CLASS - IX- Constitution Design - Copy.pptx

all details regarding NELSON MANDELA AND FREEDOM OF BLACK PEOPLE OF SOUTH AFRICA
Rolihlahla Mandela was born into the Madiba clan in the village of Mvezo, in the Eastern Cape, on 18 July 1918. His mother was Nonqaphi Nosekeni and his father was Nkosi Mphakanyiswa Gadla Mandela, principal counsellor to the Acting King of the Thembu people, Jongintaba Dalindyebo. In 1930, when he was 12 years old, his father died and the young Rolihlahla became a ward of Jongintaba at the Great Place in Mqhekezweni1.
Hearing the elders’ stories of his ancestors’ valour during the wars of resistance, he dreamed also of making his own contribution to the freedom struggle of his people.


He attended primary school in Qunu where his teacher, Miss Mdingane, gave him the name Nelson, in accordance with the custom of giving all schoolchildren “Christian” names.
He completed his Junior Certificate at Clarkebury Boarding Institute and went on to Healdtown, a Wesleyan secondary school of some repute, where he matriculated.
Mandela began his studies for a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University College of Fort Hare but did not complete the degree there as he was expelled for joining in a student protest.
On his return to the Great Place at Mqhekezweni the King was furious and said if he didn’t return to Fort Hare he would arrange wives for him and his cousin Justice. They ran away to Johannesburg instead, arriving there in 1941. There he worked as a mine security officer and after meeting Walter Sisulu, an estate agent, he was introduced to Lazer Sidelsky. He then did his articles through a firm of attorneys – Witkin, Eidelman and Sidelsky.
He completed his BA through the University of South Africa and went back to Fort Hare for his graduation in 1943.
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Meanwhile, he began studying for an LLB at the University of the Witwatersrand. By his own admission he was a poor student and left the university in 1952 without graduating. He only started studying again through the University of London after his imprisonment in 1962 but also did not complete that degree.
In 1989, while in the last months of his imprisonment, he obtained an LLB through the University of South Africa. He graduated in absentia at a ceremony in Cape Town.
Entering politics
Mandela, while increasingly politically involved from 1942, only joined the African National Congress in 1944 when he helped to form the ANC Youth League (ANCYL).
In 1944 he married Walter Sisulu’s cousin, Evelyn Mase, a nurse. They had two sons, Madiba Thembekile "Thembi" and Makgatho, and two daughters both called Makaziwe, the first of whom died in infancy. He and his wife divorced in 1958.
Mandela rose through the ranks of the ANCYL and through its efforts, the ANC adopted a more radical mass-based policy, the Programme of Action, in 1949.

Nelson Mandela on the roof
In 1952 he was chosen as the National Volunteer-in-Chief of the Defiance Campaign with Maulvi Cachalia as his deputy. This campaign of civil disobedience against

1. CLASS - IX Constitutional Design संविधान निर्माण

2. Democratic constitution in South Africa :- दक्षिण अफ्रीका में लोकतान्त्रिक संविधान Country- South Africa Capital – Pretoria (Cape Town) Continent- Africa Colony - British Independent- 26 April 1994 देश – दक्षिण अफ्रीका राजधानी – प्रेटोरिया (केपटाउन) महाद्वीप – अफ्रीका उपनिवेश – ब्रिटिश स्वतंत्रता – 26 अप्रैल 1994

3. Nelson Mandela :- नेल्सन मंडेला ** Full Name- Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela ** Born – 18 July 1918 , Transkei (South Africa) ** Father- Chief Henry Mandela(The Tembu Tribe) ** Arrested - 1962 ** Life imprisonment- 1964 ** Released- 11-02-1992 **He spent 28 years(From 1964 to1992) in South Africa’s most dreaded prison , Robben Island(Off Cape Town). ** Leader of African National Congress(1960). ** Autobiography - My Long March to Freedom( written by Nelson Mandela) ** In 1994 The Frist Black President of South Africa ** पूरा नाम – नेल्सन रोलिहलाहला मंडेला ** जन्म – 18 जुलाई 1918 ट्रांसकेई दक्षिण अफ्रीका ** पिता – चीफ हेनरी मंडेला तेम्बू जनजाति ** गिरफ्तार – 1962 ** आजीवन कारावास – 1964 ** जेल से रिहा – 11/02/199 2 ** 28 वर्षों (1964 से 199 2 ) तक दक्षिण अफ्रीका की सबसे भयावह जेल में रोब्बेन द्वीप, केपटाउन के किनारे में कैद रखा गया था | ** अफ्रीकन नेशनल पार्टी के नेता (1960) ** आत्मकथा – ‘स्वतंत्रता के लिए लम्बी यात्रा’ (उनके द्वारा लिखित) ** वे पहले अश्वेत राष्ट्रपति थे जो 1994 में राष्ट्रपति चुने गए थे |

4. Changes in the Constitution of South Africa after 1994:- 1994 के बाद दक्षिण अफ्रीका के संविधान में परिवर्तन 1- The apartheid government came to an end. 2- F ormation of a multi-racial government. 3- All were given equal rights. 4- A new South Africa based on equality of all races of men and women was built. 5- Ban on political parties and restriction on the media were lifted. रंगभेद वाली सरकार का अंत | बहुजातीय सरकार का निर्माण | सभी को सामान अधिकार दिए गए | सभी जातियों की समानता पर आधारित एक नए दक्षिण अफ्रीका का निर्माण | राजनीतिक दलों पर रोक तथा मिडिया पर प्रतिबन्ध समाप्त हो गए |

5. Apartheid :- रंगभेद The official policy of racial separation and ill treatment of blacks followed by the government of South Africa between 1948 to 1989.The white Europeans imposed this system on South Africa. Since 1950 the blacks colored and Indians fought against the apartheid system. दक्षिण अफ्रीका की सरकार की 1948 के बीच काले लोगो के साथ नस्ली-अलगाव और ख़राब व्यवहार करने वाली शासन व्यवस्था थी | श्वेत यूरोपियनों ने इस प्रथा को दक्षिण अफ्रीका पर थोपा था | 1950 से ही अश्वेत रंगीन चमड़ी वाले और भारतीय मूल के लोगो ने रंगभेद प्रणाली के खिलाफ संघर्ष किया |

6. Major features of Apartheid :- रंगभेद की मुख्य विशेषताएँ 1- The white rulers treated all the nonwhites as inferiors. 2- The non-whites did not have voting rights. 3- The apartheid system was particularly oppressive for the blacks. 4- Blacks were forbidden from living in white areas. 5- They could work in White areas only if they had a permit. 6- Segregation :- Trains , buses , taxis , hotels , hospitals , schools and colleges, libraries cinema halls, theatres, beaches, swimming pools , public toilets etc. were all separate for the White and Blacks.This ways called Segregation. गोरे शासक सभी अश्वेतों के साथ हीनता का व्यव्हार करते थे | अश्वेतों के पास मत देने का अधिकार नहीं था | पृथकवाद की प्रथा विशेष रूप से अश्वेतों को दबाने के लिए थी | अश्वेतों को गोरों के क्षेत्रों में रहने की मनाही थी | परमिट होने पर ही वे गोरों के क्षेत्रों में कम कर सकते थे | पृथक्करण – रेलगाड़ियाँ, बसें, टैक्सियाँ, होटल, अस्पताल, स्कूल तथा कॉलेज, लाइब्रेरी, सिनेमा हॉल, थियेटर, समुद्री तट, तैराकी ताल और सार्वजनिक शौचालय तक में गोरों और कालों के लिए एकदम अलग-अलग इंतजाम थे | इसे पृथक्करण या अलग-अलग करने का इंतजाम कहा गया था

7. Social Groups of South Africa :- दक्षिण अफ्रीका के सामाजिक समूह 1- The White - British 2- The Blacks – The native people of South Africa are black in colour . They made up about three- fourth of the population and were called blacks. 3- The Colored- People who migrated from India. श्वेत – ब्रिटिश अश्वेत – दक्षिण अफ्रीका के स्थानीय लोग जिनका रंग काला होता है | आबादी में उनका हिस्सा तीन- चौथाई हैं और उन्हें अश्वेत कहा जाता हैं | रंगीन – भारत से गए लोग |

8. “ I have fought against white domination and I have fought against black domination”. ( Nelson Mandela) “मैंने गोरों के प्रभुत्व के खिलाफ संघर्ष किया है और मैंने ही अश्वेतों के प्रभुत्व का विरोध किया है|” – नेल्सन मंडेला Multi-Racial Government:- मिली जुली सरकार At the midnight of 26 April 1994 the new national flag of the Republic of South Africa was unfurled marking the newly born democracy in the world .The apartheid government came to an end paving way for the formation of a multi-racial government. 26 अप्रैल 1994 की मध्यरात्रि को दक्षिण अफ्रीका गणराज्य का नया झंडा लहराया और यह दुनिया का एक नया लोकतान्त्रिक देश बन गया | रंगभेद वाली शासन व्यवस्था समाप्त हुई और सभी नस्ल के लोगों की मिली जुली सरकार के गठन का रास्ता खुला |

9. Constitution :- संविधान The constitution of a country is a set of written rules that are accepted by all people living together in a country. Constitution is the supreme law that determines the relationship among people living in a territory and also the relationship between the people and government. संविधान लिखित नियमों की एक ऐसी किताब है जिसे किसी देश में रहने वाले सभी लोग सामूहिक रूप से मानते हैं | संविधान सर्वोच्य कानून है जिससे किसी क्षेत्र में रहने वाले लोगों के बीच के आपसी सम्बन्ध तय होने के साथ-साथ लोगों और सरकार के बीच सम्बन्ध भी तय होते हैं |

10. Importance of the Constitution :- संविधान का महत्व 1- It generates a degree of Trust and coordination that is necessary for different kind of people to live together. 2- It Specifies how the government will be constituted who will have power to take which decisions. 3- Rights and duties 4- It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a Good society. विभिन्न तरह के लोगों के बीच जरुरी भरोसा और सहयोग विकसित करता है | सरकार का गठन कैसे होगा और किसे फैसले लेने का अधिकार होगा | अधिकार और कर्तव्य | यह अच्छे समाज के गठन के लिए लोगो के आकांक्षाओं को व्यक्त करता है |

11. The Constituent Assembly :- संविधान निर्माण The drafting of the document called the constitution was done by an assembly of elected representatives called the Constituent Assembly. Elections to the Constituent Assembly were held in July1946. चुने गए जनप्रतिनिधियों की जो सभा संविधान नामक विशाल दस्तावेज को लिखने का कम करती है उसे संविधान सभा कहते हैं | भारतीय संविधान सभा के लिए जुलाई 1946 में चुनाव हुए थे |

12. ** July 1946 Election of the Indian Constituent Assembly. संविधान सभा के लिए चुनाव ** December 1946 First meeting of Indian constituent Assembly. संविधान सभा की पहली बैठक ** Members of wrote the Indian Constitution- भारतीय संविधान को लिखने वाले सदस्यों की संख्या -- 299 members ** Time of the Frame the Constitution by constituent Assembly – संविधान सभा द्वारा संविधान को बनाने में लिया गया समय -- 2 years 11 months 18 days ** The Constitution Articles – संविधान में अनुच्छेद 395 Articles 12 Schedules. ** A number of Amendments – संवैधानिक संशोधन about – 96 ** The Drafting Committee Members – ** Chairman of the Drafting Committee- 7 Dr. B. R. Ambedkar ** Chairman of the Continuant Assembly - Dr. Rajendra Prasad ** Constitution of India was adopted by Constituent Assembly - 26 November 1949 ** Force of the Indian Constitution - 26 January 1950

13. Constitutional Amendment :- संविधान संशोधन A change in the constitution made by the supreme legislative body in the country is known as Constitutinal amendment. देश में विधान परिषद द्वारा संविधान में किए गए परिवर्तन संविधान संशोधन कहलाते हैं |

14. Preamble of Constitution :- संविधान की प्रस्तावना An introductory statement in a constitution which states the reasons and guiding values of the constitution. यह संविधान की भूमिका है जिसमे भारतीय संविधान के आदर्श तथा मूलभूत सिद्धांत सम्मिलित है |

15. The salient features of Indian Constitution:- भारतीय संविधान की विशेषताएँ – 1- A Written constitution- 395 Articles ,12 Schedules लिखित संविधान जिसमे 395 अनुच्छेद, 12 अनुसूची है 2-Federal Government संघात्मक सरकार 3-Parliamentary Government संसदीय शासन प्रणाली 4-Fundamental Rights and Duties मौलिक अधिकार और कर्तव्य 5- Directive principles of state policy राज्य के नीति निदेशक तत्व 6- Partly rigid and partly flexible कठोर और लचीला 7- Single citizenship इकहरी नागरिकता 8- Language policy भाषायी नीति 9- Universal adult franchise सार्वभौमिक व्यस्यक अधिकार 10- Special provisions for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes अनुसूचित जाति एवं जनजाति के लिए विशेष प्रावधान 11- Independent judiciary स्वतंत्र न्यायपालिका 12- One National language एक राष्ट्रभाषा 13- Emergency provisions आपातकालीन प्रावधान

16. The Guiding values of Indian Constitution :- भारतीय संविधान के बुनियादी मूल्य 1- Vision of Mahatma Gandhi:- Eliminate inequality from the society . 2- Vision of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar :- Dream of removing inequality from India. 3- Vision of Jawahar Lal Nehru- The values that inspired the freedom struggle were included in the constitution. महात्मा गांधी के सपने और वा यदे – समाज से असमानता को ख़त्म करना | डॉ बी आर अम्बेडकर के सपने और वायदे – भेदभाव और गैर-बराबरी मुक्त भारत का सपना | जवाहरलाल नेहरू का सपना – संविधान में स्वतंत्रता आन्दोलन के आदर्शों को शामिल करना |

17. Secular State :- धर्म निरपेक्ष राज्य A secular state is one in which citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion. But there is no official religion. Government treats all religions with equal respects. Example – India . धर्म-निरपेक्ष वह देश होता है, जहाँ नागरिकों को कोई भी धर्म अपनाने की स्वतंत्रता होती हो तथा वहाँ कोई सरकारी धर्म नहीं होता है | सरकार सभी धर्मों को बराबर सम्मान देती हैं | उदहारण – भारत

18. The Preamble of Indian Constitution :- भारतीय संविधान की प्रस्तावना 1- Justice- Social, Economic, Political 2- Liberty –Thought, Expression, belief, faith worship 3- Equality- Status of opportunity 4- Fraternity- न्याय- सामाजिक, आर्थिक, राजनैतिक स्वतंत्रता – विचार, अभिव्यक्ति, पूजापाठ समानता बंधुत्व

19. The Ideals before the Indian Nation :- भारत के समक्ष आदर्श 1- Democracy 2- Socialism 3- Secularism 4- National Integration लोकतंत्र समाजवाद धर्म-निरपेक्ष राष्ट्रीय एकता

20. Member of the Constituent Assembly:- संविधान सभा के सदस्य 1- Dr. Rajendra Prashad 2- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar 3-Sh. Jawaharlal Nehru 4- Sh. K. M. Munshi 5- Dr. S. Radhakrishnan डॉ राजेंद्र प्रसाद डॉ बी आर अम्बेडकर श्री जवाहरलाल नेहरू श्री के एम मुंशी डॉ एस राधाकृष्णन

21. Q. Why should we accept the Constitution made by the Constituent Assembly more than 50 years ago? संविधान सभा द्वारा 50 वर्ष पहले से भी अधिक निर्मित संविधान को हमें क्यों स्वीकार करना चाहिए ? 1- Constituent assembly a Galaxy of Indians. 2- Elected Members 3- Working pattern of the Assembly विधानसभा भारतीयों की आकाश गंगा है | इसमें सभी निर्वाचित सदस्य थे | सभा की कार्य प्रणाली अच्छी थी |