Class 9

Nothin just a ppt

1. CLASS-IXthHISTORY
CHAPTER-4FORESTSOCIETYAND
COLONIALISM

2. WHATWILLWELEARN?
1.WhyDeforestation?
2.TheRiseofCommercialForestry.
3.HowweretheLivesofPeopleAffected?
4.TheForestActmeantseverehardshipforvillagersacrossthecountry.
5.WhocouldHunt?
6.NewTrades,NewEmploymentsandNewServices.
7.RebellionintheForest
8.BASTARANDJAVA(INDONESIA)
9.WarandDeforestation.
10.NewDevelopmentsinForestry.

3. WhyDeforestation?
•DEFORESTATION:Deforestationiscuttingdownoftrees
indiscriminatelyinaforestarea.Underthecolonialruleitbecame
verysystematicandextensive.
WhyDeforestation?
•Thedisappearanceofforestsisreferredtoasdeforestation.
•Deforestationisnotarecentproblem.Theprocessbeganmany
•centuriesago;butundercolonialruleitbecamemoresystematic
and

4. LandtobeImproved
•1.theBritishdirectly
encouragedtheproduction
ofcommercialcropslike
jute,sugar,wheatand
cotton.
•2.foodgrainswereneeded
tofeedthegrowing
POPULATION

5. SleepersontheTracks
•1.Sleepers–Woodenplankslaid
acrossrailway
•tracks;theyholdthetracksin
position
•2.Thespreadofrailwaysfromthe
1850screatedanewdemand.
•3.Bytheearlynineteenthcentury,
oakforestsinEnglandwere
•disappearing.Thiscreateda
problemoftimbersupplyforthe
Royal
•Navy

6. Plantations
•Largeareasofnatural
forestswerealsoclearedto
makewayfor
•tea,coffeeandrubber
plantationstomeetEurope’s
growingneed
•forthesecommodities.

7. TheRiseofCommercialForestry
•BrandissetuptheIndian
ForestServicein1864
andhelpedformulatethe
IndianForestActof1865.
TheImperialForest
ResearchInstitutewas
setupatDehradunin
1906.Thesystemthey
taughtherewascalled
‘scientificforestry’.

8. NATURALFORESTLOST
•Manypeoplenow,including
ecologists,feelthatthis
systemisnotscientificatall.
Inscientificforestry,natural
forestswhichhadlotsof
differenttypesoftreeswere
cutdown.Intheirplace,one
typeoftreewasplantedin
straightrows.Thisiscalleda
plantation.

9. FORESTSURVEY
•Forestofficialssurveyedthe
forests,estimatedthearea
underdifferenttypesoftrees,
andmadeworkingplansfor
forestmanagement.They
plannedhowmuchofthe
plantationareatocutevery
year.Theareacutwasthento
bereplantedsothatitwas
readytobecutagaininsome
years

10. TheForestAct,1865
•AftertheForestActwasenacted
in1865,itwasamendedtwice,
oncein1878andthenin1927.
The1878Actdividedforests
intothreecategories:reserved,
protectedandvillageforests.
Thebestforestswerecalled
‘reservedforests’.Villagers
couldnottakeanythingfrom
theseforests,evenfortheirown
use.

11. HowweretheLivesofPeopleAffected?
A
•1.Villagerswantedforestswithamixtureof
species
•tosatisfydifferentneeds–fuel,fodder,leaves.
•2.Theforestdepartmentontheotherhand
wantedtreeswhichweresuitablefor
buildingshipsorrailways.
B.
Inforestareas,peopleuseforestproducts
•1.Roots,leaves,fruits,andtubers.
•2.Fruitsandtubersarenutritioustoeat.
•3.Herbsareusedformedicine

12. B.
Inforestareas,peopleuseforestproducts
•4.woodforagricultural
implementslikeyokesand
ploughs,bamboomakes
excellentfencesandisalso
usedtomake
•basketsandumbrellas.
•5.Adriedscooped-out
gourd-usedasaportable
waterbottle.

13. B.
Inforestareas,peopleuseforestproducts
•6.Theforest–leaves:disposable
platesandcups,
•7.Thesiadi(Bauhiniavahlii)
creeper:ropes,andthe
•thornybarkofthesemur
(silk-cotton)treeisusedtograte
vegetables
•8.Oilforcookingandtolight
lampscanbepressedfromthe
fruitof
•themahuatree.

14. TheForestActmeantseverehardship
forvillagersacrossthecountry
•Manycommunitieslefttheirtraditional
occupationsandstartedtradinginforest
products.
•manypastoralistandnomadiccommunities
liketheKorava,KarachaandYerukulaofthe
MadrasPresidencylosttheirlivelihoods.
•Theywereforcedtoworkinsteadinfactories,
minesandplantations,undergovernment
supervision.
•InAssam,bothmenandwomenfromforest
communitieslikeSanthalsandOraonsfrom
Jharkhand,andGondsfromChhattisgarhwere
recruitedtoworkonteaplantations.

15. RebellionintheForest
✓SiddhuandKanuinthe
SanthalParganas,
✓BirsaMundaof
Chhotanagpur
✓AlluriSitaramaRajuof
AndhraPradesh
✓Rebellionwhichtook
placeinthekingdomof
Bastarin1910.

16. BASTAR
•GEOGRAPHYLOCATIONOFBASTAR
•Locatedinthesouthernmostpartof
ChhattisgarhandbordersAndhra
Pradesh,OrissaandMaharashtra.
•CentralpartofBastarisonaplateau.
•Thenorthofthisplateauisthe
Chhattisgarhplainandtoitssouthis
theGodavariplain.
•TheriverIndrawatiwindsacross
Bastareasttowest.

17. PEOPLEOFBASTAR
•CommunitiesliveinBastarsuchasMaria
andMuriaGonds,Dhurwas,Bhatrasand
Halbas.
•Theyspeakdifferentlanguagesbutshare
commoncustomsandbeliefs.
•ThepeopleofBastarbelievethateach
villagewasgivenitslandbytheEarth.
•Theyshowrespecttothespiritsofthe
river,theforestandthemountain.
•Everyyearthereisonebighuntwhere
theheadmenofvillagesinapargana
(clusterofvillages)meetanddiscuss
issuesofconcern,includingforests.

18. PEOPLEOFBASTAR
•villageknowswhereitsboundarieslie,
thelocalpeoplelookafterallthenatural
resourceswithinthatboundary.(theypay
asmallfeecalleddevsari,dandormanin
exchange)
•ThepeopleofBastarwereveryworried,
allowedtostayoninthereservedforests
onthecondition
•Theyworkedfreefortheforest
department.
•Displacedwithoutanynotice.
•Theterriblefamines,in1899-1900and
againin1907-1908.Reservationsproved
tobethelaststraw.

19. PEOPLEOFBASTAR
•Theinitiativewastakenbythe
DhurwasoftheKangerforest
•Therewasnosingleleader,many
peoplespeakofGundaDhur,from
villageNethanar,asanimportant
figureinthemovement.In1910,
•RebelagainsttheBritish,Most
villagesweredesertedaspeople
fledintothejungles.

20. JAVA(INDONESIA)-Famousasarice-producing
island
•ThecolonialpowerinIndonesiaweretheDutch.
•In1600,thepopulationofJavawasan
estimated3.4million.
•TheKalangsofJavawereacommunityof
skilledforestcuttersandshiftingcultivators
•In1755whentheMataramkingdomofJava
split,the6,000Kalangfamilieswereequally
dividedbetweenthetwokingdoms.
•DutchtriedtomaketheKalangsworkunder
them.In1770,theKalangsresistedbyattacking
aDutchfortatJoana(Supperessed)
•TheDutchenactedforestlawsinJava,
restrictingvillagers’accesstoforests.

21. JAVA(INDONESIA)-Famousasarice-producing
island
•In1882,280,000sleeperswereexported
fromJavaalone
•TheDutchfirstimposedrentsonlandbeing
cultivatedintheforestandthenexempted
somevillagesfromtheserentsiftheyworked
collectivelytoprovidefreelabourand
buffaloesforcuttingandtransportingtimber.
ThiswasknownastheBlandongdiensten
system.
•Around1890,SurontikoSaminof
Randublatungvillage,ateakforest
•village,beganquestioningstateownershipof
thefores(thewind,water,earthandwood,soit
couldnotown)
•Soonawidespreadmovementdeveloped.

22. WarandDeforestation(FirstWorldWarandthe
SecondWorldWa
•InIndia,workingplanswere
abandonedatthistime,andthe
forestdepartmentcuttreesfreely
tomeetBritish
•InJava,justbeforethe(Japanese
occupied)theDutchfollowed‘a
scorchedearth’policy,destroying
sawmills,andburninghugepilesof
giantteaklogs
•TheJapanesethenexploitedthe
forestsrecklessly.

23. NewDevelopmentsinForestry
•Sincethe1980s,governments
acrossAsiaandAfricahave
beguntoseethatscientific
forestry
•AcrossIndia,fromMizoramto
Kerala,denseforestshave
survivedonlybecausevillages
protectedtheminsacredgroves
knownassarnas,devarakudu,
kan,ra.