearchers”–
DenaTaylor,UniversityofToronto
“Discussespublishedinformationinaparticular
subjectarea,andsometimesinformationina
particularsubjectareawithinacertaintime
period”–fromwebsiteoftheUniversityofNorth
Carolina
“Isabodyoftextthataimstoreviewthecritical
pointsofcurrentknowledgeonaparticulartopic”
–Wikipedia
15
Writing Literature Review
A Literature Review…

16. FormulateProblemorPrimaryResearchQuestion–whichtopicor
fieldisbeingexaminedandwhatareitscomponentissues?
ChooseLiterature–findmaterialsrelevanttothesubjectbeing
exploredanddeterminewhichliteraturemakesasignificant
contributiontotheunderstandingofthetopic.
AnalyzeandInterpret–notethefindingsandconclusionsofpertinent
literature,howeachcontributestoyourfield.
16
Writing Literature Review
Pre-writing Stages of Literature Review…
Contd.

17. Adescriptivelistofpapersorsummariesofresearch
Alistofseeminglyunrelatedsources
Aliterarysurveycontainingauthor’sbiography,listsofworks,
summariesofsources
Organizedaroundthesourceswitheachdescribedingreatdetail
Backgroundinformationorexplanationsofconcepts
Anargumentfortheimportanceofwhatyouareresearchingwithno
contextualizationofkeyissues
*Instead,aLiteratureReviewmustbeorganizedaroundideaswithan
assessmentofpreviousstudies(includingtheirstrengthsand
weaknesses).
17
Writing Literature Review
A Literature Review Should Not be…
Contd.

18. Noavailabilityof‘ideal’structureforintendedliteraturereview,butit
shouldprovidebackgroundinformation,establishimportance,
demonstratefamiliarity,discussexistingresearchcriticallyandfind
outaspacetowardsfurtherresearch.
Organizetheliteraturereviewchronologically,topically,
thematicallyaccordingtoargumentativeperspective,oraccording
totimeperiod.
Makeexplicitconnectionsbetweenreviewedsources.
Discusssource’ssignificantcontributions.
Keepthefocusonyourstudyandnottheliteraturesanduseoriginal
sourcesratherthanotherpeople’sreviewofliterature(s)
Whilewriting,thereferencestopriorstudiesshouldbeinpast
tense;referencestonarrativeortextotherthanstudiesshouldbein
presenttense
18
Writing Literature Review
Structure of the Literature Review…
Contd.

19. Summarizemajorcontributionsofsignificantstudies-maintain
focusestablishedinintroduction.
Evaluatecurrentstateofknowledgeunderreview
flawsinmethodology
inconsistenciesintheories/findings
areasofpertinentfuturestudy
Critiqueliterature(s)thatisrelevanttotheintendedresearch
andavoidbeingoverlydescriptive.
Providesomeinsightintorelationshipbetweentopicofliterature
reviewandlargerareaofstudye.g.discipline,professionetc.
19
Writing Literature Review
Concluding Remarks
Contd.

20. 20
Plagiarism

21. ThetermPlagiarismcomesfromtheLatinword“Plagiārius”which
meansKidnapper,literaryThief.
“Plagiarismisthepracticeoftakingsomeoneelse’sworkorideasand
passingthemoffasone’sown.”—OxfordDictionary
“Theactofusinganotherperson'swordsorideaswithoutgiving
credittothatperson.”—Merriam-WebsterDictionary.
“Theuseofsomeoneelse’spriorideas,processes,results,orwords
withoutexplicitlyacknowledgingtheoriginalauthorandsource.”—
IEEE
21
What is Plagiarism ?

22. Hence,Plagiarismcanbedefinedas…
Pieceofwork(text,ideas,scientificormathematicalconcepts,
illustrations,structures,computercodes,othermediatype)asits
verbatimorpartofthesource(s)andispresentedasone’sacademic
workwithoutdueacknowledgement.
Plagiarizinganyacademicmaterialeitherintentionallyor
unintentionallyisunethicalandunacceptable.
Oftenstudentsdonotunderstandwhatplagiarismisorhowto
properlyusequote,referenceandparaphrasingwhilepreparing
thedocument.
22
What is Plagiarism ?
Contd.

23. Plagiarismis
plagiarism….
irrespective of
Intent, Source,
Quantity and
Copyright
23
What is Plagiarism ?
Contd.

24. 24
What is Plagiarism ?
Contd.

25. 25
Why do people plagiarize?
Everyone does it !
I was too busy to write this
paper ! (Big game, too much
home work, other task)
My parents expect “A”’s !
I’ve got to get into ***
U !
My teachers expect
too much !
It’s ok if I don’t get
caught !
The assignment was
boring !
Contd.

26. Ignorance
Lackofknowledgeontheethicsofscholarlywriting
Poorwritingskills
Ambition,fiercecompetition
Pressurefromseniors
Publishorperishsystem
Faster
Lessinterestinstudy,poortimemanagement
Chancesofgettingcaughtoractionbeingtakenisslim
26
Why do people plagiarize?
Contd.

27. Writeitbyown–usingyourownbrain.Whilecollecting
information,readcoupleoftimesandtakenotesinyourown
wordswithoutlookingattheoriginalsource(s).
Citeit–text,illustrations,ideas/conceptsfromothersourcescan
beusedtosupportyourownarguments/analysesbutcitethem
properlythroughreferencesandtheoriginalcontributorwillbe
creditedthisway.
Quoteit–usetheauthor’sexactwordsin“quotationmark”and
keeptheauthor’snamenearthequoteappearedinthe
document.
Paraphraseit–explaintheoriginalideasofotherpeople’swork
inyourownwordsthroughproperutilizationofsynonym/other
formofwords,rearrangingtheorder/structureofsentenceswith
propercitation.
27
How to Avoid Plagiarism
Good scholarly practice can help to avoid Plagiarism:

28. Cite…
Wordsorconceptsobtainedfrombook,journal,
magazine,proceedings,thesis,newspaper,web
page/onlinedocument,advertisement,computer
program,letteroranyothermedium.
Reuse/reprintofanydiagrams,illustrations,
charts,picturesorothervisualarts.
Quote…
Whenexactwordsoruniquephrase(s)areused
intext.
Wheninformationiscollectedthroughinterview
orconversation(eitherintheformofwriting,face
toface,video/tele-conferencing)
28
How to Avoid Plagiarism
What to Cite/Quote…

29. 29
Detecting and Preventing Plagiarism
Understandthebasicdifferencesbetween“commonknowledge”
and“original”ideas
Checkthecitationsandreferences
Getfeedbackfromreaders/reviewers
Google4-6wordsrandomlyfromseverallocationinthetext
Useplagiarismdetectionsoftwares
Turnitin(www.turnitin.com)–widelypopularandeffectiveinternet
basedpaidsoftware,subscribedbymostoftheuniversities.
Free anti-plagiarism tool like Plagium(www.plagium.com),
Plagtracker(www.plagtracker.com), Plagiarism Checker
(www.plagiarismsoftware.net), Plagiarisma(www.plagiarisma.net),
Plagscan(www.plagscan.com) and so on.

30. 30
Detecting and Preventing Plagiarism
Contd.

31. 31
Detecting and Preventing Plagiarism
Turnitin
UKMhasaccesstoturnitin
Turnitinisa“text-matching”or“plagiarism”detectionsoftware
MaintainedbyTurnitin,LLC.,utilizesseverallargedatabasesfor
comparisonpurposesbyusingownproprietaryalgorithm.
Thesubmittedtextiscomparedwithitsowndatabasesaswellasa
hugeacademicresourcesthroughproperlicensingagreement
Turnitinhasthepotentialtoraisestandardsbyincreasingthelikelihood
ofdiscoveryofplagiarismandpoorcitation.
Turnitinhasnegativeimpact
Turnitindoesnotdistinguishbetweencitedanduncitedmaterial,hencethe
reportsmustbescrutinizedcarefullyinordertobeuseful.
Databasesarenotcomprehensive,especiallyforprintonlymaterials,but
alsoforsomeelectronicscholarlyliterature.
Accusationsofpresumptionofguilt,copyrightviolation,andstudentwork
beingusedtoenhancecompanyprofits
Contd.

32. 32
Detecting and Preventing Plagiarism
Example of Turnitin Report
List of
sources
from
where the
text are
copied
Original
Document
Contd.

33. 33
Detecting and Preventing Plagiarism
Example of Turnitin Report
Shows % of
matched text with
turnitin database
Contribution of
individual sources
in %
Note: the affiliation and addresses are also detected as plagiarized item by turnitin
Thisnumberisassociated
withtheserialnumberof
thesourcelistedinMatch
Overview
Contd.

34. 34
Detecting and Preventing Plagiarism
Example of Turnitin Report
As of Turnitin report, the Bibliography items also contributed largely to similarity index
Contd.

35. 35
Detecting and Preventing Plagiarism
Example of Turnitin Report
Bibliography contributes 15%similarity to this turnitin report. It is wise to
exclude Bibliography items in Turnitin.
Contd.

36. Referencingacknowledgesthesourcesthatareusedthroughout
thetextinassignment,essay,articleorthesis/dissertation.
In-textCitationsareusedthroughoutthewritingtoacknowledge
thewhereaboutsofsourcesofinformation.
Dependingonthedifferentcitation/referencestyle,thereferences
forthecitationsusedinwritingmayappearattheendofthe
pageorendofthechapterorendofthedocumentasReferences
list.
36
Citing and Referencing Sources
Why Cite or Reference?
Creditsourcesofinformation&ideas
Readercanlocateforfurtherinformationifrequired
Validatearguments
Increaseandspreadknowledge
Showdepth,breadth&qualityofyourreading!

37. Besideseveralstandardcitationsystems,everyuniversities/journals
havetheirownstyles.Someoftherecognizedcitationstylesare:
Oxford
Harvard
Vancouver
AmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA)
ModernLanguageAssociation(MLA)
TheChicagoManual
AmericanSociologicalAssociation(ASA)
AmericanMedicalAssociation(AMA)
InstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers(IEEE)
Inwritingthesis/dissertation,thestudentsoftheUniversiti
KebangsaanMalaysia(UKM)shouldstipulatewiththePanduan
MenulisTesisGayaUKM(TheUKMStyleGuide).
AccordingtoGayaUKM,theReferencelistismaintainedatthe
endofthesis/dissertationandshouldbesortedalphabetically.
Ifthereferencelisthassameauthor/authorgroupwithsameyear
ofpublication,a,b,cetc.shouldbeuseassuffixwiththeyear.37
Citing and Referencing Sources
Contd.

38. SingleAuthor–yearofpublicationoftheworkshouldappearafter
author’slastname.
Samsuzzaman(2013)or(Samsuzzaman,2013)
M.T.Islam(2008)andS.Islam(2009)or(M.T.Islam2008;S.Islam
2009).
MultipleAuthorsCitedTogether–ordertheauthorsinalphabetical
orderbylastnamefollowedbyyearandseparatedbysemicolons
betweentheentries.
(Azimetal.2011;Yatim2009;Misranetal.2008;Ullah&Islam2012)
MoreThanOneWorkbytheSameAuthor(s)–ifcitingmorethanone
workfromthesameyear,usethesuffixes"a,""b,""c"etc.
(Sopianetal.2010,2011,2013)or(Azim&Islam2008,2009,2011)
(Othmanetal.2011a;Othmanetal.2011b;Othmanetal.2011c)
UnknownAuthor–ashortenedversionofarticle’stitleinplaceofthe
authornameshouldbeused.Tocitenewspaperstorytitled“Cancer
patientrecallsstruggletoearnadegree”dated1Nov2015inThe
Star
……throughouthisstudies(Cancerpatient,2015).
38
Citing and Referencing Sources
In-text Citations Guideline…
Contd.
[Gaya UKM]

39. 39
Citing and Referencing Sources
Contd.
In-text Citations Guideline…
ShortQuotation(fewerthan40words)intheText
Azimstated,“Thestableradiationpatternwithamaximumgainof5.4dBi
makestheproposedantennasuitableforbeingusedinUWB
communicationapplications”(2011:4).
LongQuotations(morethan40words)intheText
Miele's(1993:276)studyfoundthefollowing:Theplaceboeffect
disappearedwhenbehaviorswerestudiedinthismanner.Furthermore,the
behaviorswereneverexhibitedagain,evenwhenrealdrugswere
administered.Earlierstudiesconductedbythesamegroupofresearchers
atthehospitalwereclearlyprematureinattributingtheresultstoaplacebo
effect.
CitingFacts
Ref:ImmigrationDepartmentofMalaysia.2011,FactSheet1-
Immigration:TheBackgroundPartOne,http://www.imi.gov.my/media/fact-
sheets/01backgd.htm[5March2014]
Intextcitation:(ImmigrationDepartmentofMalaysia2011)
[Gaya UKM]

40. Figure 2.1Schematic diagram of the proposed microstrip antenna
with filter element
Source: Azim et al. 201440
Citing and Referencing Sources
Contd.
Citing Figure / Diagram / Illustration
[Gaya UKM]

41. Source: Ruslan et al. 2014
41
Citing and Referencing Sources
Contd.
Citing Table
[Gaya UKM]
Level of
difficulty
Mean error rate Standarddeviation Sample size
Younger Older Younger Older Younger Older
Low 0.05 0.14 0.08 0.15 12 18
Moderate 0.05 0.17 0.07 0.15 15 12
High 0.11 0.26 0.10 0.21 16 14
Figure 3.1Schematic diagram of the proposed antenna with filter
element

42. JournalArticle
Format:AuthorA.A.Year.Title.JournalNameVolume#(Issue#):Page
#.
Barba,M.2008.Ahigh-isolation,widebandanddual-linearpolarizationpatch
antenna.IEEETransactionsonAntennasandPropagation56(5):1472–1476.–
(SingleAuthor)
Islam,M.T.,&Alam,M.S.2013.Designofhighimpedanceelectromagneticsurfaces
formutualcouplingreductioninpatchantennaarray.Materials6(1):143–
155.–(TwoAuthors)
Ullah,M.H.,Islam,M.T.,Singh,M.J.,Misran,N.,&Nikabdullah,N.2012.A
compactwidebandantennaondielectricmaterialsubstrateforKband.
ElectronicsandElectricalEngineering123(7):75–78.–(FourAuthors)
Ullah,S.,Higgins,H.,Braem,B.,Latre,B.,Blondia,C.,Moerman,I.,Saleem,S.et
al.2012.AcomprehensivesurveyofWirelessBodyAreaNetworks:onPHY,
MAC,andNetworklayerssolutions.Journalofmedicalsystems,36(3),1065–
94.–(Morethan7Authors)
*2to7Authors>>Listallauthorsandplace“&”beforelastauthor.
**Morethan7Authors>>Listfirst7authorsandplace“etal.”atthe
42
Citing and Referencing Sources
Contd.
Reference Entries
[Gaya UKM]

43. ConferenceProceedings
Format:AuthorA.A.Year.Title.Proceedings,pp.xx-xx.
Hassib,M.D.,Mandeep,J.,Nordin,R.,Ismail,M.,Abdullah,M.&Islam,M.T.2013.
Adaptivemodulationforspace-timeblockcodeOFDMsystemsbasedonthe
dispersionofsymbol.2013IEEEInternationalConferenceonSpaceScience
andCommunication(IconSpace),pp.276–279.
OnlineJournal/Magazine/Newspaper
Format: Author A. A. Year. Title. Name of
Journal/Magazine/NewspaperVolume#(Issue#):Page#.Weblink[date
Lastaccess]
Ahmed,A.U.,Islam,M.T.,&Ismail,M.2015.EstimatingDoAfromradiofrequency
RSSImeasurementsusingmulti-elementfemtocellconfiguration.IEEE
Sensors Journal 15(4): 2087–2092.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6960840[6Nov
2015]
43
Citing and Referencing Sources
Contd.
Reference Entries
[Gaya UKM]

44. Book/BookChapter
Format:AuthorA.A.Year.Title.BookName.Edition.Place:Publisher.
Stutzman,W.L.&Thiele,G.A.2012.AntennaTheoryandDesign.3rdEd.Hoboken:
JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.
DocumentontheInternet
Chandrasekhar,R.2008.HowtoWriteaThesis:AWorkingGuidehttp://www.student
.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/1919239/How-to-write-a-thesis-A-
working-guide.pdf[8Nov2015]
Webpage/DocumentontheInternet,noAuthor,noDate
Writing Tips: Thesis Statements. (n.d.).
http://www.cws.illinois.edu/workshop/writers/tips/thesis[8Nov2015]
*Note:(n.d.)=nodate.Alwaysincludedetailsofauthorshiporpublication
datewhenavailable.
44
Citing and Referencing Sources
Contd.
Reference Entries
[Gaya UKM]

45. ThewordethicscomesfromtheGreek“ethos”meaningcustomand
character
Asystematicattempt,throughtheuseofreason,tomakesenseofour
individualandsocialmoralexperienceinsuchawayasto
determinetheruleswhichgovernhumanconductandthevalues
worthpursuinginlife
Asetofstandardsthatregulateourbehavior
45
Research/Publication Ethics
Definition
“Thecollectionoffundamentalvalues,
attitudes,andnormsconsideredby
mostofthepopulationasessentialfor
personallife,lifewithoneanother,and
lifeinrelationtoasociety’s
institutions.”-PovlRiis
Importance

46. HonestyandIntegrity:Honestyandintegrityis
adutyofeachauthorandperson,expert-
reviewerandmemberofjournaleditorial
boards.
Reviewprocess:Thepeer-reviewprocess
contributestothequalitycontrolanditisan
essentialsteptoascertainthestandingand
originalityoftheresearch.
Ethicalstandards:Recentjournaleditorials
presentedsomeexperienceofunscrupulous
activities.
Authorship:Whomayclaimarightto
authorship?Inwhichordershouldtheauthors
belisted?
46
Research/Publication Ethics
Publication Ethics
Contd.

47. Academicfreedomtoteach,studyandpursue
knowledgeandresearchwithoutunreasonable
interferenceorrestrictionfromlaw,institutional
regulationsorpublicpressure.
Academicintegritytoconductresearchby
followingelevatedprofessionalstandards,
includingappropriateresearchdesignand
frameworks,adherestohighlevelsofresearch
ethicsandabidesbytherequirementssetoutby
professionalandregulatoryresearchguidance.
Academicresponsibilitytoensurethatthe
publicationsarehonest,clear,accurate,
completeandbalanced,andfreefrom
misleading,selectiveorambiguousreportingof
science.
47
Research/Publication Ethics
Good Practice in Academic Research Rely on…
Contd.

48. HONESTY:shouldmaintainintellectualandpersonalhonestyin
searchoftruth,knowledge,scholarshipandunderstandingthrough
learning,teachingandresearch.
TRUST:shouldfosteraclimateofmutualtrusttoencouragethe
freeexchangeofideas/concepts.
FAIRNESS:shouldensurefairnessininstitutionalstandards,
practicesandproceduresaswellasfairnessininteractions
betweenmembers.
RESPECT:shouldpromoterespectamongstudents,staffand
faculty;respectforself,forothers,forscholarshipandresearch,for
theeducationalprocessandintellectualproperty.
LEGALITY:Shouldobservevalidlegalnormsrelatedtothe
conductandpublicationofresearchinrelationstocopyright/
intellectualpropertyrights.
COMMUNICATION :shouldseektomaketheresultsofthe
researchaswidelyandasfreelyavailable/accessibleas
possible.48
Research/Publication Ethics
Principle and Values of Academic Integrity…
Contd.

49. MisconductinAcademicResearchmeansfabrication,falsification,
plagiarismordeceptionthatleadtodeliberate,dangerousor
negligentdeviationsfromthosethatarecommonlyacceptedwithin
thescientificcommunityforproposing,conductingorreportingthe
resultsofresearch
Misconductinresearchdoesnotincludehonesterrororhonest
differencesininterpretationorjudgmentinevaluatingresearch
methodsorresults,andresearchprocesses.
Duetothelackofknowledge,manyresearchersdonotknowwhat
canbeconsideredasmisconduct
49
Research/Publication Ethics
Misconduct
Contd.

50. Plagiarism:Deliberatelycopyingofideas,text,dataorotherwork(or
anycombinationthereof)withoutduepermissionand
acknowledgement.
Piracy:Deliberateexploitationofideas/conceptsfromotherpersons
withoutproperacknowledgement.
AbuseofIntellectualPropertyRights:Failuretoobservelegalnorms
regardingcopyrightandthemoralrightsofauthors.
AbuseofResearchResources:Failuretoobservethetermsand
conditionsofinstitutionallylicensedresearchresources.
Defamation:Failuretoobserverelevantlegalnormsgoverninglibel
andslander.
Misinterpretation:Thedeliberateattempttorepresentfalselyor
unfairlytheideasorworkofothers,whetherornotforpersonalgain
orenhancement.
50
Research/Publication Ethics
Misconduct Includes (not Limited to) the Following Acts
Contd.

51. Personation:Thesituationwheresomeoneotherthantheperson
whohassubmittedanyacademicworkhasprepared(partsof)the
work.
FabricationandFraud:Falsificationorinventionofdata,
qualifications,informationorcitationsinanyformalacademic
exercise.
Sabotage:Actingtopreventothersfromcompletingtheirwork.This
includesstealingorcuttingpagesoutoflibrarybooksorotherwise
damagingthem;orwillfullydisruptingtheexperimentsofothers;or
endangeringinstitutionalaccesstolicensedresearchresourcesby
willfullyfailingtoobservetheirtermsandconditions.
ProfessorialMisconduct:Professorialactsthatarearbitrary,biased
orexploitative.
51
Research/Publication Ethics
Misconduct Includes (not Limited to) the Following Acts
Contd.

52. DenyingAccesstoInformationorMaterial:Todenyothersaccess
arbitrarilytoscholarlyresourcesortodeliberatelyandgroundlessly
impedetheirprogress.
MisconductinFormalExaminations:Includeshavingaccess,or
attemptingtogainaccessduringanexamination,toanybooks,
memoranda,notes,unauthorizedelectronicdevicesoranyother
material,exceptsuchasmayhavebeensuppliedbytheinvigilator
orauthorizedbytheAcademicDepartment.Italsoincludesaidingor
attemptingtoaidanothercandidateorobtainingorattemptingto
obtainaidfromanothercandidateoranyothercommunicationand
conversationsthatcouldhaveanimpactontheexaminationresults.
52
Research/Publication Ethics
Misconduct Includes (not Limited to) the Following Acts
Contd.

53. Authorshipdispute
Ghostauthors-contributesubstantiallybutarenotacknowledged
Guestauthors-makenodiscerniblecontributions,butarelisted
Giftauthors-contributionisbasedonatenuousaffiliationwithastudy
Conflictofinterest
Financialrelationships(employment,grant,patent,honoraria,
consultanciestosponsoringorganizations,paidexperttestimony)
personalrelationships,academiccompetition,andintellectualpassion
Simultaneoussubmission
Whentwoormorepapers,withoutfullcross-reference,share
essentiallythesamehypotheses,data,discussionpoints,and/or
conclusions.
SalamiSlicing
Publishingsmall'slices'ofresearchinseveraldifferentpapers
Redundantpublication
Substantiallyoverlapswithanalreadypublishedarticle
53
Research/Publication Ethics
Other form of Ethical Misconduct
Contd.

54. KnowtheRules
Howareresearcherssupposedtobehave?
Whosaysso?
KnowYourRightsandResponsibilities
Co-authorship
Ownershipofintellectualproperty
Conflictsofinterest
Learntorecognizethemostcommonethicalmistakes
Misappropriationoftextorideas.
Deceptivereportingofresearchresults.
Breachofconfidentiality
Takestepsnowtoavoidconflictsinyourresearchgroup
Orresolvethemquicklywithminimaldiscomfort.
Learnfromothers'mistakes
54
Research/Publication Ethics
Avoiding Ethical Dilemmas
Contd.

55. Ifnecessary,speakconfidentiallywithsomeotherseniorscientist
whoseopinionsyourespect.
Getethicseducation
Understandtherulesofprofessionalbehavior,andthereasonsfor
them
Knowyourrights
Meetyourresponsibilities
RemembertheBasicRuleAlways
Don'tdoanythingthatwouldembarrassyouifpeoplefoundout
aboutit.
Maintainthereligiousandsocialethics/behaviorsinserviceofthe
commondeeds
55
Research/Publication Ethics
Avoiding Ethical Dilemmas
Contd.

56. Toletotherpeopleknowaboutyourinvention
56
Why Do We Write Research Article?
Inacademia,wetendtoemphasizethenumberofpapers;however,
thequalityandthereceptionofthepapersisalsoimportant
Topromoteyourselvesandtofulfillthe
organizationrequirement
Exchangeofknowledgeand
expertisewithcolleaguescientists,
locallyandinternationally.

57. Developagoodreputation
Forexample,grantingagenciesmayconsider
otherfactors(suchasrelatedpublications,
citationcounts)
Thenumberofpeoplewhoreadandciteyour
papersdependsonhowwellyou
communicateyourideasandtheirimportance
Everyprofessionissales:Inscience,youare
sellingyourideasandyourreputation
57
Why Do We Write Research Article?
Contd.

58. Yourgoal:toinfectthemindofyourreaderwithyouridea,likea
virus
Thegreatestideasare(literally)worthlessifyoukeepthemto
yourself
Waytoprovidein-depthinformationintheassociatedfieldof
research
Usedasinstrumentforevaluationofpersonnel
Personalsatisfaction
58
Why Do We Write Research Article?
Contd.

59. 59
Why Do We Need to Publish?
To
disseminate
knowledge
Get comments/
suggestions from
peers/ reviewers
To attract
more
students
To create
network
To
generate
new ideas

60. Nonovelty
Limitedinterestofpaperoroutofscope
Routineapplicationofawell-knownmethod
Failuretomeetsubmissionrequirements
Incompletecoverageofliterature
UnacceptablypoorEnglish
60
Rejection of Paper
Possible Reasons
Don’ttakeitpersonally!
Trytounderstandwhythepaperhasbeenrejected
Evaluatehonestlywhetheryourpapermeetthejournal’s
requirementswiththeadditionofmoredataorisanotherjournalmore
appropriate
Don’tresubmitelsewherewithoutsignificantrevisionsaddressingthe
reasonsforrejection
Remedy

61. Attentiontodetails
Checkanddoublecheckyourwork
Considerthereviews
Englishmustbeasgoodaspossible
Presentationisimportant
Takeyourtimewithrevision
Acknowledgethosewhohavehelpedyou
New,originalandpreviouslyunpublished
Criticallyevaluateyourownmanuscript
Ethicalrulesmustbeobeyed
61
What gets you accepted?
ACCEPTANCE Rule….

62. Journal-Inacademicpublishing,ascientificjournalisaperiodical
publicationintendedtofurthertheprogressofscience,usuallyby
reportingnewresearch.
Therearethousandsofacademicandscientificjournalsin
publication(>23,000),andmanymorehavebeenpublishedat
variouspointsinthepast.
Usuallyjournalsarerankedaccordingtothedatabasestheyare
indexedandtheirimpactfactors.
Itisbasedonindexes/abstractsbyISI,SCOPUS,Medline,Google
etc.
ISI(standforInstituteforScientificInformation)isthemost
importantindexingdatabaseandjournalsindexedinitareusuallyof
highquality,maintainedbyThompsonReuters.ISIoffersbibliographic
databaseservicesanditsspecialtyisoncitationindexingandanalysis.
Scopusissecondimportantbibliographicdatabasecontaining
abstractsandcitationsforacademicjournalarticles,maintainedby
Elsevier.
62
How to Access ISI/Scopus

63. 63
How to Access ISI/Scopus
Contd.

64. 64
Any question ?

65. 65
THANK YOU