Civil sample of architecuress and basics

Civil sample of architecures and basics

1. Square rubble masonry Un-coursed square rubble masonry : Uses stones having straight bed and sides. Stones are usually squared and brought to hammer dressed or straight cut finish. Good appearance can be achieved by using risers( large stone) , leveller (thinner stones), and sneck (small stones) in a pattern having their depths 3:2:1. Coursed square rubble masonry: Same stones as uncoursed masonry but the work is levelled up to courses of varying depth. Courses are of different heights. Each course consists of quoins, throughs of same height with smaller stones built in between upto the height of large stones.

2. Polygonal rubble masonry The stones are hammer finished on face to an irregular polygonal shape. These Stones are bedded in position to show face joints running irregularly in all directions. Two types: Rough picked and close picked. Flint rubble masonry Flint or cobbles used; may be coursed or uncoursed ; thickness from 7.5 to 15 cm; length 15 to 30 cm; made of silica; stones are hard but brittle. Strength of flint wall may be increased by lacing courses of bricks or long stones at vertical interval of 1 to 2 metres. Dry rubble masonry Coursed; mortar not used in joints; cheapest and require more skill in construction; used for non load bearing walls such as compound wall.

3. Dry rubble masonry

4. Ashlar Masonry Ashlar fine tooled : Finest type of stone masonry; stones are cut to rectangular sizes; beds, joints and faces are chiselled to remove unevenness; thickness of course not less than 15 cm; thickness of mortar joint should not be more than 5 mm Ashlar rough tooled : exposed face is dressed by rough tooling; a strip of 25 mm wide made by chisel is provided around the perimeter of the rough dressed face of each stone. Thickness of mortar should not be more than 6mm.

5. Ashlar rough tooled

6. 3. Ashlar chamfered : Strip provided around the perimeter of exposed face is bevelled at angle of 45 by chisel to a depth of 25 mm. Due to this a groove is formed in between adjacent blocks of stone. 4. Ashlar facing : Provided along with concrete block or brick to give better appearance; beds and faces of each block are properly dressed. Exposed faces of stone are rough tooled and chamfered.

7. Two types: Double flemish bond; Single flemish bond In double; each course presents the same appearance both in front and back face; presents better appearance than English bond; best suited for economy and appearance In walls having thickness equal to odd multiple of half bricks, half bats and three quarter bats are used. In single flemish ; uses English bond backing and double flemish bond facing Can be used for walls having thickness at least equal to 1 ½ brick

8. Garden wall bond: This type of bond is suitably adopted for one brick thick wall which may act as a garden wall or a boundary wall. In garden wall bond, it is possible to build uniform faces for a wall without much labour or expense. This type of bond is not so strong as English bond and its use is restricted to the construction of dwarf walls or other similar types of walls which are not subjected to large stresses. On accounts of its good appearance, this bond is sometimes used for the construction of the outer leaves of cavity walls. There are two types of  garden wall bond , (a) English garden wall bond (b) Flemish garden wall bond

9. English garden wall bond.  The general arrangement of bricks in this type of bonding is similar to that of English bond except that the heading courses are only inserted at every fourth or sixth course. Usually the arrangement consists of one course of headers to three courses of stretchers. A queen closer is placed next to the quoin header of the heading course to give the necessary lap.

10.  Flemish garden wall bond.   This consists of alternate course composed of one header to three or sometimes even five stretchers in series throughout the length of the courses. Each alternate course contains a three quarter bat placed next to the quoin header and a header is laid over the middle of each central stretcher.

11. Raking bond: This is a bond in brick work in which the bonding bricks are laid at any angle other than zero or ninety degrees. This arrangement helps to increase the longitudinal stability of thick walls built in English bond. In this arrangement of bonding, the space between the external stretchers of a wall is filled with bricks inclined to the face of the wall. This bond is introduced at certain intervals along the height of a wall. There are two common forms of raking bond ; ( a) Herring bone bond (b)  Diagonal bond.

12. Herringbone bond a brickwork bond in which the exposed brickwork is bonded to the heart of the wall by concealed courses of bricks laid diagonally to the faces of the wall in a herringbone  pattern. In this arrangement of brick work, bricks are laid in course inclined at 45° in two directions from the centre. This bond is also commonly used for brick pavings .

13. Diagonal bond.   This bond is best suited for walls which are 2 to 4 brick thick. This bond is usually introduced at every fifth or seventh course along the height of the wall. In this bond, the bricks arc placed end to end in such a way that extreme corners of the series remain in contact with the stretchers.

14. Zig-Zag bond: This is similar to herring-bone bond with the only difference that in this case the bricks are laid in a zig-zag fashion. This is commonly adopted in brick paved flooring.

15. Used for making ornamental panels in the brick flooring

16. Comparison of English and Flemish bond English bond is stronger than Flemish bond for walls thicker than 1 ½ brick Flemish bond gives more pleasing appearance and requires greater skill than English bond Broken bricks in the form of bats can be used in Flemish bond

17. Comparison of Brick and Stone masonry Brick masonry can be constructed with less skilled masons in comparison to stone work. Hence brickwork is cheaper. No special lifting arrangement is required for bricks Brick masonry can be used in any type of mortar; mud mortar can be used in low rise houses Better fire resistant than stones

18. Stone masonry is stronger than brick masonry of same wall thickness Life of stone masonry is longer than bricks Stone masonry doesn’t require external plaster. Stone masonry is more water tight than bricks.

19. Defects in Brick masonry Sulphate attack : sulphate salts present in brick react with hydraulic lime in case of lime mortar and with alumina present in cement mortar, volume of mortar increases; chipping and spalling of bricks Crystallization of salts : If bricks containing soluble salts get dissolved with water, appear in the form of fine white crystals on the surface; Efflorescence Drying shrinkage leading to cracks