Class Lecture Notes for Micah and Isaiah.pptx

Prophets of God

1. Prophets of Israel 1 Part II

2. PROPHETS 1 2nd QUARTER: MAY-JULY 202 2

3. Units IX-XVI Book Analysis and Commentaries

4. Isaiah & Micah

5. Micah and Isaiah “The word Isaiah means Jehovah is salvation” and Micah means who is like God.” These contemporaries provided respectively a major and minor voice demonstrating that God is salvation, not only for His chosen people., but for all the nations of the world. God promised Abraham that through him He would bless all the nations of the world (Gen 12:3); Isaiah and Micah prophecy the coming fulfillment of that promise (Geisler, 2 43 ).

6. Micah [Background: 2 Kings 1 5-20 ] Kings Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah (S) Time Period 735 to 700 B.C. Pre-Exilic

7. Who Wrote Micah? hk'ymi m longer form [ w hykym J udg 17:1,4] m eaning: “ Who is Like God ” Micah of Moresheth ; a prophet of Samaria and Juda (1:1) A uthor of the book ( Micah 1:1):

8. When was it Written? “Micah stands solidly with Amos, Hosea and Isaiah as a fierce champion of pure worship of the LORD and of social justice, and he shares with the both the word of Judgment against God’s own people (1:2-3. 12; 6.1-7:7) and promise of divine forgiveness and hope in a future restoration” (NRSV) Micah was an early pre-exilic prophet during the reign of Jotham Ahaz and Hezekiah: his time period extends from about 735 to 700 B.C.

9. To Whom Micah was written : Setting. Micah was about Israel (Samaria) and Judah (Jerusalem) but it seems to be primarily directed to Judah, since only southern kings are mentioned in the address (cf., 1:1).

10. Wh ere W ere they Located ? Historical Context “ A brief overview of the history of Israel and Judah that relates to the prophecy of Micah notes that the period before his ministry was tta time of political and economic prosperity but spiritually dullness (particularly the reign of Jeroboam II [786-746 BC ] of Israel and Uzziah of Judah [783-742 BC ]) .

11. Wh ere W ere they Located ? Historical Context “Soon God’s judgment would lead to the downfall of Samaria at the hands of the Assyrian army under the leadership of Shalmaneser V [722 BC]. The southern kingdom, Judah, was not absorbed into the Assyrian empire but was forced to pay tribute. (Burge and Hill, p. 861) .

12. Wh ere W ere they Located ? Historical Context “During the reign of Sargon II, Judah did not rebel, but upon the death of this strong king, his son Sennacherib, Hezekiah the king of Judah, joined a coalition led by a Babylonian rebel, Marduk-Baladan (2 Kings 18-19). In reaction Sennacherib threatened the independence of Jerusalem (701BC), but through the ministry of Isaiah, Micah, Hezekiah repented of his sin and God spared the city. (Burge and Hill, p. 861) .

13. Wh ere W ere they Located ? Historical Context “Nevertheless, it was not long after Hezekiah’s death that the rulers of Judah turned against the Lord. Manasseh, his son, for instance, brought much grief to Judah. Micah’s prophecy predicts the destruction of Judah at the hands of the Babylonians, which took place in 586 BC , and even further ahead to the restoration from captivity (539 BC ). (Burge and Hill, p. 861) .

14. Why Was Micah Written? Historical purpose Micah shows God’s hatred of His people’s passionless rituals and sin (cf., 6:7) and His offer of pardon to them (Geisler, 249) .

15. Why Was Micah Written? The doctrinal purpose Several important teachings are stressed including God’s hatred of empty formal religion (6:7), His concern for social justice (6:8), His pardoning grace (7:18), and His faithfulness to His covenant (7:20).

16. Why Was Micah Written? Christological purpose "The book of Micah presents Christ as the God of Jacob (4:2), the judge of the nations (4:3), and the ruler in Israel who will be born in the city of Bethlehem (5:2; cf., Mat 2:1-6)

17. Why Was Micah Written? Christological purpose “Indeed the authors of the New Testament believed that Micah’s message was fulfilled in the coming of Jesus Christ. For example, the Gospel of Matthew cites Micah 4:2 in reference to Jesus’ birth in Bethlehem (Matt 2:5). Micah here looks forward to a future Davidic ruler, and Jesus Christ, a descendant of David appropriately born in Bethlehem” (Burge and Hill, p.862).

18. Wh at I s Micah About ? Literary Analysis “From a literary standpoint the prophecy itself exhibits certain indications of internal order and arrangement. Chapters one to three, with the exception of 2:12f., contain warnings of doom exclusively; chapters four and five carry promise of divine blessings; chapter 6:1-7:20 enshrines a promise of hope for the future” (Harrison, p.922).

19. Wh at I s Micah About ? Literary Analysis “This stylized alternation between doom and hope has distinct artistic as well as spiritual merit . . , there can be no doubt that the extant form of the prophecy adds to the attractiveness of the work considerably, and reinforces the general impression of prophetic vitality and sensitivity” (Harrison, p.922).

20. Wh at I s Micah About ? “In spirit and content his message was like Isaiah’s—a message of salvation to the nations. As is common for a prophetic book, Micah has two basic divisions: denunciations and consolation ” (Geisler, p. 249).

21. What Micah is About? Outline of Micah

22. Outline I. The Denunciation of the Lord (1-3) II. The Consolation of the Lord (4-7)

23. Outline I. The Denunciation of the Lord (1-3) The denunciation of God is pronounce on Samaria for its idolatry (1:1-7) on Judah for its idolatry and wickedness (1:8-2:13), and on the princes and prophets for their injustice and deception (3). II. The Consolation of the Lord (4-7) But one day God will rescue His people. Micah give a prophecy (4-5) that includes both the salvation of Gentile (cf. 4:1-3) and an unusual prediction about the birth of Christ (Micah 5:2).

24. Outline II. The Consolation of the Lord (4-7) God’s pleading with Israel to do good (6) is succinctly state: “What dos the Lord require of you, but to do justice, and to love kindness and to walk humbly with your God?” (v.8). Finally, Micah reminds them of God’s pardoning grace for their sins (7); “who is a God like thee, pardoning iniquity and passing over transgression for the remnant of his inheritance?” (v. 18). The book closes with the consolation that this God “show faithfulness to Jacob and steadfast love to Abraham, as He has shown to our fathers from the days of old” (Geisler, pp. 249-250).

25. Micah & Jeremiah Micah is mentioned in only one other place in the Old Testament ( Jer 26:17-19). When Jehoiakim comes to the throne of Judah, the priests and the false prophets try to put Jeremiah to death. Some elders intercede for him and cite the ministry of Micah as a justification for Jeremiah’s prophecy of judgment.

26. Micah & Archeology https://www.ancient.eu/Sargon_II/

27. Isaiah

28. Isaiah Pre-exilic Prophet

29. Date of the Book 740 -6 90 BC Kings : Jo tham , Ahaz, and Hezekiah Scripture 11 Kings 15- 21

30. Issues in Isaiah Academic Issues: Authorship and date Arguments Against Single authorship Arguments for Single authorship Internal Evidence External Evidence

31. Issues in Isaiah Who Wrote Isaiah? The critics have dispute whether Isaiah is unified whole, (written by one individual); they claim there is a second (called Deutero -Isaiah, chs . 40-66) or even a third section (called Trito -Isaiah, chs . 56-66). The evidence is firmly in favor of one Isaiah:

32. Issues in Isaiah (1) The book as a whole claims to be the work of one Isaiah. The introductory claim that Isaiah is the author (1:1) stands for the whole book, as is seen by its repetition in succeeding chapters (7:3; 20:2; 38:4; 39:5). The unified character and content of the rest of book also fit this claim. (2) All of Jewish tradition attributes the whole book to one Isaiah. This tradition extends from the time

33. Issues in Isaiah (3) The same literary style, thoughts, phrases, and events figures of speech run throughout the whole book. The special formula, “thus saith the Lord,” is found throughout the whole book; and the phrase for God, “the Holy One of Israel,” which is rarely found in the rest of the Old Testament, occurs a dozen times or more in each of the two major sections of Isaiah. Biblical scholars have noted some forty or fifty other phrases common to both sections of Isaiah (see Archer, A Survey of Old Testament Introduction, pp. 333f).

34. Issues in Isaiah (4) The details of the entire book are Palestine and not Assyrian. Chapter 45:22 (which is from the second section), Jerusalem is the center from which God speaks to the whole earth.

35. Issues in Isaiah (5) The failure of the critics to come up with another historical person who had the literary abilities reflected in Isaiah or with any textual evidence of separate Isaiah indicates the insufficiency of their view. The earliest manuscripts of Isaiah discovered among the Dead Sea Scroll support the fact that Isaiah is one complete and whole book.

36. Issues in Isaiah (6) At the heart of the critic’s objection is their aversion to the fact that Isaiah contains supernatural predictive prophecy. For example, parts of Isaiah name Cyrus (who became king of Persia) more than one hundred fifty years before he lived (Isa 44:28; 45:1). But no one who believes in the God who created this world should have any problems believing that He can reveal the future in advance. In fact, the Bible has “dozens of predictions about  

37. Issues in Isaiah Christ given hundreds of years in advance and literally fulfilled. They include where He would be born (Micah 5:2), that He would be born of a virgin (Isa 7:14), when He would be born (Dan 9), and even how He would die (Ps 22). The God who can do all this has no problem in knowing and naming a king one hundred fifty years before his time. 

38. Issues in Isaiah (7) The conclusive evidence that there was only one Isaiah who wrote the whole book is that our Lord and the writers of the inspired New Testament attribute both sections of the book to one and same Isaiah. John the Baptist cited Isaiah 40 in Matthew 3:3. Jesus quoted Isaiah 61 in Luke 4:18f. John 12:38 reference to Isaiah 53, while verse 40 quotes Isaiah 6. Paul also cited Isaiah 53 in Romans 10:16.

39. The word Isaiah means “Jehovah is salvation ; ” A “ voice demonstrating that God is salvation, not only for His chosen people, but for all the nations of the world. God promised Abram that through him He would bless all the nations of the world (Gen 12:3); Isaiah prophecy the coming fulfilment of this promise” (Geisler, 243).

40. “In many respects Isaiah is a miniature Bible. It has sixty-six chapters; the Bible has sixty six books. The first thirty-nine chapters correspond to the thirty-nine books of the Old Testament. Speaking largely about Israel before the coming of the Messiah. The last twenty-seven chapters parallel the New Testament, speaking

41. “ la rgely about the Messiah and His Messianic kingdom. Isaiah is one of the Old Testament books often quoted in the New Testament . W hen one reads Isaiah it sometimes seems as though he is reading from the pages of the Gospels (cf., Isa 9, 11, 40, 53).

42. Isaiah 53 : 1 -12 Peter (1 Pet 1:10-12) “ Of which salvation the prophets have enquired and searched diligently, who prophesied of the grace that should come unto you:

43. Isaiah 53 :1-12 Peter (1 Pet 1:10-12) “ S earching what, or what manner of time the Spirit of Christ which was in them did signify, when He testified beforehand the suffering of Christ, and the glory that should follow”

44. Isaiah 53 :1-12 Peter (1 Pet 1:10-12) “ Unto whom it was revealed, that not unto themselves, but unto us they did minister the things, which are now reported unto you by them that have preached the gospel unto you with the Holy Ghost sent down from heaven; which things the angels desire to look into. ”

45. Ethiopian Eunuch Acts 8:30-339

46. Isaiah 53 :1-12 “ The place of the scripture which he read was this, He was led as a sheep to the slaughter; and like a lamb dumb before his shearer, so opened he not his mouth: 33 In his humiliation his judgment was taken away: and who shall declare his generation? for his life is taken from the earth. 34 And the eunuch answered Philip, and said, I pray thee, of whom speaketh the prophet this? of himself, or of some other man? 35 Then Philip opened his mouth, and began at the same scripture, and preached unto him Jesus.” (Acts 8:32-35 KJV) ”

47. THE PROPHETS AND THE MESSIAH Essential Elements In Isaiah

48. The Prophets and the Messiah “The prophets and the Messiah. The entire prophetic movement must be understood as a preparation for the coming of the Messiah. Had there been no fall, there would have been no need of a Messiah or for the prophets. According to the prophets, the Messiah was One who was to perform a threefold work of prophet, priest and king. There are certain essential elements in the messianic picture which Isaiah present.

49. The Prophets and the Messiah Isaiah and the Messiah” The Suffering Servant (Isa 48; 53) The Anointed One (Isa 61)

50. “The coming of the Messiah is supernatural. The Messiah is not merely a human figure whose appearance on the scene of history is accidental. He is truly a human figure, but His coming brings God himself (e.g., Immanuel ; Isaiah 7:14; cf., Mat 1:21 ). The Messiah is a divine person. Such passages as Isa 9:6-7 show that He is truly God. The coming of the Messiah is eschatological. It ushers in the end of times (Mal 3:1-4; Hag 2:6-9 [c.f., 1 Pet 1:20)

51. The Messiah is a King who will rule in perfect righteousness and justice (Isa 11:1-5). The Messiah is a prophet who will declare the Word of God with clarity and fullness that was unequalled ( Deut 18:9-22 [c.f., John 5:46; 17:6-8). The messianic work is esoteric (Isa 53:5-6). The heart of the Messiah’s task is to save His people from their sins. The Messiah is a Savior.

52. “The first messianic prophecy was uttered by God Himself and was addressed to the serpent. It speaks of the seed of the woman bruising the serpent’s head (Gen 3:15). In this verse God refers to a human being, a descendant from Eve, who will deliver a capital blow against the serpent. Inasmuch as this blow is the culmination of enmity between the woman and the serpent, an enmity extending also to their respective seeds, it is a blow which defeats the enemy of mankind and so delivers man from his power. Here the soteric element stands ou t most clearly.

53. “As time progressed God revealed more and more about the Messiah to His servants and prophets. Always at the heart of the revelation lay the wondrous work of salvation which the Messiah was to perform [Isa 61; cf., Lk 4:20-21] . The peak of is reached in Isa 53 which clearly teaches the substitutionary death of the Messiah would accomplish salvation. As the Servant of the Lord, the Messiah performs this wondrous feat” (Ibid., 1415).

54. Is a iah Is aiah means: “Jehovah is salvation ” Purpose of book and message, theology

55. To Whom Isaiah was written : Setting. Isaiah as a prophet ministered primarily to the southern kingdom of Judah. His message was generally directed toward Judah’s sinful people (1:4) and particularly to its evil leaders (1:23)

56. Why Was Isaiah Written? The doctrinal purpose This book comprehends all the great truths of the Old Testament regarding salvation from man’s sin (1) through Christ’s redemptive work (53) as well as the final glorious restoration of this earth (65).

57. Why Was Isaiah Written? Christological purpose " Isaiah presents perhaps the most complete and comprehensive descriptions of Christ found in the Old Testament. For example, Christ is referred to as the “Lord…high and lifted up” (6); the son of a virgin (7:14); the “wonderful Counsellor, mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace” (9:6); a Branch from Jesse and anointed of the Lord (11:1, 2), the “Comforter” of His people (40); the “Redeemer” and “Holy One of Israel” and their creator and King (43); the Deliverer of the captives (61) and more.

58. Messianic Passages  

59. Messianic Passages   Israel and Adonai: (Isa 6:1-6; John 12:41) Jesus’ Virgin birth (Isa 7:14; Mat 1:22-23) Jesus and His followers: (Isa 8:18; Heb 2:13b) Jesus-Son-Ruler (Isa 9:6; Mat 1:1; 2:2, 15) Jesus’ Galilean Ministry (Isa 9:1, 2; Mat 4: 12-17)

60. Messianic Passages   Jesus’ forerunner: John the Baptist (Isa 40:1, 3*; Mat3:3; John 1:6 ) Jesus the True Servant of God (Isa 42; 49) Jesus the Suffering Servant (Isa 53; Acts 8:34-37)

61. The Lord’s Servant Isaiah 42:1-4; 5-9 Given as a covenant to the people, the light to the gentiles (Isa 42:6) To open blind eyes, bring prisoners from prison of darkness (Isa 42:7)

62. The Suffering Servant Isaiah 53 Not comely, despised and rejected (v 3) Borne our griefs and carried our shame (v4) God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all ( v6) Oppressed and afflicted, but did not open His mouth (v 7) Led like a Lamb to slaughter, as sheep was silent before its shearers [the Lamb of God] (v 7; Jn 1:29)

63. The Suffering Servant Isaiah 53 He was cut off from the land of the living; for the transgression of God’s people He was smitten (v 8) They made His grave with the wicked; He had done no evil and was any deceit in His mouth (v 9).

64. The Suffering Servant Isaiah 53 It pleased the Lord to bruise Him and Made His soul an offering for sin (v 10). He shall see His labor and be satisfied; the righteous Servant shall justify many, for He shall bear their iniquities ( v 11)

65. The Suffering Servant Isaiah 53 Because He poured out His soul unto death and was numbered with the transgressors, and bore the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors, God divided His portion with the great and divide the spoil with the strong (v 12)

66. God’s Name “I am the LORD: that is my name: and my glory will I not give to another, neither my praise to graven images (Isa 42:8 KJV). “And I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, by the name of God Almighty, but by my name JEHOVAH [ YHWH ] was I not known to them. (Exo 6:3 KJV).

67. God’s Distinctive “Behold, the former things are come to pass, and new things do I declare: before they spring forth I tell you of them” (Isa 42:9 KJV).

68. What Isaiah is About? Outline of Isaiah

69. Outline 1. PROPHETIC CONDEMNATIONS (1-35) a. CONDEMNATIONS CONCERNING JUDAH AND ISRAEL (1-12) This first section deals primarily with God’s judgements through the hands of the Assyrians on the sins of His people. There is the judgement concerning Judah and Israel in which God charges His people with sin (1-5) and calls His prophets (6) to warn Judah of the coming judgment (7-12). b. CONDEMNATION ON THE SURROUNDING NATIONS (13-23) Turning the attention of his prophetic “oracles,” Isaiah moves from one country to another, predicting the judgment of God on Babylon (13-14a), on Philistia (14b), on Moab (15-16), on Damascus (17-18), on Egypt (19-20), on Babylon, Dumah , and Arabia (21), and finally on Jerusalem (22) and Tyre (23). God is a holy God and he will not tolerate sin; He will visit the nations in wrath for their wickedness

70. Outline c. CONDEMNATIONS CONCERNING ALL NATIONS (24-35) God’s holy anger will not be restricted to Israel and her neighbor; the whole world will feel its stinging effects. (1) This coming wrath is given as warning of the “Day of the Lord” (24-27), which is a time of desolation (24a) to be followed by a time of restoration (24b-27). (2) Then Isaiah pronounces five woes on the people of the Lord (28-33): one on the drunkards and scoffers (28), one on the deceivers of God (29), one of the rebellious who place confidence in man not God (30), one on those who make alliance with the enemy (31-32), and one on treacherous destroyers (33).

71. Outline 2. HISTORIC CONFISCATION (36-39) This first section deals with the confiscation of Israel an Judah by the Assyrians and the Babylonians a. LOOKING FORWARD TO THE BABYLONIAN INVASION (38-39) I saiah reminds the Judean king Hezekiah of what the Assyrians did to the northern kingdom of Israel in 722 B.C. and warns him of Assyria’s threat to Judah. But Hezekiah’s trouble with the Assyrians (36) becomes his triumph in the Lord (37) when he turns to God and God delivers him from the Assyrians, thus sparing Jerusalem,

72. Outline 2. HISTORIC CONFISCATION (36-39) b. LOOKING FORWARD TO THE BABYLONIAN INVASION (38-39) God heard Hezekiah’s cry during the sickness which nearly caused his death and added fifteen years to his life (38). But because Hezekiah showed all his treasures to the messengers of the king of Babylon, God condemned him for his sin and predicted that the king pf Babylon would one day carry his treasure and his sons to Babylon (39).

73. Outline 3. MESSIANIC CONSOLATION (40-66) a. THE DELIVERANCE FROM GOD (44-48) The stress is these chapters is on the consolation to be found in God’s deliverance of His people. “Comfort, comfort my people, says your God” (40:1). The deliverance is proclaimed (40-42), promised (43-45), and prophesied (46-48). “Behold my servant, whom I uphold, my chosen, in whom my soul delights; I have put my Spirit upon him, he will bring forth justice to the nations” (42:1). He will be sent to “open the eyes that are blind, to bring out the prisoners from the dungeon, from the prison those who sit in darkness” (42:7, 8). This section abound with messianic descriptions: “your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel” (43:14); “the creator of Israel, your King” (43-15); “God of Israel, the Savior” (45:15). Messiah will bring deliverance to Israel.

74. Outline 3. MESSIANIC CONSOLATION (40-66) b. THE DELIVERANCE FORM GOD (49-57) In this section special emphasis is placed on this One through whom the deliverance will come, the Messiah. He it is who called Isaiah (49-50) and who has compassion on his people (51-5), for “surely he has borne our griefs and carried our sorrows….But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities” (53:4, 5). His death will bring comfort to his people (54-55) and to the Gentiles as well (56). “Sing, O barren, who did not bear; break forth into singing and cry aloud you who have not been in travail” (54:1). “Ho, everyone who thirsts, come to the waters; and he who has no money, come, buy and eat!” (55:1). A final note of condemnation on the wicked is sounded (57).

75. Outline 3. MESSIANIC CONSOLATION (40-66) c. THE DELIVERANCE FROM OF GOD (58-66) This last section centers on those who will be delivered of God, that is, on those people who trust in Him, God’s condition for their deliverance is that “they seek me daily, and delight to know my ways….” (55-59). For “behold the Lord’s hand is not shortened, that is cannot save, or his ear dull, that is cannot hear”; it is only “your iniquities that have made a separation between you and your God….” (59:1, 2). The completeness of their deliverance is spelled out in the glorious era of peace and prosperity (60-65a) in which Israel will be returned to the land of Palestine (60), the Savior will come (61),

76. Outline 3. MESSIANIC CONSOLATION (40-66) C. THE DELIVERANCE FROM OF GOD (58-66) Zion will be restored (62), Israel will be converted (63-64), and the Gentile nations who call on God will be saved (65a. The consummation of the deliverance will come about when God creates a new heaven and earth (65b) and true worship of God will be restored (66). “For as the new heaven and the new earth which I will make shall remain before me, says the Lord; so shall your descendants and your name remain. From new moon to new moon, and from Sabbath to Sabbath, all flesh shall come to worship before me, says the Lord” (66:22, 23). Thus will God deliver the faithful of both Israel and the nations; His international salvation will endure forever.