Class 10, Social Science (History), Nationalism in India PPT/Slide

This PPT/Slide will help the students greatly to understand the chapter very easily. All important points are included here so that the students can easily answer the questions generally asked in Examination.

1. Nationalism in India Social Science Class-X By- Rajib Konwar (Teacher VKV)

2. Content Introduction The first world war, Khilafat and Non-cooperation Differing strands within the movement Towards civil disobedience movement The sense of collective belonging

3. The growth of modern nationalism is intimately connected to anti-colonial movement The congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge groups together within one movement . However , the unity did not emerge without conflict . . Introduction

4. The First World War The First World War ( 1914-1918 ) created a new political and economic situation . * India faced various problems during war period : → Increase in defense expenditure which led increase of taxes. → Income taxes was introduced → Custom duties were increased →  Prices increased through the war years. → Forced recruitment in rural areas * During   1918-19  and  1920-21 , crops failure in many parts of India led shortage of good. * In 1921, around 12 to 13 people perished in famines and epidemics *Hardships did not end after the war was over.

5. The idea of Satyagraha Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January, 1915 His novel method of mass agitation known as Satyagraha had yielded good results in South Africa. The idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth If the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice, then physical force is not necessary to fight against the oppressor Mahatma Gandhi believed that Dharma of Non Violence could unite all Indians

6. Satyagraha in India → Champaran in Bihar(1916) Objective:- to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system . → Kheda in Gujarat(1917) Objective :- to support the peasants as due to crop failure and plague epidemic they could not remit the taxes and were demanding to relax it . → Ahmadabad in Gujarat (1918) Objective :- * to solve dispute between cotton mill workers and owners * He advised to workers to go on strike and to demand a 35% increase in wages

7. The Rowlett Act The Rowlett act 1919, was passed hurriedly through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members This act gave the government enormous powers : to repress political activities allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Gandhiji wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a Hartal on 6 th  April. Activities carried out during Rowlett Satyagraha: * Rallies were organised * workers went on strike * shops were closed down → 1919, the country witnessed a remarkable political awakening in India .

8. Action by British Govt Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi . On 10 th  April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession Which provoked widespread attacks on Banks, Railway stations, Post office. Martial law was imposed. General Dyer took Command

9. The dare consequence of Martial Law Jallianwala Bagh Massacre(1919) A large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh on 13 th April. People came to protest against government’s repressive measure while some came to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. General Dyer entered the area. Blocked the exit points and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds. It was to ‘Produce Moral Effect’ to create in the minds of Styagrahis a feeling of terror and awe

10. Reactions by Indians and action by British of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Indians Crowds took to street There were strikes , clashes with police Attacked on govt buildings Seeing violence Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement British The government responded with brutal repression seeking to humiliate and terrorize people Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets and do Salaam (salute) to all Sahibs . People were flogged and village were bombed

11. Khilafat movement Rowlett Satyagraha had been a widespread movement, it was still limited mostly to cities and towns . Khilafat issue was taken to unite Hindus and Muslim for a broad base movement in India The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. There were rumors that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman Emperor, who was the spiritual head (Khalifa) of the Islamic world . The Muslims of India decided to defend Khalifa’s temporal powers A Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay(March 1919) Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue . At the Calcutta Session of Congress (Sept-1920) decoded to start a Non Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj .

12. Why Non Cooperation In ‘Hind Swaraj’-1909 Gandhiji declared that the British rule in India was for Indian’s Cooperation. If Indians started to Non cooperate with Britishers then India will be independent within year. The movement should unfold in Stage. Began with surrender of Titles, Boycott of civil Services, Army, Police, Court and Legislature council, Schools and Foreign Goods If British Govt represses the movement , a full Disobedience Campaign would be lunched . Concerns within the Congress Some were reluctant to boycott the council election (Nov1920) Feared that Movement might lead Violence Intense tussle among them (Sept and Dec-1920) Congress session at Nagpur 9Dec-1920) worked out for the Movement

13. Differing strands within the movement The Movement in the Towns * It started with middle class participation in cities . * Students gave up their studies * Teachers ,lawyers resigned from their duties and joined movements. * Council elections were boycotted .(Except-Madras) * Non cooperation movement(NCM) began in Jan 1921 * Various Social group participated with own aspiration * All responded to the call of Movement with different interpretations

14. Economic Effect of NCM * Foreign goods were boycotted . *Liquor shops were picketed . *Foreign cloths burnt in huge bonfires. *Import of foreign cloths halved (1921-22) * The value dropped Rs102 to Rs75 crore * Merchant and Traders refused to trade in foreign goods and trade * Wearing Khadis by Indians * Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.

15. Reasons to Slow down NCM Gradually the movement slowed down because Khadi cloth was often more expensive. Boycott of British institutions posed a problem since alternative Indian institutions were less in number Students began trickling back to schools Lawyers joined back in Govt court

16. Rebellion in the countryside  From the cities, the NCM spread to the countryside The presents were led by Baba Ramchandra in Awadh stand against Talukdars and Landlords The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, an abolition of Begar and Social Boycott of oppressive landlords. ‘ Nai dhubi bandhs ’ were organised against Landloards

17. Rebellion in the countryside In  1920 , the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others Within a month, over 300 branches had been set up by the villagers Peasant Movement in Awadh took violent forms(1921) * Houses of Talukdars and Merchant were attacked * Bazars were looted and so on.. The Name of the Mahatma was being invoked to sanction all action and aspiration * No tax, *Redistribution of land etc.. The peasants interpreted Gandhiji’s idea yet in another way

18. Movement in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh . A militant Guerrilla Movement in early 1920s. The colonial government had closed large forest areas preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel wood and fruits. Affected livelihood of tribal people as well as traditional rights Govt forced them for ‘ Begar ’ Alluri Sitaram Raju Claimed that he had special powers. He inspired by NCM and persuaded people to were Khadi and give up drinking but he asserted asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force. Peasants and tribal took over the struggle which turned violent gradually. • The rebels attacked police stations. * Killed British officers and carried out Guerrilla warfare • Raju was captured and executed in 1924 Over the years he became a folk Hero

19. Swaraj for Plantation workers in Assam: * Rifght to move freely in and out of enclosed area *Retaining a link with their village from where they belong to The Inland Emigration Act ( 1859 ) * Not permitted to leave garden without permission *Permission was given rarely Swaraj in the Plantation

20. Thousand of workers defied authority Left plantation and headed home Believed that Gandhi Raj would give them land in native They never reached their destination Stranded by a rail way and steamer strike Caught by British and brutally beaten up Taken Gandhiji’s name and raise slogan ‘ Swatanta Bharat’ Emotionally relating to ‘All India Agitation’ Gradually Movement turned into violent agitation Swaraj in the Plantation

21. At Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur(UP), a peaceful demonstration in a Bazar turned into a violent clash with police Ordered open fire Three civilian died and 22 police man burnt death Hearing it Gandhiji called a halt to the NCM Chauri Chaura , 4 th Feb. 1922

22. Towards Civil Disobedience In February  1922 , Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement The movement was turning violent in many places and Satyagarhis needed properly trained for mass struggle . CR Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics. Younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose pressed for more radical mass agitation and for full independence

23. Factors that shaped Indian politics towards the late 1920s The Worldwide Economic Depression → Agricultural prices collapsed after 1930 → Demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined . →Peasant found difficult sell their harvest and pay their revenue → By 1930, the country side was in turmoil. Simon Commission →The Indian members of the central legislative assembly exposed some drawbacks in the Govt. of India Act, 1919. → As a result of it, the Simon Commission was appointed in 1927, to suggest → It was constituted by the Tory government of Britain to look into the demands of the nationalists and suggest changes in the constitutional structure of India.

24. Indian opposed Simon Commission This Commission consisted of 7 members Indian boycotted it, as there were no Indian members. The Commission arrived in India in 1928 . → It was greeted with ‘Go Back Simon’ → All parties participated in the demonstration → The Congress protested against this commission . In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore session of Congress formalized the demand of “ Purna Swaraj ”. It was declared that on 26 th January 1930, country would celebrate as ‘Independence Day’ and struggle for complete freedom But it was with little effect, hence Gandhiji decided to start more concrete way of movement

25. Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin 31 st January 1930, Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating 11 demands. The idea of these wide ranging demands was to bring all classes for an united campaign He most stirring of all was the demand to abolish Salt Tax. Gandhiji chose salt as the medium that could unite the nation as it is consumed by all the sections of the society The letter was an Ultimatum, If not demands were not fulfilled by 11 March 1930, congress would launch a civil Disobedience Movement Irwin was unwilling to negotiate.

26. The Salt March → Salt or Dandi March began on March 12,  1930 from Sabarmati Ashram to Gujarati coastal town ‘ Dandi ’. → Gandhiji was accompanied by 78 volunteers. → They march was over 240 km and took 24 days → On 6th April 1930, Gandhiji reached Dandi and broke the Salt Law by boiling water and manufacturing salt. → Thus, it began the Civil Disobedience Movement.

27. Civil Disobedience Movement It was different from Non-Cooperation Movement as people were now asked not only to refuse cooperation but also to break colonial laws. Thousands in different parts of the country broke Salt Law and manufactured salt Foreign cloths were boycotted Liquor shops were picketed Peasants refused to pay revenue and Chaukidary Taxes Forest people violated forest laws and start entering in reserved forests.

28. Response of British Govt British Government worried by the developments The British Government followed a policy of brutal repression . British government arrested congress leaders When Abdul Ghafar Khan(Disciple of Gandhiji) was arrested , angry crowds demonstrated. Gandhiji was arrested. Peaceful Satygrahis were attacked, women, children were beaten up About 100000 people were arrested. Situations turned into violent again . Finally, Mahatma Gandhi once again decided to call off the movement. He entered into a pact with Irwin on 5 March 1931.

29. Round Table Conference In December 1931,Gandhiji went to London for the Second Round Table Conference But he returned disappointed When Gandhiji backed from London, he found that most of the leaders were put in Jail. Congress was declared illegal. Series of measures were taken to stop movements Gandhiji re-launched CDM But by 1934, the movement had lost its momentum Gandhi-Irwin Pact On 5 March 1931, Lord Irwin, the Viceroy, signed a pact with Gandhiji Gandhiji consented to participate in Round Table Conference

30. How Participants saw the Movement Rich peasant → Communities like Patidas of Gujarat and Jat of UP were active in Movement . → They expected the revenue tax to be reduced → When the British refused to do so, they joined the movement . → For them Swaraj was a struggle against high revenues . → They were deeply disappointed when movement was called off(1931) without revising the revenue rates. → So they did not rejoined in the movement (1932). Poor Peasants → As the depression continued and cash income dwindled, poor peasants found difficult pay their rent → The poor peasants wanted rents of lands to be remitted . → The Congress was unwilling to support the “no rent” campaigns → The Congress not interested to upset the rich peasants and landlords .

31. How Participants saw the Movement Business Classes To organize business interest, formed the Indian Industrial and commercial congress in 1920 Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) 1927 After the war, their huge profits were reduced, wanted protection against import of foreign goods. The spread of militant activities, worries of prolonged business disruptions, growing influences of socialism amongst the young Congress forced them not to join the movement. Industrial Workers * They did not participate in large number, except in Nagpur * Since industrialists were close to the congress, workers stayed aloof. * But some workers selectively adopted the ideas of Gandhian Programme * Railway workers(1930) and Dockworkers (1932) too participated in DCM * Congress was reluctant to includes workers demands *Congress felt that it would alienate industrialists and divide the anti imperial forces

32. How Participants saw the Movement Women Women in large number participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement .  During Salt March thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to Gandhiji.  They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt.   They picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.  Many went to jail .  They began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women Yet there was no radical change in way the position of women was visualised. Gandhiji was convinced that the duty of women was to look after home and hearth They should be good mothers and wives The congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position authority within the organisation It was only on their symbolic presence .

33. Limits of CDM * The Dalits or the Untouchables did not actively participate in the movement They demanded reservation of seats, separate electorates Dr B.R. Ambedkar , the leader of the Dalits , formed an association in 1930, called the Depressed Classes Association . He clashed with Gandhiji in issue of Reservation . In Sept.1932, Poona Pact between the Gandhiji and B.R. Ambedkar gave reserved seats to Depressed classes in Provincial and Central Legislative Councils But they were to be voted by general electorate . The Dalit Movement continued to be apprehensive of the Congress led National Movement .

34. Muslim political Organizations were lukewarm to the CDM From mid 1920 the congress visibly associate with ‘Hindu Mahasabha ’. Gradually Hindu Muslim communal clashes and riots started The congress and Muslim league tried to renegotiate the alliance . The leader of the Muslim League M.A. Jinnah wanted reserved seats for Muslims in Central Assembly . They demanded for Proportional representation in Muslim dominated region (Bengal & Punjab) In all parties conference 1928 M.R. Jayakar strongly opposed the compromise . In the time of CDM some Muslim leaders and Intellectual expressed concern about their status as minority They even feared about their culture and Identity. Large sections of Muslims did not participate in the Civil disobedience movement. Limits of CDM

35. The Sense of Collective Belonging Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that are part of the same Nation . They discover unity through development of Sense of Collective Belonging It developed through United Struggle and Cultural Process. Cultural Process: History and fiction, folklore and songs Popular prints, Symbols all played a part in the making of nationalism .

36. The Nation’s Identity : Symbolised in a figure of Image 20 th centaury Identity of India visualised through the Image of ‘Bharat Mata’ The first Bharat Mata image was created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay In 1870s, he wrote ‘ Vande Mataram ’ a hymn to the Motherland He wrote a novel Anandamath Moved by Swadeshi Movement, Abanindranath Tagore Painted Image of Bharat Mata It is portrayed as an Ascetic figure . She is calm, Composed, Devine and Spiritual The Sense of Collective Belonging

37. Idea of Nationalism through Indian folklore Movement to revive Indian folklore Nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards They toured village to village to gather folksongs and legends It was believed that folklore gives true picture of traditional culture Folk culture gives own national Identity Folk cultures help resorting sense of pride Rabindranath Tagore himself collected Balads Nursery rhymes and Myths He led a movement for folk revival Natesa Sastri published A massive four volume collection of Tamil folk tales That was “The folklore of Southern India” He believed that folklore was National literature; it was the most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts and character

38. Icons and Symbols were popularised to unify and inspire the people During Swadeshi Movement in Bengal a tricolour flag was designed(Red, Green and Yellow) It had eight lotus representing eight provinces of British India It had a crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslim Swaraj Flag 1921 * Gandhiji designed it * Tricolour-Red, Green and White) * A spinning wheel in centre representing the idea of ‘Self Help’ * Carrying the flag , holding it aloft during marches became symbol of defiance Idea of Nationalism through Icons and Symbols

39. Idea of Nationalism through Reinterpretation of History By end of 19 th centaury It was felt that the sense of pride to be instilled British tried defaming Indians In response, Indian began glorifying India’s great achievements India’s glorious development in different fields This glorious time was darkened by Colonial Rule Nationalist Historians urged readers to take pride in India’s achievements They encouraged people to struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British Rule

40. Conclusion The congress under Gandhiji tried to channel people’s grievances organized into movements But this unification was no easy task because of diversity Inner conflict and disunity often noticed Many voices wanting freedom from colonial greatly rule helped emerging India is a Strong Nation The anger against colonial Government brought people together

41. THANK YOU