Class VII Social Science (History) Notes Chapter 3 Delhi 12th to 15th Century
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About This Presentation
Class VII, Social Science, History, Chapter 3, Delhi 12th to 15th Century, explores the rise and development of the Delhi Sultanate, spanning from the 12th to the 15th centuries. The chapter covers the establishment of Muslim rule in India, starting with the early Sultans like Qutb-ud-Din Aibak, fol...
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CBSE
CLASS 7
Social Science
100% updated
as per 2023-24
curriculum.
Quick Revision,
tips, notes &
mind maps.
To the point
Answers
Easily
Understandable &
effective language.
For Session 2024-25Artham
Resource Material
CBSE
CLASS 7
Social Science
100% updated
as per 2023-24
curriculum.
Quick Revision,
tips, notes &
mind maps.
To the point
Answers
Easily
Understandable &
effective language.
For Session 2024-25Artham
Resource Material
HISTORY
Chapter 3: Delhi 12th to 15th Century
Chapter 3: Delhi 12th to 15th Century
(1)
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
The Delhi Sultans
Making of Delhi- A Capital City
Delhi developed as a centre of the country only in the twelfth century C.E. The city first
became the capital under the Tomara Rajputs who were later defeated by the Chauhans of
Ajmer. Under these two dynasties, Delhi became a commercial centre. Apart from the
common people, the city was inhabited by the Jain merchants and traders who
constructed many temples. Coins called dehliwals were minted and came to be widely
used.
The city further rose to prominence under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate in the beginning
of the thirteenth century.
Delhi Sultanate- Prominent Rulers and Their Policies
Following is the list of the various dynasties and important rulers of the Delhi Sultanate
who ruled over Delhi and the surrounding areas.
Name of the
King
Dynasty Time
Qutbuddin
Aibak
Slave 1206-1210
Shamsuddin
Iltutmish
1210-1236
Raziyya 1236-1240
Ghiyasuddin
Balban
1266-1287
Jalaluddin Khalji Khalji 1290-1296
Alauddin Khalji 1296-1316
Ghiyasuddin
Tughluq
Tughlu
q
1320-1324
Muhammad
Tughluq
1324-1351
Firoz Shah
Tughluq
1351-1388
Khizr Khan Sayyid 1414-1421
Bahlul Lodi Lodi 1451-1489
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
The Delhi Sultans
Making of Delhi- A Capital City
Delhi developed as a centre of the country only in the twelfth century C.E. The city first
became the capital under the Tomara Rajputs who were later defeated by the Chauhans of
Ajmer. Under these two dynasties, Delhi became a commercial centre. Apart from the
common people, the city was inhabited by the Jain merchants and traders who
constructed many temples. Coins called dehliwals were minted and came to be widely
used.
The city further rose to prominence under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate in the beginning
of the thirteenth century.
Delhi Sultanate- Prominent Rulers and Their Policies
Following is the list of the various dynasties and important rulers of the Delhi Sultanate
who ruled over Delhi and the surrounding areas.
Name of the
King
Dynasty Time
Qutbuddin
Aibak
Slave 1206-1210
Shamsuddin
Iltutmish
1210-1236
Raziyya 1236-1240
Ghiyasuddin
Balban
1266-1287
Jalaluddin Khalji Khalji 1290-1296
Alauddin Khalji 1296-1316
Ghiyasuddin
Tughluq
Tughlu
q
1320-1324
Muhammad
Tughluq
1324-1351
Firoz Shah
Tughluq
1351-1388
Khizr Khan Sayyid 1414-1421
Bahlul Lodi Lodi 1451-1489
(2)
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
Sources of the Rule of the Delhi Sultans
• The main sources of this period are coins, inscriptions and architecture. An important
source of this period is the history written in the Persian language (official language
under the Delhi Sultanate) known as tarikh or the tawarikh.
• The tawarikh were written by learned men who often occupied important posts in the
administration.
• Many of them praised the policies of the kings in order to earn rich rewards from him.
• The authors of the tawarikh lived in cities and believed in the principles of birthright
and gender discrimination.
• When in 1236, Razia (daughter of Iltutmish), became the Sultan, Minhaj-i- Siraj wrote
that though Razia was a capable ruler, she was a woman who should not have the
authority to rule independently. She was finally deposed in 1240.
The Expansion of the Delhi Sultanate
Initially, the Delhi sultans did not control of the areas lying beyond the city of Delhi. This
was due to many factors such as:
• It was very difficult for the sultans to gain control of the garrison towns (a fortified
settlement with soldiers) of Bengal and Sind as bad weather, the long route and
constant rebellions could threaten the stability of the Empire.
• The Empire was also threatened by the attacks of the Mongols who came from
Afghanistan.
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
Sources of the Rule of the Delhi Sultans
• The main sources of this period are coins, inscriptions and architecture. An important
source of this period is the history written in the Persian language (official language
under the Delhi Sultanate) known as tarikh or the tawarikh.
• The tawarikh were written by learned men who often occupied important posts in the
administration.
• Many of them praised the policies of the kings in order to earn rich rewards from him.
• The authors of the tawarikh lived in cities and believed in the principles of birthright
and gender discrimination.
• When in 1236, Razia (daughter of Iltutmish), became the Sultan, Minhaj-i- Siraj wrote
that though Razia was a capable ruler, she was a woman who should not have the
authority to rule independently. She was finally deposed in 1240.
The Expansion of the Delhi Sultanate
Initially, the Delhi sultans did not control of the areas lying beyond the city of Delhi. This
was due to many factors such as:
• It was very difficult for the sultans to gain control of the garrison towns (a fortified
settlement with soldiers) of Bengal and Sind as bad weather, the long route and
constant rebellions could threaten the stability of the Empire.
• The Empire was also threatened by the attacks of the Mongols who came from
Afghanistan.
(3)
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
• Strong governors were always on a look out for opportunities to capture power or
rebel whenever the powers of the sultans weakened at the centre.
Consolidation of the Empire
It was during the rule of Balban, Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq that the empire
was consolidated and expanded in the following ways:
• At the beginning, the sultans captured the garrison towns and hinterlands (a land or a
port adjacent to a city which supplies it with goods and services). The forests in the
Ganga Doab area which were cleared during these campaigns were given to the
peasants for cultivation.
• Many new forts and towns were made to protect the trade routes and to promote
regional trade.
• Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq undertook large military expeditions to annex
the southern territories.
• By the end of the rule of Muhammad Tughluq, the Delhi Sultanate was ruling most
parts of the Indian subcontinent.
Administration of the Empire
In order to manage the vast territories of the Delhi Sultanate, sound administrative
policies were followed. Some main features of the administration were:
• In the initial years, many slaves were appointed to important administrative posts.
These were known as bandagan in Persian and were generally trusted by the sultans.
• The Khaljis and the Tughluqs also appointed many slaves to important positions.
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
• Strong governors were always on a look out for opportunities to capture power or
rebel whenever the powers of the sultans weakened at the centre.
Consolidation of the Empire
It was during the rule of Balban, Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq that the empire
was consolidated and expanded in the following ways:
• At the beginning, the sultans captured the garrison towns and hinterlands (a land or a
port adjacent to a city which supplies it with goods and services). The forests in the
Ganga Doab area which were cleared during these campaigns were given to the
peasants for cultivation.
• Many new forts and towns were made to protect the trade routes and to promote
regional trade.
• Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq undertook large military expeditions to annex
the southern territories.
• By the end of the rule of Muhammad Tughluq, the Delhi Sultanate was ruling most
parts of the Indian subcontinent.
Administration of the Empire
In order to manage the vast territories of the Delhi Sultanate, sound administrative
policies were followed. Some main features of the administration were:
• In the initial years, many slaves were appointed to important administrative posts.
These were known as bandagan in Persian and were generally trusted by the sultans.
• The Khaljis and the Tughluqs also appointed many slaves to important positions.
(4)
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
However, this also created the element of instability since the slaves were loyal to their
masters but not to his successors.
• This also created a rift between the old nobility and the newly appointed nobility.
• The military commanders were also appointed as the governors of various territories.
• Sometimes, they were also given lands known as the iqtas and the land holder was
known as the iqtadar or the muqti.
• The muqtis maintained an army and law and order in their iqtas.
• Various accountants were appointed to check the revenues which were collected. An
iqtadar could maintain soldiers up to a certain number only.
• Under the Delhi Sultanate, the powers of the rich and the wealthy landowners were
reduced and they were forced to pay taxes.
• Under Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq, taxes were claimed on cultivated land
called KharajI, which was fifty percent of the produce.
• Taxes were also levied on cattle and houses.
Many kingdoms in Sind, South India and Bengal repeatedly gained their independence
from the Delhi Sultanate soon after their conquests. It was difficult for the sultans to
manage them due to their far off locations.
An Estimate of the Policies of Alauddin Khalji
Alauddin Khalji was an efficient ruler who successfully administered the Sultanate. Some
of his policies were:
• He raised a large army to tackle the Mongol invasions. He also built a heavy garrison
town known as Siri for his soldiers.
• To maintain his army, he collected taxes from the fertile lands between the River
Ganga and the River Yamuna.
• Alauddin Khalji paid his soldiers in cash. In order to enable his soldiers to buy products
at cheap rates, he fixed the prices of commodities in and around Delhi. The markets
were closely supervised and shopkeepers and traders charging above the fixed price
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
However, this also created the element of instability since the slaves were loyal to their
masters but not to his successors.
• This also created a rift between the old nobility and the newly appointed nobility.
• The military commanders were also appointed as the governors of various territories.
• Sometimes, they were also given lands known as the iqtas and the land holder was
known as the iqtadar or the muqti.
• The muqtis maintained an army and law and order in their iqtas.
• Various accountants were appointed to check the revenues which were collected. An
iqtadar could maintain soldiers up to a certain number only.
• Under the Delhi Sultanate, the powers of the rich and the wealthy landowners were
reduced and they were forced to pay taxes.
• Under Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq, taxes were claimed on cultivated land
called KharajI, which was fifty percent of the produce.
• Taxes were also levied on cattle and houses.
Many kingdoms in Sind, South India and Bengal repeatedly gained their independence
from the Delhi Sultanate soon after their conquests. It was difficult for the sultans to
manage them due to their far off locations.
An Estimate of the Policies of Alauddin Khalji
Alauddin Khalji was an efficient ruler who successfully administered the Sultanate. Some
of his policies were:
• He raised a large army to tackle the Mongol invasions. He also built a heavy garrison
town known as Siri for his soldiers.
• To maintain his army, he collected taxes from the fertile lands between the River
Ganga and the River Yamuna.
• Alauddin Khalji paid his soldiers in cash. In order to enable his soldiers to buy products
at cheap rates, he fixed the prices of commodities in and around Delhi. The markets
were closely supervised and shopkeepers and traders charging above the fixed price
(5)
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
were severely punished.
• Alauddin Khalji’s reign is remembered for various economic measures such as cheap
prices and efficient supplies of goods. He also saved his empire from the persistent
Mongol threats.
An Estimate of the Policies of Mohammad Tughluq
• Mohammad Tughluq defeated the Mongol army in the early years of his rule.
Impressed by the victory of his army, he planned an attack on Transoxiana and raised a
huge army for the purpose.
• Instead of constructing a garrison town in Delhi, he shifted his capital to Daulatabad in
the South. There he was met with stiff resistance from the people.
• To maintain his large army, he increased the taxes. As a famine occurred at the same
time, many peasants when forced to pay taxes fled to forests or to other parts of the
country.
• Mohammad Tughluq paid his soldiers in cash. Instead of fixing prices, he introduced
token currency made up of copper (not gold and silver).
People did not believe in this currency and further they minted fake coins in their
houses. This led to a huge loss of revenues.
• His administrative measures were not successful. His military campaign to Kashmir
turned out to be disastrous. The people who were forced to shift to Daulatabad
resented the actions of the sultan. The increase in taxes in the Ganga and Yamuna
areas resulted in several rebellions. He also had to finally abandon the token currency.
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
were severely punished.
• Alauddin Khalji’s reign is remembered for various economic measures such as cheap
prices and efficient supplies of goods. He also saved his empire from the persistent
Mongol threats.
An Estimate of the Policies of Mohammad Tughluq
• Mohammad Tughluq defeated the Mongol army in the early years of his rule.
Impressed by the victory of his army, he planned an attack on Transoxiana and raised a
huge army for the purpose.
• Instead of constructing a garrison town in Delhi, he shifted his capital to Daulatabad in
the South. There he was met with stiff resistance from the people.
• To maintain his large army, he increased the taxes. As a famine occurred at the same
time, many peasants when forced to pay taxes fled to forests or to other parts of the
country.
• Mohammad Tughluq paid his soldiers in cash. Instead of fixing prices, he introduced
token currency made up of copper (not gold and silver).
People did not believe in this currency and further they minted fake coins in their
houses. This led to a huge loss of revenues.
• His administrative measures were not successful. His military campaign to Kashmir
turned out to be disastrous. The people who were forced to shift to Daulatabad
resented the actions of the sultan. The increase in taxes in the Ganga and Yamuna
areas resulted in several rebellions. He also had to finally abandon the token currency.
(6)
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
Delhi Sultanate in the Fifteenth and the Sixteenth Centuries
In last few hundred years of the Delhi Sultanate, many states such as Bengal, Gujarat,
Rajasthan and Jaunpur had become independent. The later Tughluqs, Sayyid and Lodi
dynasties ruled from Delhi and Agra. During this period, there was an emergence of the
Rajputs and the Afghan nobles. At this time many small states became powerful. Sher
Shah Sur who was managing a small territory in Bihar later defeated the Mughal emperor
Humanyu. Sher Shah Sur was a brilliant administrator whose administrative policies were
followed by Akbar.
Religious and Architectural Endeavours
The rulers of the Delhi Sultanate constructed several mosques and buildings. This made
them claim that they were the protectors of Islam and Muslims. A mosque is called a
‘masjid’ in Arabic and is the place where a Muslim prays. During the prayers, a Muslim
stands facing Mecca. In India this is to the west. This is called qibla.
One of the famous architectural pieces of this time was the Qutb Minar. Its construction
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
Delhi Sultanate in the Fifteenth and the Sixteenth Centuries
In last few hundred years of the Delhi Sultanate, many states such as Bengal, Gujarat,
Rajasthan and Jaunpur had become independent. The later Tughluqs, Sayyid and Lodi
dynasties ruled from Delhi and Agra. During this period, there was an emergence of the
Rajputs and the Afghan nobles. At this time many small states became powerful. Sher
Shah Sur who was managing a small territory in Bihar later defeated the Mughal emperor
Humanyu. Sher Shah Sur was a brilliant administrator whose administrative policies were
followed by Akbar.
Religious and Architectural Endeavours
The rulers of the Delhi Sultanate constructed several mosques and buildings. This made
them claim that they were the protectors of Islam and Muslims. A mosque is called a
‘masjid’ in Arabic and is the place where a Muslim prays. During the prayers, a Muslim
stands facing Mecca. In India this is to the west. This is called qibla.
One of the famous architectural pieces of this time was the Qutb Minar. Its construction
(7)
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
was started by Aibak but was completed by Illtutmish.
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
was started by Aibak but was completed by Illtutmish.
(8)
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
(9)
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
Important Questions
➢ Multiple Choice Questions:
Question 1. Rudrama devi ruled Kakatiya dynasty from:
(a) 1262 to 1289
(b) 1130-1145
(c) 1165-1192
(d) 1414-1451
Question 2. The Delhi Sultans were dependent upon:
(a) Trade, tribute or plunder for supplies
(b) Taxes from tourists
(c) Taxes from Artisans
(d) None
Question 3. Name of the first mosque built by Sultans in Delhi is:
(a) Jama Masjid
(b) Moth ki Masjid
(c) Quwwat al-Islam
(d) Jamali Kamali Masjid
Question 4. Who built the mosque Quwwat al-Islam?
(a) Ghiyasuddin Balban
(b) Iltutmish
(c) Raziyya Sultan
(d) Alauddin Khalji
Question 5. Which mosque is “Sanctuary of the World”?
(a) Begumpuri Mosque
(b) Moth Mosque
(c) Neeli Mosque
(d) Jamali Kamali Mosque
Question 6. Ziyauddin Barani was:
(a) An archaeologist;
(b) A warrior;
(c) Sultan
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
Important Questions
➢ Multiple Choice Questions:
Question 1. Rudrama devi ruled Kakatiya dynasty from:
(a) 1262 to 1289
(b) 1130-1145
(c) 1165-1192
(d) 1414-1451
Question 2. The Delhi Sultans were dependent upon:
(a) Trade, tribute or plunder for supplies
(b) Taxes from tourists
(c) Taxes from Artisans
(d) None
Question 3. Name of the first mosque built by Sultans in Delhi is:
(a) Jama Masjid
(b) Moth ki Masjid
(c) Quwwat al-Islam
(d) Jamali Kamali Masjid
Question 4. Who built the mosque Quwwat al-Islam?
(a) Ghiyasuddin Balban
(b) Iltutmish
(c) Raziyya Sultan
(d) Alauddin Khalji
Question 5. Which mosque is “Sanctuary of the World”?
(a) Begumpuri Mosque
(b) Moth Mosque
(c) Neeli Mosque
(d) Jamali Kamali Mosque
Question 6. Ziyauddin Barani was:
(a) An archaeologist;
(b) A warrior;
(c) Sultan
(10)
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
(d) A Muslim political thinker of the Delhi Sultanate
Question 7. Ibn Battuta belonged from:
(a) Iran
(b) Morocco
(c) Afghanistan
(d) China
Question 8. Sher Shah Suri started his career as:
(a) Accountant
(b) Soldier
(c) Manager
(d) Traveller
Question 9. Ghiyasuddin Balban was Sultan of dynasty:
(a) Khalji
(b) Tughluq
(c) Sayyid
(d) Turkish
Question 10. A Garrison town is:
(а) A fortified settlement, with soldiers
(b) A settlement of peasants
(c) A settlement of ruler
(d) A settlement of town where special river was carried
Question 11. What was the duty of the muqtis?
(a) To lead rulers
(b) To lead military campaigns
(c) To lead country
(d) None of these
Question 12. Kharaj was a type of tax imposed on what?
(a) Houses
(b) Trade
(c) Cattle
(d) Cultivation
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
(d) A Muslim political thinker of the Delhi Sultanate
Question 7. Ibn Battuta belonged from:
(a) Iran
(b) Morocco
(c) Afghanistan
(d) China
Question 8. Sher Shah Suri started his career as:
(a) Accountant
(b) Soldier
(c) Manager
(d) Traveller
Question 9. Ghiyasuddin Balban was Sultan of dynasty:
(a) Khalji
(b) Tughluq
(c) Sayyid
(d) Turkish
Question 10. A Garrison town is:
(а) A fortified settlement, with soldiers
(b) A settlement of peasants
(c) A settlement of ruler
(d) A settlement of town where special river was carried
Question 11. What was the duty of the muqtis?
(a) To lead rulers
(b) To lead military campaigns
(c) To lead country
(d) None of these
Question 12. Kharaj was a type of tax imposed on what?
(a) Houses
(b) Trade
(c) Cattle
(d) Cultivation
(11)
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
Question 13. Who introduced token currency?
(a) Muhammad-bin-Tughluq
(b) Alauddin Khalji
(c) Raziyya
(d) Khizr Khan
Question 14. What is the direction that the Muslims face during prayer?
(a) Khutba
(b) Ulema
(c) Kharaj
(d) Qibla
Question 15. What is fortified settlement of soldiers is known as?
(a) Hinterland
(b) Garrison town
(c) The Masjid
(d) None of these
➢ Fill in the blanks:
1.Raziyya was removed from the throne in ______.
2.In ______ Sultan Iltutmish’s daughter, _______, became Sultan.
3.Delhi first became the capital of a kingdom under the ________.
4.Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal is a part of modern __________.
5.Delhi became an important city only in the _______ century.
6.Mughal emperor Humayun, was defeated by _________.
➢ Write true (T) or false (F):
1.Coins minted in Delhi, called dehliwal.
2.Raziyya is from the Rajput dynasty.
3.Kharaj was a tax on cultivation.
4.Ibn Battuta, a fourteenth-century traveller was from Morocco, Africa.
5.Alauddin used a “token” currency, somewhat like present-day paper currency.
➢ Very Short Questions:
1.Who was the founder of the Sayyed dynasty?
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
Question 13. Who introduced token currency?
(a) Muhammad-bin-Tughluq
(b) Alauddin Khalji
(c) Raziyya
(d) Khizr Khan
Question 14. What is the direction that the Muslims face during prayer?
(a) Khutba
(b) Ulema
(c) Kharaj
(d) Qibla
Question 15. What is fortified settlement of soldiers is known as?
(a) Hinterland
(b) Garrison town
(c) The Masjid
(d) None of these
➢ Fill in the blanks:
1.Raziyya was removed from the throne in ______.
2.In ______ Sultan Iltutmish’s daughter, _______, became Sultan.
3.Delhi first became the capital of a kingdom under the ________.
4.Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal is a part of modern __________.
5.Delhi became an important city only in the _______ century.
6.Mughal emperor Humayun, was defeated by _________.
➢ Write true (T) or false (F):
1.Coins minted in Delhi, called dehliwal.
2.Raziyya is from the Rajput dynasty.
3.Kharaj was a tax on cultivation.
4.Ibn Battuta, a fourteenth-century traveller was from Morocco, Africa.
5.Alauddin used a “token” currency, somewhat like present-day paper currency.
➢ Very Short Questions:
1.Who was the founder of the Sayyed dynasty?
(12)
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
2.How many taxes were levied by the Delhi Sultans?
3.Name the Three types of taxes imposed by the Sultans of Delhi.
4.Why did the authors of tawarikh write their histories for Sultans?
5.W/u/ was Raziyya removed from the throne?
6.What is the literal meaning of mosque?
7.What is called the qibla?
8.Why did the early Delhi Sultans favour their slaves?
9.What was the duty of the muqtis?
10.Why were accountants appointed by the state?
➢ Short Questions:
1.Who were the bandagans and what was their role in the Delhi Sultanate?
2.Who were the iqtadars or the muqti and what was their role?
3.What forced the two rulers Allauddin Khilji and Muhammed Tughluq to mobilise a large
standing army in Delhi?
4.Why do you think Barani critisised Sultan Muhammed Tughluq?
5.What did the Iqtadar or Muqtis do with the revenue they collected from the region?
➢ Long Questions:
1.Who was Sher Shah Sur? What do you know about his administration?
2.Who were the authors of tawarikh? Write in brief about them.
3.Why did large parts of the subcontinent remain outside the control of the Delhi Sultans?
What were the repercussions?
4.How did the chieftains arrange for their defence?
5.Write a brief note on the administration of Delhi Sultanate provinces under the
Tughlaqs and the Khaljis.
ANSWER KEY –
➢Multiple Choice Answer:
1.(a) 1262 to 1289
2.(a) Trade, tribute or plunder for supplies
3.(c) Quwwat al-Islam
4.(b) Iltutmish
5.(a) Begumpuri Mosque
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
2.How many taxes were levied by the Delhi Sultans?
3.Name the Three types of taxes imposed by the Sultans of Delhi.
4.Why did the authors of tawarikh write their histories for Sultans?
5.W/u/ was Raziyya removed from the throne?
6.What is the literal meaning of mosque?
7.What is called the qibla?
8.Why did the early Delhi Sultans favour their slaves?
9.What was the duty of the muqtis?
10.Why were accountants appointed by the state?
➢ Short Questions:
1.Who were the bandagans and what was their role in the Delhi Sultanate?
2.Who were the iqtadars or the muqti and what was their role?
3.What forced the two rulers Allauddin Khilji and Muhammed Tughluq to mobilise a large
standing army in Delhi?
4.Why do you think Barani critisised Sultan Muhammed Tughluq?
5.What did the Iqtadar or Muqtis do with the revenue they collected from the region?
➢ Long Questions:
1.Who was Sher Shah Sur? What do you know about his administration?
2.Who were the authors of tawarikh? Write in brief about them.
3.Why did large parts of the subcontinent remain outside the control of the Delhi Sultans?
What were the repercussions?
4.How did the chieftains arrange for their defence?
5.Write a brief note on the administration of Delhi Sultanate provinces under the
Tughlaqs and the Khaljis.
ANSWER KEY –
➢Multiple Choice Answer:
1.(a) 1262 to 1289
2.(a) Trade, tribute or plunder for supplies
3.(c) Quwwat al-Islam
4.(b) Iltutmish
5.(a) Begumpuri Mosque
(13)
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
6. (d) A Muslim political thinker of the Delhi Sultanate
7. (b) Morocco
8. (c) Manager
9. (b) Tughluq
10. (а) A fortified settlement, with soldiers
11. (b) To lead military campaigns
12. (d) Cultivation
13. (a) Muhammad-bin-Tughluq
14. (d) Qibla
15. (b) Garrison town
➢ Fill in the blanks:
1. 1240.
2. 1236, Raziyya
3. Tomara Rajputs
4. Andhra Pradesh
5. Twelfth
6. Sher Shah
➢ Write true (T) or false (F):
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
➢ Very Short Answer:
1. Khizr Khan.
2. Three types of taxes were levied by the Delhi Sultans.
They were:
• On cultivation (Kharaj) 50% of the produce.
• On cattle
• On houses.
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
6. (d) A Muslim political thinker of the Delhi Sultanate
7. (b) Morocco
8. (c) Manager
9. (b) Tughluq
10. (а) A fortified settlement, with soldiers
11. (b) To lead military campaigns
12. (d) Cultivation
13. (a) Muhammad-bin-Tughluq
14. (d) Qibla
15. (b) Garrison town
➢ Fill in the blanks:
1. 1240.
2. 1236, Raziyya
3. Tomara Rajputs
4. Andhra Pradesh
5. Twelfth
6. Sher Shah
➢ Write true (T) or false (F):
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
➢ Very Short Answer:
1. Khizr Khan.
2. Three types of taxes were levied by the Delhi Sultans.
They were:
• On cultivation (Kharaj) 50% of the produce.
• On cattle
• On houses.
(14)
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
3.Three types of taxes imposed by the Sultans of Delhi were kharaj, ghari and chari.
4.They did so in the hope of rich rewards.
5.Being a woman ruler she was not favoured by anyone. She ruled just for four years and
was finally dethroned in 1240.
6.It refers to a place where a Muslim prostrates in reverence to Allah.
7.The direction towards which Muslims turn while offering prayer or namaz.
8.The slaves were totally dependent on their master. Therefore the Sultan could trust and
rely upon them.
9.The duly of the muqtis was to lead military campaigns and maintain law and order in
their iqtas.Some of the technological changes associated with this period were the
Persian wheel in irrigation, the spinning wheel in weaving, and firearms in combat.
10.Pan regional empire means empire spanning diverse regions. Dynasties like the Cholas,
Khaljis, Tughluqs and Mughals were able to build an empire that was pan-regional.
➢ Short Answer:
1.The Bandagans were special slaves purchased for military service by the early sultans
especially Illtutmish.They were carefully trained to man important political offices in the
kingdom.They were totally dependent on the masters and the Sultan could trust them
implicitly.
2.The Khalji and the Tughlaq monarchs appointed military commanders as governers of
territories. These land were called the Iqta and the landholders were called Iqtadars or
the muqti. The role of the muqti was to lead military campaigns and to maintain peace
and order in their Iqtas
3.The Mongols under Genghis Khan attacked the Delhi Sultanate repeatedly after
1219.This forced the two rulers to mobilise a large standing army in Delhi because the
attacks increased during the reign of Allaudin Khilji and in the early years of Muhammed
Tughluq’s rule.
4.Sultan muhammed Tughluq appointed Aziz Khummar, a wine distiller, Firuj Hajjam, a
barber, Manka tabbakh, a cook and two garderners Ladhs and Pira to high
administrative posts.Ziyauddin barani , a fourteenth century chronicler reported the
appointments as a sign of the sultan’s loss of judgement and his incapacity to rule.
5.The duty of Iqtadar or Muqti was to maintain law and order in their iqtas. In exchange
of their services, they collected revenues of their assignments as salary.They also paid
the soldiers from the revenue they collected.These muqti’s were assigned iqtas for a
short period of time to maintain control.
➢ Long Answer:
1.Sher Shah Sur (1540—1545) established a powerful state. He started his career as the
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
3.Three types of taxes imposed by the Sultans of Delhi were kharaj, ghari and chari.
4.They did so in the hope of rich rewards.
5.Being a woman ruler she was not favoured by anyone. She ruled just for four years and
was finally dethroned in 1240.
6.It refers to a place where a Muslim prostrates in reverence to Allah.
7.The direction towards which Muslims turn while offering prayer or namaz.
8.The slaves were totally dependent on their master. Therefore the Sultan could trust and
rely upon them.
9.The duly of the muqtis was to lead military campaigns and maintain law and order in
their iqtas.Some of the technological changes associated with this period were the
Persian wheel in irrigation, the spinning wheel in weaving, and firearms in combat.
10.Pan regional empire means empire spanning diverse regions. Dynasties like the Cholas,
Khaljis, Tughluqs and Mughals were able to build an empire that was pan-regional.
➢ Short Answer:
1.The Bandagans were special slaves purchased for military service by the early sultans
especially Illtutmish.They were carefully trained to man important political offices in the
kingdom.They were totally dependent on the masters and the Sultan could trust them
implicitly.
2.The Khalji and the Tughlaq monarchs appointed military commanders as governers of
territories. These land were called the Iqta and the landholders were called Iqtadars or
the muqti. The role of the muqti was to lead military campaigns and to maintain peace
and order in their Iqtas
3.The Mongols under Genghis Khan attacked the Delhi Sultanate repeatedly after
1219.This forced the two rulers to mobilise a large standing army in Delhi because the
attacks increased during the reign of Allaudin Khilji and in the early years of Muhammed
Tughluq’s rule.
4.Sultan muhammed Tughluq appointed Aziz Khummar, a wine distiller, Firuj Hajjam, a
barber, Manka tabbakh, a cook and two garderners Ladhs and Pira to high
administrative posts.Ziyauddin barani , a fourteenth century chronicler reported the
appointments as a sign of the sultan’s loss of judgement and his incapacity to rule.
5.The duty of Iqtadar or Muqti was to maintain law and order in their iqtas. In exchange
of their services, they collected revenues of their assignments as salary.They also paid
the soldiers from the revenue they collected.These muqti’s were assigned iqtas for a
short period of time to maintain control.
➢ Long Answer:
1.Sher Shah Sur (1540—1545) established a powerful state. He started his career as the
(15)
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
manager of a small territory for his uncle in Bihar and eventually challenged and
defeated the Mughal Emperor Humayun. Sher Shah captured Delhi and established his
own dynasty known as the Suri dynasty. Although the Suri dynasty ruled for only a short
period i.e. 15 years, it introduced an administration that borrowed elements from
Alauddin khalji and made them more efficient. The great emperor Akbar followed the
techniques of Sher Shah’s administration while consolidating the Mughal Empire.
2.The authors of tawarikh were learned men. They were secretaries, administrators, poets
and courtiers who recounted events as well as advised rulers on governance,
emphasising the importance of just rule. The authors of tawarikh lived in cities mainly in
Delhi and therefore they were cut off from the village. They used to write histories in
praise of the Sultans and in return got rich rewards. These authors advised rulers that
they should follow an ideal social order based on birthright and gender distinctions.
Common mass had nothing to do with their ideas.
3.Large parts of the subcontinent remained outside the control of the Delhi Sultans
because they were very far from Delhi. For example, it was difficult to control Bengal
from Delhi. This helplessness of the Delhi Sultans paved the way for distant provinces to
get independence. Even in the Gangetic plain there were forested areas that Sultanate
forces could not penetrate. It was a golden opportunity for the local chieftains to
establish their rule in these regions.
4.The chieftains fortified themselves in mountains, in rocky, uneven and rugged places as
well as in bamboo groves. The bamboo had unique features. It was strong and even fire
could not affect it because its several parties were intertwined making them very
strong. The chieftains lived in these forests which served them as rampart. They had
everything necessary for life such as cattle, crops, water, etc. inside the forests. Thus,
they were safe. Only powerful armies could subdue them.
5.The Khaljis and the Tughlaq monarchs appointed military commanders as governors of
the territories of various sizes. These territories or land were called iqtas and their
landholder was called iqtadars ormuqtis. They provided military services to the sultan of
Delhi. In return, they could collect revenue from these lands and keep a part of it as
their salary. They also paid their soldiers from these revenues. Accountants were
appointed by the state to check the amount of revenue collected by the muqtis. Care
was taken that muqtis collected only the taxes prescribed by the state and also
maintained a required number of soldiers. The kings forced the samanta aristocrats to
accept their authority.
03
THE DELHI SULTANS
manager of a small territory for his uncle in Bihar and eventually challenged and
defeated the Mughal Emperor Humayun. Sher Shah captured Delhi and established his
own dynasty known as the Suri dynasty. Although the Suri dynasty ruled for only a short
period i.e. 15 years, it introduced an administration that borrowed elements from
Alauddin khalji and made them more efficient. The great emperor Akbar followed the
techniques of Sher Shah’s administration while consolidating the Mughal Empire.
2.The authors of tawarikh were learned men. They were secretaries, administrators, poets
and courtiers who recounted events as well as advised rulers on governance,
emphasising the importance of just rule. The authors of tawarikh lived in cities mainly in
Delhi and therefore they were cut off from the village. They used to write histories in
praise of the Sultans and in return got rich rewards. These authors advised rulers that
they should follow an ideal social order based on birthright and gender distinctions.
Common mass had nothing to do with their ideas.
3.Large parts of the subcontinent remained outside the control of the Delhi Sultans
because they were very far from Delhi. For example, it was difficult to control Bengal
from Delhi. This helplessness of the Delhi Sultans paved the way for distant provinces to
get independence. Even in the Gangetic plain there were forested areas that Sultanate
forces could not penetrate. It was a golden opportunity for the local chieftains to
establish their rule in these regions.
4.The chieftains fortified themselves in mountains, in rocky, uneven and rugged places as
well as in bamboo groves. The bamboo had unique features. It was strong and even fire
could not affect it because its several parties were intertwined making them very
strong. The chieftains lived in these forests which served them as rampart. They had
everything necessary for life such as cattle, crops, water, etc. inside the forests. Thus,
they were safe. Only powerful armies could subdue them.
5.The Khaljis and the Tughlaq monarchs appointed military commanders as governors of
the territories of various sizes. These territories or land were called iqtas and their
landholder was called iqtadars ormuqtis. They provided military services to the sultan of
Delhi. In return, they could collect revenue from these lands and keep a part of it as
their salary. They also paid their soldiers from these revenues. Accountants were
appointed by the state to check the amount of revenue collected by the muqtis. Care
was taken that muqtis collected only the taxes prescribed by the state and also
maintained a required number of soldiers. The kings forced the samanta aristocrats to
accept their authority.
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