Class_PPT_-_Prelims_Revision_Classes_Geography_Lecture-3_12-Apr-2023.pdf

Geography ppt

2. 4
.
INDIAN CLIMATE

3. Winter Seasons:
1.Cold dry NW winds from central Asia
2.STW Jet -> Divided by Tibet
3.Western Disturbances (Cloud cover –raps
the outgoing radiation -> Increase in night
temp indicates their advance)
4.Tropical cyclones over Bay of Bengal
5.No well defined cold weather in Peninsular
India
6.Winds in North –NW, Winds in South -> NE
7.Dry stable outgoing winds -> clear skies;
anticyclonic conditions
Summer seasons
1.North shifting of ITCZ
2.Withdrawlof jetstreams
3.SE becomes SW after crossing the equator (displaced
equatorial westerlies)
4.Easterly Jetstream flows over the southern part of
peninsula -> it also steers tropical depression in India.
5.With drawl of Westerly jet and arrival of easterly jet ->
burst of monsoon.
Breaks in monsoon:
1.Winds blow parallel to western coast
2. Low rainbearingstorms over ITCZ

4. Find the correct statements regarding India
during summer seasons:
1. Temperature is mild in South as compared to
North.
2. Isotherms are perpendicular to the West
coast.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Consider the following statements about the
October Heat:
There is a marked increase in the temperature
and humidity in the month of October.
Clear skies and moist lands facilitate the onset of
the October Heat.
Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
A.1 only
B.2 only
C.Both 1 and 2
D.Neither 1 nor 2

5. Find the correct statements regarding India
during summer seasons:
1. Temperature is mild in South as compared to
North.
2. Isotherms are perpendicular to the West
coast.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Consider the following statements about the
October Heat:
There is a marked increase in the temperature
and humidity in the month of October.
Clear skies and moist lands facilitate the onset of
the October Heat.
Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
A.1 only
B.2 only
C.Both 1 and 2
D.Neither 1 nor 2

6. Consider the following statements about the South-west Monsoon:
1.The ChotanagpurPlateau receives rainfall from the Arabia Sea
branch of the south-west monsoon.
2.The Bay of Bengal branch of the south-west monsoon enters India
from the south-west direction.
3.The Tamil Nadu coast and the Kerala coast receive almost similar
rainfall during the monsoon months.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A.1 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 2 only
D.1, 2 and 3

7. Consider the following statements about the South-west Monsoon:
1.The ChotanagpurPlateau receives rainfall from the Arabia Sea
branch of the south-west monsoon.
2.The Bay of Bengal branch of the south-west monsoon enters India
from the south-west direction.
3.The Tamil Nadu coast and the Kerala coast receive almost similar
rainfall during the monsoon months.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A.1 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 2 only
D.1, 2 and 3

8. Spread of arabian Sea and b.o.b branch :->

10. Retreating monsoon:
1.October –November
2.SW monsoon becomes week by sept end
3.ITCZ moves south
4.Clear skies + temperature rise + humidity -> oppressive weather
5.Dry weather in North but rains in Eastern Peninsula
6.Passage of cyclonic depression originating over Andaman sea

17. (2017) With reference to 'Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)' sometimes
mentioned in the news while forecasting Indian monsoon, which of the
following statements is/are correct?
1. IOD phenomenon is characterised by a difference in sea surface
temperature between tropical Western Indian Ocean and tropical
Eastern Pacific Ocean.
2. An IOD phenomenon can influence an El Nino's impact on the
monsoon.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

18. (2017) With reference to 'Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)' sometimes
mentioned in the news while forecasting Indian monsoon, which of the
following statements is/are correct?
1. IOD phenomenon is characterised by a difference in sea surface
temperature between tropical Western Indian Ocean and tropical
Eastern Pacific Ocean.
2. An IOD phenomenon can influence an El Nino's impact on the
monsoon.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

22. 4
.
INDIAN PHYSIOGRAPHY

23. phYSioGraphic diViSion of hiMaLaYaS :->
Trans/ Tibetan Himalayas
Inner/ Greater Himalayas
Lesser/ Himachal Himalayas
Outer / Shivaliks

24. Consider the following statements:
1.Duns are the plains in the Shiwalik Hills, formed
by siltation and deposition of lakes.
2.The southern slopes of the Shiwalik are covered
with thick forests from Himachal Pradesh to Nepal.
3.The Shiwalik Hills run unbroken in the entire
range of the Himalayas.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A.1 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3
Consider the following statements about the Himalayan Range:
1.NamchaBarwa and Nanga Parbat mark the two syntaxial bends of
the Himalayas in the Eastern and the Western Himalayas, respectively.
2.The Himalayan ranges have steep gradient towards the south, but
they present a much gentler slope towards the north.
3.The Eastern Himalayas rise gradually from the plains, while the
Western Himalayas rise abruptly.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A.1 and 2 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3

25. Consider the following statements:
1.Duns are the plains in the Shiwalik Hills, formed
by siltation and deposition of lakes.
2.The southern slopes of the Shiwalik are covered
with thick forests from Himachal Pradesh to Nepal.
3.The Shiwalik Hills run unbroken in the entire
range of the Himalayas.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A.1 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3
Consider the following statements about the Himalayan Range:
1.NamchaBarwa and Nanga Parbat mark the two syntaxial bends of
the Himalayas in the Eastern and the Western Himalayas, respectively.
2.The Himalayan ranges have steep gradient towards the south, but
they present a much gentler slope towards the north.
3.The Eastern Himalayas rise gradually from the plains, while the
Western Himalayas rise abruptly.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A.1 and 2 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3

26. TRANS HIMALAYAS:
Karakoram range
•Backbone of high Asia
•Indus river system lies to its
south.
•Yarkandriver system lies to its
north. (Yarkandriver is the
head stream of the Tarim
River.)
Ladakh range
•Indus river flows between
Ladakh and Zanskar range and
creates deepest gorge at a place
in Bunji.
Zanskar range
Kailash mountain range
•It begins from the South -East
of Ladakh range.
•Kailash Parvat(Sumeru
Parbat) is located here.
HIMALAYAN RANGE-
The general orientation ->
•Northwest to the southeast direction in the north-western part of India.
•In the Darjeeling and Sikkim regions -> east west direction,
•In Arunachal Pradesh -> southwest to the northwest direction.
•In Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram -> north south direction.
GREAT HIMALAYAS
•Also known as ‘Himadari’/ Main Himalayas/ Snowy Himalayas
•Indus gorge to NamchaBarwa
•Slope is steeper towards South and gentler towards North.
•The height of snowline is more in the West
•Peaks: Kanchenjunga, Makalu , Dhaulagiri, Nanga Parbat , Annapurna , Nanda Devi , Badrinath
LESSER HIMALAYAS
•Pir PanjalRange-> Extends from Jhelum in Kashmir to Beas in Himachal Pradesh. Famous passes:
Banihal and Pir Panjal
•DhauladharRange->It extends to Jammu Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand
•Nag TibbaRange->
•Mahabharat Range-> In Nepal
•OUTER HIMALAYAS -> Potwarbasin in the West to Kosiriver in the East ->gradually becomes
narrower in the East. ‘Dun’ are the valleys between lesser and outer Himalayas. E.g. –Dehradun in
Uttarakhand. ‘Duars’ are the terai areas in West Bengal.
Note: Kashmir valley and Kathmandu valley -> between the Great Himalayas and the Lesser Himalayas and are
created due to sedimentation of the lakes. ‘Marg’ in Kashmir and ‘Bugyal’ in Uttarakhand are the local names of
Meadows found here. Shimla, Mussoori, Chakrata, Nainital, Ranikhet, Darjeeling are situated.

27. •TheDooarsarethefoothillsoftheeasternHimalayasin
North-EastIndiaaroundBhutan.
•SankoshRiverdividesitintotheWestern(Bengalduars)and
Easterndooars(Assamduars)
•DooarsissynonymouswiththetermTeraiusedinNepaland
northernIndiaandformtheonlynitraterichplaininIndia.
•TheWesternDuarsisanimportantcentreoftheteaindustry.
Physicalconditionssuchasmoderateslope,thicksoilcover
withhighorganiccontent,welldistributedrainfallthroughout
theyearandmildwintershelpsteaplantationsinthisregion.

28. Arrange the following ranges from North to South
1. Miri
2. Laimatol
3. Barail
4. Abor
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 2, 1, 3, 4
B.3, 4, 1, 2
C.4, 1, 3, 2
D.1, 4, 3, 2

29. Arrange the following ranges from North to South
1. Miri
2. Laimatol
3. Barail
4. Abor
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 2, 1, 3, 4
B.3, 4, 1, 2
C.4, 1, 3, 2
D.1, 4, 3, 2

30. States Ranges
Assam Mikir hills
Arunachal Pradesh Dafla, Miri, Abor, Mishmi, Patkai Bum
Nagaland Naga hills
Manipur Manipur hills
Mizoram Mizo hills (Lushai hills), also knownas
the ‘Molassisbasin’ -made up of soft
unconsolidated deposits.
Tripura Tripura hills
Meghalaya Garo, Khasi, Jaintia

32. Q. Consider the following statements:
1. The general direction of the Arunachal Himalayas is
from southwest to northeast
2. Pangong Tso and Tso moririare the freshwater lakes
made out of glacial melt in Kashmir Himalayas
Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

33. Q. Consider the following statements:
1. The general direction of the Arunachal Himalayas is
from southwest to northeast.
2. Pangong Tso and Tso moririare the freshwater lakes
made out of glacial melt in Kashmir Himalayas
Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

34. reGionaL diViSion of hiMaLaYaS :->
KASHMIRORNORTHWESTERNHIMALAYAS
●BaltoroandSiachenglaciersarealsofoundinthisregion.
●Karewaformations,whichareusedforthecultivationofZafran.
(Karewasarethethickdepositsofglacialclayandothermaterials
embeddedwithmoraines).
●Freshlakes->DalandWularandsaltwaterlakes->PangongTsoand
TsoMoriri.
HIMACHALANDUTTARAKHANDHIMALAYAS:
●BetweentheRaviinthewestandtheKali(atributaryofGhaghara)
intheeast.
●ItisdrainedbytwomajorriversystemsofIndia,i.e.,theIndusand
theGanga.
●Thenorthernmostpart->extensionoftheLadakhcolddesert,which
liesinthedistrictLahaulandSpiti.
●AllthethreerangesofHimalayasareprominentinthissectionalso.
●GreatHimalayanrange->Bhotia’s(nomadicgroupswhomigrateto
‘Bugyals’(thesummergrasslandsinthehigherreaches)during
summermonthsandreturntothevalleysduringwinters)
●Thefamous‘Valleyofflowers’isalsosituatedinthisregion.
DarjeelingandSikkimHimalayas:
●Fast-flowingriverssuchasTista,mountainpeakslike
Kanchenjunga.
●Thehigherreaches->Lepchatribes
●Theyarewellknownfororchids.
●ThesealongwiththeArunachalHimalayasareconspicuousby
theabsenceoftheShiwalikformations.Inplaceofthe
Shiwalikshere,the‘Duarformations’areimportant.
ArunachalHimalayas:
●TheseextendfromtheeastoftheBhutanHimalayasuptothe
Diphupassintheeast.
●Thegeneraldirectionofthemountainrangeisfromsouthwest
tonortheast.
●SomeoftheimportantmountainpeaksoftheregionareKangtu
andNamchaBarwa.
●Subansiri,Dihang,DibangandLohitareperennialwiththe
highrateoffall,thus,havingthehighesthydro-electricpower
potentialinthecountry.
●Importanttribes:Monpa,Abor,Mishmi,NyishiandNagas.

35. Q. Consider the following pairs:
1. Bistdoab -> between Beas and Satluj
2. Bari doab -> between Ravi and Chenab
3. Rachna doab -> Between Beas and Ravi
4. Chhajdoab -> between Chenab and Jhelum
Which of the above pairs are incorrectlymatched?
(a) 1 and 4 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1 and 4 only
Q. Consider the following statements about the Northern
Plains:
1. Bhabar is a narrow belt at the end of the slope of the
Shiwalik foothills.
2. Rivers disappear in the Terai zone.
3. Bhangar is composed of old alluvium.
4. Bhur denotes an elevated piece of land formed
accumulation of wind-blown sands.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A.1 and 2 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1, 3 and 4 only
D.1 and 4 only

36. Q. Consider the following pairs:
1. Bistdoab -> between Beas and Satluj
2. Bari doab -> between Ravi and Chenab
3. Rachna doab -> Between Beas and Ravi
4. Chhajdoab -> between Chenab and Jhelum
Which of the above pairs are incorrectlymatched?
(a) 1 and 4 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1 and 4 only
Q. Consider the following statements about the Northern
Plains:
1. Bhabar is a narrow belt at the end of the slope of the
Shiwalik foothills.
2. Rivers disappear in the Terai zone.
3. Bhangar is composed of old alluvium.
4. Bhur denotes an elevated piece of land formed
accumulation of wind-blown sands.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A.1 and 2 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1, 3 and 4 only
D.1 and 4 only

37. GreaT pLainS:->
Indus Plain:
The plain west to Indus-> Bangar constituents and East of the rivers -> deltaic relief.
Numerous saliferous lakes are found near dry beds.
Punjab plains:
Bistdoab -> between Beas and Satluj
Bari doab -> Between Beas and Ravi
Rachna doab -> between Ravi and Chenab
Chhajdoab -> between Chenab and Jhelum
Sindh Sagar doab -> between Jhelum-Chenab and Indus
Brahmaputra plains:
Situated between Himalayas and Meghalaya plateau.
Majuli (largest riverine island) in Assam is built on it.
Rajasthan plains:
It extends from west of Aravallis.
Eastern part is ‘Rajasthan Bangar’, and the Western part is ‘Thar desert’
Many Barkhans(crescent shaped sand dunes) are present here.

38. Which of the following are notparts of the Himalayas?
1.Patkai Bum
2.The Dafla Hills
3.Karbi Anglong
4.The Garo Hills
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A.1 and 2 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.3 and 4 only
D.2 and 4 only

39. Which of the following are notparts of the Himalayas?
1.Patkai Bum
2.The Dafla Hills
3.Karbi Anglong
4.The Garo Hills
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A.1 and 2 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.3 and 4 only
D.2 and 4 only

40. peninSuLa:->
•World’s oldest geological structures + tectonically stable region
•The general elevation of the plateau is from the west to the east.
•Peninsular India is made up of a series of patlandplateaus such as
the Hazaribagh plateau, the Palamuplateau, the Ranchi plateau, the
Malwaplateau, the Coimbatore plateau and the Karnataka plateau,
etc.
•Northwestern part -> a complex relief of ravines and gorges. Ex.
ravines of Chambal, Bhindand Morena.

41. Consider the following statements about the Indian Peninsula:
1.The North-Eastern Plateau is an extension of the main
Peninsular Plateau.
2.The Aravalli Range is an escarpment passing ending near
Ahmedabad in Gujarat.
3.The Satpura Range forms a continuous range running south of
the Narmada river.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A.1 only
B.1 and 2 only
C.2 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3

42. Consider the following statements about the Indian Peninsula:
1.The North-Eastern Plateau is an extension of the main
Peninsular Plateau.
2.The Aravalli Range is an escarpment passing ending near
Ahmedabad in Gujarat.
3.The Satpura Range forms a continuous range running south of
the Narmada river.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A.1 only
B.1 and 2 only
C.2 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3

43. Aravalli Mountain Range:
•One of the oldest fold mountains of the world.
•Extends from Delhi ridge up to Palanpur(Gujarat).
•Covers Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan & Gujarat.
•Its highest peak is Guru Shikhar (on Abu Hills) in
Rajasthan.
•Goramghat is located in the Southern part of Aravalli
mountain range. It connects Marwarand Mewar regions
of Rajasthan.
VindhyachalMountain Range:
•It is a group of Vindhyan, Bharnerand Kaimur.
•It is the northern escarpment of the Narmada valley and
act as a major watershed between North and South India.
•Bhanderplateau lies on the Eastern sides of Bharnerhills.
•Malwaplateau lies in the Northwestern part and
Baghelkhandplateau lies in the Eastern part.

44. Consider the following statements about the Western Ghats:
1.The Western Ghats pass through the states of Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala only.
2.The Western Ghats have sharp slopes on both the eastern
and the western sides, and appear like a tableland.
3.Kudremukh is the highest peak in the Western Ghats,
north of Kerala.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A.3 only
B.1 and 2 only
C.1 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3
Consider the following statements:
1.Thal Ghat links Nasik to Mumbai.
2.Pal Ghat connects Kochi and Chennai.
3.The Senkota Pass is located between the Nilgiris and
the Annamalai mountains.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A.1 and 2 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3

45. Western Ghats:
•They are also known as ‘Sahyadris’+ older than the Himalaya mountains.
•Seaward slopes -> steep, dissected by stream, canyon like valleys,
•Landward side -> gentle slope, mature valleys
•One of the world’s eight ‘hottest hotspots’ of biological diversity.
•Non-equatorial tropical evergreen forests
•The oldest of these rocks are found in the Nilgiris and the High Ranges of
the southern Western Ghats.
Note:
1.KodaikanalislocatedonPalnihills.
2.OotyislocatedinNilgiris.
3.Gersoppa/Jog/MahatmaGandhifallsareonSharavatiRiveronthe
Westernghats.
MajorpassesinWesternGhats(North->South):
1.ThalGhat:ConnectsNashiktoMumbai.
2.BhorGhat:ItconnectMumbaiandPune.
3.PalGhat:BetweenNilgirisandAnnamalai.ItliesinKeralaand
connectsKochiandSalemandKochiandChennai.
4.SenkottaPass:SituatedbetweenNagercoilandCardamomhills.It
connectsKollamandMadurai.

46. Arrange the following ranges from North to South
1. Nayagarh
2. Nallamala
3. Nagari
4. Shevroy
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 2, 1, 3, 4
B.3, 4, 1, 2
C.4, 1, 3, 2
D.1, 2, 3, 4
Consider the following:
1.The Garhjat Hills
2.The Nallamala Hills
3.The Mahendragiri Peak
4.The Kaimur Hills
Which of the following is the correct sequence of these
geographical features if one travels from North to South?
A.1-4-3-2
B.1-4-2-3
C.4-1-3-2
D.4-3-1-2

47. Arrange the following ranges from North to South
1. Nayagarh
2. Nallamala
3. Nagari
4. Shevroy
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 2, 1, 3, 4
B.3, 4, 1, 2
C.4, 1, 3, 2
D.1, 2, 3, 4
Consider the following:
1.The Garhjat Hills
2.The Nallamala Hills
3.The Mahendragiri Peak
4.The Kaimur Hills
Which of the following is the correct sequence of these
geographical features if one travels from North to South?
A.1-4-3-2
B.1-4-2-3
C.4-1-3-2
D.4-3-1-2

48. •Eastern Ghats
•It extends from Mahanadi to Nilgiris.
•Its height is lesser than western ghats.
•Important peaks –Jindhagadapeak (highest), Mahendragiri,
Niyamgiri.
•Venkateshwara Tirupati temple is located in Tirumala hills
which are located in the Southeastern part of Palkondarange.
Western Ghats Eastern Ghats
Theyarerelatively
continuousandcanbepassed
throughpassesonly.
Theyarenotcontinuousand
intersectedbyseveralbigrivers.
Theiraverageelevationis
around1500m.
Becauseofdenudation,theyare
shorter.Theiraverageelevationis
600-700m.
Averagewidth–50-80KmAveragewidth–100-200Km
Theyexperiencetheonsetof
SWmonsoon
TheyexperiencemostlyNE
retreatingmonsoon.
They experience relatively
lesser cyclones
Theyexperiencehighernumberof
tropicalcyclonesoriginatinginthe
BayofBengal.
HighestpeakisAnaimudi
(2695m)
HighestpeakisArma
Konda/JindhagadaPeak(1690m)

51. Andaman and
Nicobar Islands
●TheyaretheprotrudedpartsoftheOceanicmountains.
●SomesmallerislandsarevolcanicinoriginalsolikeBarrenisland.
●Outof350,only38areinhabited.
●Highestpeak=Saddlepeak(liesinNorthAndaman)
●2
nd
highestpeak=Mt.Thullier(liesinGreatNicobar)
●DuncanpassageseparatesSouthAndamanandLittleAndaman.
●TheTenDegreeChannelseparatestheAndamanIslandsandtheNicobarIslands
fromeachotherintheBayofBengal.
Lakshadweep
Islands
●Theyareformedduetodepositionofcorals.10/36Islandsareinhabited.
●TheEightDegreeChannelseparatestheislandsofMinicoyandMaldives.
●TheNineDegreeChannelseparatestheislandofMinicoyfromthemain
Lakshadweeparchipelago.
●Minicoyisthelargestisland
Ganga Sagar
Islands
●LocatedinBayofBengalatthemouthofHooghlyRiver.
●Itisbuiltbysedimentation.
●LargestislandlocatedindeltaregionofGanga
iSLandS:->

52. Abdul Kalam
Islands
NearthemouthofBrahmaniandBaitarniinOdisha
Nalabana IslandsInChilikalake,Odisha
Hope islands
FormedbysedimentsbroughtbyKoringa(tributaryofGodavari)in
AndhraPradesh
Sriharikota
island
LocatednearPulicatlakeinAndhraPradesh
Pamban islandsLocatedinGulfofMunnar
Willingdon
Island
Kerala,Vembanardlake
Aaliya islandGulfofKhambatneartheestuaryofNarmada
Butcher /
Jawahar Island
ThanecreeknearElephantaIsland.
Salsette /
coconut Island
OnArabianseainMaharashtra.SanjayGandhiNationalParkisinthis
island.
oTher iMporTanT LocaTionS:->

53. 5
.
INDIAN DRAINAGE

54. Himalayan drainage Peninsular drainage
Perennialnature:glaciersandrainwaterarethemainsources. Seasonalnature:rainwateristhemainsource.
Riverregimeshavetwomaxima;oneduringsummersduetoglacial
meltandsecondduringSWmonsoon.
Riverregimehasonemaxima;duringSWmonsoonperiod.
RiverKaveriincreasesitsflowtwotimesayearandflows
throughouttheyear;UpperreachesgetwaterduringSWmonsoon
andlowerreachesgetwaterduringNEretreatingmonsoon.
Lengthofriversarerelativelylonger. Riversarerelativelyshorter
Sizeofriverbasinsarerelativelylarger. Theirbasinsarerelativelysmaller
Rivervalleysaredeeperbecauseofhigherosion. Rivervalleysareshallowerbecauseoflessererosion.
Theyhavehighlymeanderingpathsastheypassthroughsoft
sedimentaryrocks.
Theyhavestraightercoursesastheymovethroughhardpeninsular
rocks
Theyformlargerdeltas.
DrainageBasinsComparison
Thereare12majorriverbasinswithcatchmentareaof20000km
2
andabove.ThemajorriverbasinistheGanga-Brahmaputra-Meghna,
whichisthelargestwithcatchmentareaofabout11.0lakhkm
2
(morethan43%ofthecatchmentareaofallthemajorriversinthecountry).
Ganga>Indus>Godavari>Krishna>Brahmaputra>Mahanadi>Narmada>Kaveri>Tapi

55. UPSC 2015
Q. Consider the following rivers:
1.Vamsadhara 2. Indravati
3. Pranahita4. Pennar
Which of the above are tributaries of
Godavari?
(a)1, 2 and 3
(b)2, 3 and 4
(c)1, 2 and 4
(d)2 and 3 only
UPSC 2017
Q. With reference to river Teesta,
consider the following statements :
1. The source of river Teesta is the
same as that of Brahmaputra but it
flows through Sikkim.
2. River Rangeet originates in Sikkim
and it is a tributary of river Teesta.
3. River Teesta flows into Bay of
Bengal on the border of India and
Bangladesh.
Which of the statements given above
is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
UPSC 2021
Q. With reference to the Indus river
system, of the following four rivers,
three of them pour into one of them
which joins the Indus direct. Among
the following, which one is such river
that joins the Indus direct?
(a) Chenab
(b) Jhelum
(c) Ravi
(d) Sutlej

56. induS SYSTeM:->
●Nature:Antecedent
●Source:nearMansarovarlakeinTibet.
●Flowdirection:firstnorth-westandthensharpbend
towardsSouth-west
●Importantlocations:EntersIndianearDamchok
FormsdeepgorgebycuttingLadakhrangeatBunzi,
northofNangaParbat.EntersPakistannearChillas.
Note:PanjnadreferstofiveriversofPunjabwhichare
tributariesofIndus–Jhelum,Chenab,Ravi,Beasand
Satluj.

57. BhakraNangal
project
●OnriverSatluj
●India’slargestmultipurposeproject
Reservoir–GobindSagar
IndiraGandhi
Project
●AlsoknownasRajasthancanal
●DrawnoutfromHarikebarrage.
●GoesuptoJaisalmerandBarmer.
Pongproject●OnriverBeas
●Reservoir-MaharanaPratapSagar
ChameraprojectOnriverRaviinHimachalPradesh
TheinprojectOnRaviinPunjab
NapthaJhakri
project
OnSatlujinHimachalPradesh
SalalProjectOnChenabinJammu&Kashmir
BagliharprojectOnChenabinJammu&Kashmir
DulhastiprojectOnChenabinJammu&Kashmir
TulbulProjectOnJheluminJammu&Kashmir
DamisbuiltonWularlake
AlsoknownasWularbarrage
UriprojectOnJheluminJammu&Kashmir
PandohprojectOnriverBeas
HYDRO PROJECTS
Jhelum
●OriginfromSheshnaglakenearVerinag(SE
Kashmir).
●FlowsthroughWularlake.
●JoinsChenabnearJhanginPakistan
●Formmeanders
Chenab
●Tworivers;ChandraandBhagameetatTandi
near Kylong.
OriginatefromHimachalPradesh
●LargesttributaryofIndus
Ravi
●OriginatesfromRohtangpassinKulluhillsof
HimachalPradesh.
●FlowsinbetweenDhauladharandPirpanjal
ranges
Beas
●OriginatesfromBeaskundnearRohtangpass.
●JoinsSatlujwithinIndiaataplacecalledHarike
in Punjab.
IndiraGandhiCanal(India’slongestcanal)is
built.
Satluj
●OriginatesfromRakaslakenearMansarovar.
●Antecedentriverwhichcutsthroughthe
HimalayasatShipkiLaandentersIndia.
INDUS TRIBUTARIES

58. GanGa SYSTeM:->

59. Ganga and its tributaries Yamuna:
Originates near Yamnotriglacier in Banderpunchrange.
Longest tributary of Ganga; Joins it as a right bank tributary near Prayagraj.
Tributaries of Yamuna:
•Tons originating in Himalayas -> largest tributary.
•Along with Tons, other left bank tributaries -> Hindon, Karen, Sangar and Rind.
•Four rivers originating in Vindhyasjoin Yamuna as its right bank tributaries-Chambal, Sind, Betwa Ken.
Chambal originates from Malwaplateau -> Badland topography (Ravines). Tributaries-> Banas, Shipra, Kalisindhand Parvati
Ken originates from Kaimur hills in Satna (M.P) and joins Yamuna near Banda.
OtherrightbanktributariesofGanga
Karmanasa
●OriginfromKaimurrange
●MakesboundaryofBiharandUP.
Punpun ●OriginfromplateausofMP.
Son
●Alsoknownasgoldriveror
‘Swarnanadi’
●OriginfromAmarkantak
●JoinsGanganearPatna
●RiverRihandandNorthKoelareits
maintributaries.
LeftbanktributariesofGanga
Ramganga ●OriginatesnearNainitalandjoinsGanganearKannauj
Gomati
●OriginatesfromdisttofPilibhitandjoinsGanganear
Ghazipur.
●LucknowandJaunpuraresituatedonitsbanks.
Ghaghra
●OriginatesfromMapchachungglacierinTibet.
●InNepalitisknownasKarnali.
●ItjoinsGanganearChapra.
●RiverSharda,RaptiandChhotiGandakareitstributaries.
Kosi
●OriginsinNepal
●Itisfamousforchangingitscourses
Mahananda ●OriginatesfromDarjeelinghills

60. Tehriproject
●ConstructedatconfluenceofBhilanganaandBhagirathi.
●Regionispronetoearthquake(ZoneV).
Ramgangaproject ●OnriverRamganga
Tanakpurproject ●OnriverKali
Rihandproject
●ConstructedinSonebhadradistrictofU.P
●ThereservoirisnamedGovindBallabhPantSagar.
Bansagarproject ●OnsonriverinSahdol,MP.
Matatilaproject
●OnriverBetwa
●JointprojectofUP&MP.
Chambalproject
●JointprojectofRajasthanandM.P
●Threedamsarebuilt:
oGandhiSagaratChaurasigarh,M.P
oRanaPratapSagaratRawatbhata,Rajasthan
oJawaharSagaratKota,Rajasthan
Damodarvalleyproject
●Multipurposeproject
●MaindamisbuiltonPanchethills.
●Damshavealsobeenbuiltatayyar,BermoandTenughat
●Damsattilaiya,balPahariandmaithonhavebeenbuiltonriverBarakar(most
prominenttributaryofDamaodarriver)
Mayurkashiproject
●InJharkhand
●AlsoknownasCanadadam

61. brahMapuTraSYSTeM :->
Tipaimukh hydel
project
●InManipur
●AtconfluenceofriverBarak
andTuibai
●BeingopposedbyBangladesh
Tuirial and Tuibai
project
Mizoram
Paki project ArunachalPradesh
Kopli project Assam
Papumpap projectArunachalPradesh
Doyang hydel projectNagaland

62. peninSuLar drainaGe:->

64. Subarnarekha->OriginatesfromChhotanagpurplateau.
Baitarni:
●OriginatesfromKendujharhills,Odisha.
●MaintributariesofBaitarnijoiningfromleftareSalandiandMatai.
Brahmani:
●Formedduetoconfluenceoftworivers,SouthKoelandSankh
●DrainsintoBayofBengalnearWheelerislands.
●TheimportanttributariesofBrahmanijoiningitfromleftaretheKaro,
andtheSankhwhereastheTikrajoinsfromright.
Vamsadhara:
●OriginatesfromSouthernOdisha
Pennar:
●NorthernPennaroriginatesfromNandidurghills,Karnataka.
●SouthernPennaroriginatesfromKeshavhills,Karnataka.
Palar:
●OriginatesfromKolardistt,Karnataka.
●PoiniandCheyyararetwomaintributaries.
Vaigai:
●OriginatesfromVarshanadhills,TamilNadu.
●DrainsintoPalkBay.

65. Shetrunji&Bhadra->OriginatesinGujrat->DrainsintoArabianSea.
Vaitarna
●OriginatesfromTrimbakhillsinNashik.
●DrainsintoArabianSea.
Mandovi:(Goa)
●TheMandoviRiverrisesintheJambotiGhatsinKarnatakaState.
●Theimportanttributaries->Sarang,Mahainada,Udel,Lohi,VelvotaBicholim,
Mapuce,NanodaandKhandepar.
Sharavati
●OriginatesfromShimogadistrict,Karnataka.
●Gersoppa(Jog)fallslieonthatriver.
Bharatpuzha
●LargestriverfromKerala
●OriginatesfromAnnamalaihills->FlowsintoArabiansea.
Periyar
●SecondlargestriverofKeralabutlongestofKerala
●OriginatesfromAnnamalaihills.
Pamba
●ItalsooriginatesfromAnnamalaihills.
●ItjoinsVembanardlake.

66. Narmadavalleyproject
●Multipurposeproject,benefitstoMaharashtra,M.P,GujaratandRajasthan.
●Importantdamsunderthisproject->NarmadaSagarDam(M.P),OmkareshwarDam
(M.P),MaheshwarDam(M.P),SardarSarovarDam(Gujarat)
Ukaiproject
●OnTapiriver
●InGujarat
Kakraparproject
●OnTapi
●InGujarat
Mahiproject
●OnriverMahi
●InM.P
●ReservoirisnamedasJamnalalBajajSagar
Sharavatiproject
●OnSharavatiriverinKarnataka
●HydelpowerstationisestablishedoverJogfalls,alsoknownasMahatmaGandhi
waterfall.
Idukkiproject
●Kerala’slargestproject
●OnriverPeriyar
Sabarigiriproject
●InKerala
●OnriverPamba
Parimbakulamproject
●JointprojectofKeralaandTamilNadu
●CombinedwatersofsixriversofAnnamalaicombined.
HYDRO PROJECTS ON WEST FLOWING RIVERS

67. HYDRO PROJECTS ON EAST FLOWING RIVERS
Hirakudproject OnMahanadi,inOdisha
Balimelaproject ●OnriverSileru,inOdisha
NizamSagarProject OnManjrariver
Ramagundamproject OnGodavari,inTelangana
Machkundproject JointprojectofAndhraPradeshandOdisha
Pochampadproject OnGodavariinTelangana
NagarjunaSagarproject ●OnKrishnariveAttheborderofTelanganaandOdisha
Srisailamproject ●OnKrishnariver,BorderofTelanganaandAndhraPradesh
Almatiproject OnKrishnainKarnataka
Tungbhadraproject
●BuiltattheconfluenceofTungaandBhadra
●JointprojectofKarnatakaandAndhraPradesh
Shivasamudramproject
●OnKaveriinKarnataka
●ReservoirbuiltisKrishnarajaSagar
Metturproject
●OnKaveriinTamilNadu
●Reservoir–Stanleyreservoir
Papanasamproject OnriverTamraparniinTamilNadu
Paikaraproject PaikarariveronTamilNadu

68. WATERFALLS
Waterfall River Place
Kunchikal Varahi Karnataka
Barehipani Budhabalanga Odisha(Simlipal
nationalpark)
Nohkalikai Meghalaya
Langshiang Meghalaya
Dudhsagar Mandovi Goa
Jog Sharavati Karnataka

69. 6
.
INDIAN SOILS

70. (2021) The black cotton soil of India has been formed due to the
weathering of
(a)brown forest soil
(b)fissure volcanic rock
(c)granite and schist
(d)shale and limestone
(2013) Which of the following statements regarding laterite soils of India are correct?
1. They are generally red in colour.
2. They are rich in nitrogen and potash.
3. They are well-developed in Rajasthan and UP.
4. Tapioca and cashew nuts grow well on these soils.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1 and 4
(d)2 and 3 only

71. (2021) The black cotton soil of India has been formed due to the
weathering of
(a)brown forest soil
(b)fissure volcanic rock
(c)granite and schist
(d)shale and limestone
(2013) Which of the following statements regarding laterite soils of India are correct?
1. They are generally red in colour.
2. They are rich in nitrogen and potash.
3. They are well-developed in Rajasthan and UP.
4. Tapioca and cashew nuts grow well on these soils.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1 and 4
(d)2 and 3 only