Class VII Social Science (History) Notes Chapter 5 Tribes Nomads and Settled Communities
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About This Presentation
This chapter explores the diverse lifestyles of tribal communities, nomads, and settled communities in medieval India. It highlights how tribes lived in forests and mountains, relying on hunting, farming, and herding. Nomads moved from place to place in search of pasture and livelihood, while settle...
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CBSE
CLASS 7
SOCIAL SCIENCE
100% updated
as per 2023-24
curriculum.
Quick Revision,
tips, notes &
mind maps.
To the point
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For Session 2024-25Artham
Resource Material
CBSE
CLASS 7
SOCIAL SCIENCE
100% updated
as per 2023-24
curriculum.
Quick Revision,
tips, notes &
mind maps.
To the point
Answers
Easily
Understandable &
effective language.
For Session 2024-25Artham
Resource Material
HISTORY
Chapter 5: Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities
Chapter 5: Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities
(1)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities
The Indian society which lived in large villages, towns and cities in the medieval period
comprised largely of the kings, members of the royal families, nobles, soldiers, traders,
merchants, bankers, priests, artisans and peasants. The people in the society were
governed by the varna or the caste system. While the Brahmins and the Kshtriyas
enjoyed many privileges, the untouchables were discriminated against. During the
medieval period, the social differences further grew and the divide between the rich and
the poor deepened. Apart from this, in the society which was living in towns and cities,
other social systems also existed. These societies did not follow any rituals and rules
formulated by the Brahmins. They were also not divided into various castes. These
societies were generally referred to as tribes and had their own distinct religious, social
and cultural identities.
The Tribal Societies
Some main features of the tribal societies are:
• The members of the tribal societies were associated with the kinship bond.
• While some of the tribal societies were hunters and gatherers, some practised
cultivation.
• Some societies were nomadic in nature as they kept moving from place to place.
• A tribal group jointly owned the land and the pastures which were divided among the
different households according to their own customs and beliefs.
• The tribes mostly lived in the forested regions, hills and desert which were not usually
habited by people.
• Tribal societies generally preferred to live independently and preserve their culture.
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities
The Indian society which lived in large villages, towns and cities in the medieval period
comprised largely of the kings, members of the royal families, nobles, soldiers, traders,
merchants, bankers, priests, artisans and peasants. The people in the society were
governed by the varna or the caste system. While the Brahmins and the Kshtriyas
enjoyed many privileges, the untouchables were discriminated against. During the
medieval period, the social differences further grew and the divide between the rich and
the poor deepened. Apart from this, in the society which was living in towns and cities,
other social systems also existed. These societies did not follow any rituals and rules
formulated by the Brahmins. They were also not divided into various castes. These
societies were generally referred to as tribes and had their own distinct religious, social
and cultural identities.
The Tribal Societies
Some main features of the tribal societies are:
• The members of the tribal societies were associated with the kinship bond.
• While some of the tribal societies were hunters and gatherers, some practised
cultivation.
• Some societies were nomadic in nature as they kept moving from place to place.
• A tribal group jointly owned the land and the pastures which were divided among the
different households according to their own customs and beliefs.
• The tribes mostly lived in the forested regions, hills and desert which were not usually
habited by people.
• Tribal societies generally preferred to live independently and preserve their culture.
(2)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
Some Major Tribes
Since the tribals do not keep and maintain written records, we do not have rich
information about their history. However, the tribals preserved their rich culture and
traditions, which are passed down from generation to generation. Historians have now
begun to increasingly use the oral traditions to understand the culture of the tribal
communities. Some important tribes in the medieval period were:
• The Khokhar tribe in Punjab during the thirteenth and the fourteenth centuries.
• Later, the Gakkhars became very important. The chief of this tribe, Kamal Khan
Gakkhar was a mansabdar in the court of Akbar.
• In the Sind and Multan regions, the Langahs and the Arghuns were the dominant
tribes till they were defeated by the Mughals.
• The Balochis was a powerful tribe in the north-west India and was divided into many
small clans. Each clan was under a different chief.
• The Ahoms and the Nagas dominated the north eastern part of the subcontinent.
• The Chero tribe in Bihar and the Mundas and the Santhals were some other tribes
which resided in Orissa and Bengal.
• The Kolis inhabited the highlands of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Gujarat.
• The Gonds lived in the present day Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and
Andhra Pradesh.
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
Some Major Tribes
Since the tribals do not keep and maintain written records, we do not have rich
information about their history. However, the tribals preserved their rich culture and
traditions, which are passed down from generation to generation. Historians have now
begun to increasingly use the oral traditions to understand the culture of the tribal
communities. Some important tribes in the medieval period were:
• The Khokhar tribe in Punjab during the thirteenth and the fourteenth centuries.
• Later, the Gakkhars became very important. The chief of this tribe, Kamal Khan
Gakkhar was a mansabdar in the court of Akbar.
• In the Sind and Multan regions, the Langahs and the Arghuns were the dominant
tribes till they were defeated by the Mughals.
• The Balochis was a powerful tribe in the north-west India and was divided into many
small clans. Each clan was under a different chief.
• The Ahoms and the Nagas dominated the north eastern part of the subcontinent.
• The Chero tribe in Bihar and the Mundas and the Santhals were some other tribes
which resided in Orissa and Bengal.
• The Kolis inhabited the highlands of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Gujarat.
• The Gonds lived in the present day Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and
Andhra Pradesh.
(3)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
• In south India, Koragas, Vetars and Marvars were important tribes.
Source of Livelihood for the Nomadic Tribes
• People of the nomadic tribes kept moving from place to place with their families and
cattle.
• They consumed milk and other pastoral products.
• They also exchanged milk products, ghee and wool for grains, clothes and other
goods from the agriculturists.
• These products besides being used by the nomadic tribes were sold off in distant
lands after earning profits.
• The Banjaras were the main nomadic trading tribe. They moved in a caravan called
the tanda.
• They were used by Alauddin Khalji to transport grains to the markets in the city.
• Banjaras were also used by the Mughals to transport grains on their bullocks to the
army men during military campaigns.
• Many nomadic tribes reared and sold animals such as cattle and horses to wealthy
people. Apart from these many tribes also sold straw mats, ropes and sacks.
• Some people of the nomadic tribes were also entertainers who performed in different
towns and villages for earning their livelihood.
Addition of New Castes
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
• In south India, Koragas, Vetars and Marvars were important tribes.
Source of Livelihood for the Nomadic Tribes
• People of the nomadic tribes kept moving from place to place with their families and
cattle.
• They consumed milk and other pastoral products.
• They also exchanged milk products, ghee and wool for grains, clothes and other
goods from the agriculturists.
• These products besides being used by the nomadic tribes were sold off in distant
lands after earning profits.
• The Banjaras were the main nomadic trading tribe. They moved in a caravan called
the tanda.
• They were used by Alauddin Khalji to transport grains to the markets in the city.
• Banjaras were also used by the Mughals to transport grains on their bullocks to the
army men during military campaigns.
• Many nomadic tribes reared and sold animals such as cattle and horses to wealthy
people. Apart from these many tribes also sold straw mats, ropes and sacks.
• Some people of the nomadic tribes were also entertainers who performed in different
towns and villages for earning their livelihood.
Addition of New Castes
(4)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
One interesting development at this time was that many smaller castes or the jatis
emerged within the caste system as many people with different sets of skill were
required. Many castes and tribes were taken into the varnas as jatis. Skilled artisans,
smiths and masons came to be recognised as separate jatis by the Brahmins.
The clan of Rajputs became powerful among the Kshatriyas in the eleventh century. They
belonged to different groups such as the Hunas, Chalukyas, Chandelas etc. Some of these
groups were traditionally a part of the tribes.
The emergence of the Rajputs as rulers inspired the other tribals. Hence many tribes
became a part of the caste system with the help and support of the Brahmins. However,
only the chief tribal family was able to join the ruling class.
Many dominant tribes of Punjab, Sind and North West frontier Province had accepted
Islam by this time. They rejected the caste based society.
The two main castes during this period were:
The Gonds
• The Gonds lived in a heavily forested region called Gondwana- a country inhabited by
the Gonds.
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
One interesting development at this time was that many smaller castes or the jatis
emerged within the caste system as many people with different sets of skill were
required. Many castes and tribes were taken into the varnas as jatis. Skilled artisans,
smiths and masons came to be recognised as separate jatis by the Brahmins.
The clan of Rajputs became powerful among the Kshatriyas in the eleventh century. They
belonged to different groups such as the Hunas, Chalukyas, Chandelas etc. Some of these
groups were traditionally a part of the tribes.
The emergence of the Rajputs as rulers inspired the other tribals. Hence many tribes
became a part of the caste system with the help and support of the Brahmins. However,
only the chief tribal family was able to join the ruling class.
Many dominant tribes of Punjab, Sind and North West frontier Province had accepted
Islam by this time. They rejected the caste based society.
The two main castes during this period were:
The Gonds
• The Gonds lived in a heavily forested region called Gondwana- a country inhabited by
the Gonds.
(5)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
• They practised shifting cultivation in which a patch of forested area was cut and
burnt. The crop was then sown in the ashes. When the soil lost its fertility after a few
years, another patch of the forest was cleared and cultivated in a similar manner.
• The Gonds were divided into small clans and each clan had its own ruler.At the time
of the decline of the Delhi Sultanate, many large Gond kingdoms began to grow. For
example the Gond kingdom of Garha Katanga had about 70,000 villages.
• The Gond kingdom was divided into different garhs which were controlled by a Gond
clan.
• The garh was divided into units of 84 villages called chaurasi. The chaurasi were
further divided into bahrots which were made up of 12 villages.
• As the Gond kingdom grew larger, the Brahmins were given land grants by the rulers
and the society began to be divided into different castes. Aman Das, the Gond king of
Gargha Katanga married his son, Dalpat Rai, to princess Durgavati, the daughter of
the Chandela Rajputs of Mahoba.
• After the death of Dalpat Rai, Rani Durgavati, a brave and an able ruler began to rule
on behalf of his minor son.
• In 1565, Kargha Katanga was attacked by the Mughal forces under Asaf Jha. Rani
Durgavati offered strong resistance but was defeated.
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
• They practised shifting cultivation in which a patch of forested area was cut and
burnt. The crop was then sown in the ashes. When the soil lost its fertility after a few
years, another patch of the forest was cleared and cultivated in a similar manner.
• The Gonds were divided into small clans and each clan had its own ruler.At the time
of the decline of the Delhi Sultanate, many large Gond kingdoms began to grow. For
example the Gond kingdom of Garha Katanga had about 70,000 villages.
• The Gond kingdom was divided into different garhs which were controlled by a Gond
clan.
• The garh was divided into units of 84 villages called chaurasi. The chaurasi were
further divided into bahrots which were made up of 12 villages.
• As the Gond kingdom grew larger, the Brahmins were given land grants by the rulers
and the society began to be divided into different castes. Aman Das, the Gond king of
Gargha Katanga married his son, Dalpat Rai, to princess Durgavati, the daughter of
the Chandela Rajputs of Mahoba.
• After the death of Dalpat Rai, Rani Durgavati, a brave and an able ruler began to rule
on behalf of his minor son.
• In 1565, Kargha Katanga was attacked by the Mughal forces under Asaf Jha. Rani
Durgavati offered strong resistance but was defeated.
(6)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
• Many reasons led to the annexation of the Gargha Katanga. It was a rich state which
grew wealthy by selling wild elephants to the neighbouring kingdoms.
• The Mughals captured many precious coins and elephants after its defeat.
• They annexed a part of the kingdom and allowed Chandra Shah (relative of the
previous king) to rule over rest of the kingdom.
• The Gond kingdom later became weaker as they were not able successfully stand
against the Bundelas and the Marathas.
The Ahoms
• These tribal people migrated to the Brahmaputra valley from the present day
Myanmar in the thirteenth century.
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
• Many reasons led to the annexation of the Gargha Katanga. It was a rich state which
grew wealthy by selling wild elephants to the neighbouring kingdoms.
• The Mughals captured many precious coins and elephants after its defeat.
• They annexed a part of the kingdom and allowed Chandra Shah (relative of the
previous king) to rule over rest of the kingdom.
• The Gond kingdom later became weaker as they were not able successfully stand
against the Bundelas and the Marathas.
The Ahoms
• These tribal people migrated to the Brahmaputra valley from the present day
Myanmar in the thirteenth century.
(7)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
• They created a new state after annexing the kingdoms of Chhutiyas and Koch-Hajo in
the sixteenth century. They also defeated many tribes and built a large state.
• Ahoms were successful militarily as they could make firearms as early as in 1530. By
the latter half of the seventeenth century, they were making gun powder and canons.
• In 1662, the Mughal forces under Mir Jumla defeated the Ahoms. However, the
Mughal control could not last there for a long period.
• The state of Ahoms depended on forced labour. The workers who were forced to
work were known as ‘paiks’.
• Each state had to send a set number of paiks by rotation.
• All the adult males were required to serve in the army during the period of war.
When not fighting wars, they built dams, buildings and other public buildings. Ahoms
introduced a new method of rice cultivation.
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
• They created a new state after annexing the kingdoms of Chhutiyas and Koch-Hajo in
the sixteenth century. They also defeated many tribes and built a large state.
• Ahoms were successful militarily as they could make firearms as early as in 1530. By
the latter half of the seventeenth century, they were making gun powder and canons.
• In 1662, the Mughal forces under Mir Jumla defeated the Ahoms. However, the
Mughal control could not last there for a long period.
• The state of Ahoms depended on forced labour. The workers who were forced to
work were known as ‘paiks’.
• Each state had to send a set number of paiks by rotation.
• All the adult males were required to serve in the army during the period of war.
When not fighting wars, they built dams, buildings and other public buildings. Ahoms
introduced a new method of rice cultivation.
(8)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
•The society of Ahoms was divided into various clans or khels. Khels controlled many
villages.
•The land to the farmer was given to by the village communities. Artisans came to the
state from the neighbouring kingdoms.
•Ahoms worshipped their own tribal gods. However, later the influence of the
Brahmins increased and they were granted land and temples by the king.
•During the reign of Sib Singh, though Hinduism became a prominent religion the
Ahoms still followed their religious practices.
•The Ahom society was sophisticated in the sense that the learned people were
respected and literary activities were encouraged. Many important works of Sanskrit
were translated into the local language. Historical works such as the buranjis were
also written.
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
•The society of Ahoms was divided into various clans or khels. Khels controlled many
villages.
•The land to the farmer was given to by the village communities. Artisans came to the
state from the neighbouring kingdoms.
•Ahoms worshipped their own tribal gods. However, later the influence of the
Brahmins increased and they were granted land and temples by the king.
•During the reign of Sib Singh, though Hinduism became a prominent religion the
Ahoms still followed their religious practices.
•The Ahom society was sophisticated in the sense that the learned people were
respected and literary activities were encouraged. Many important works of Sanskrit
were translated into the local language. Historical works such as the buranjis were
also written.
(9)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
(10)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
Important Questions
➢ Multiple Choice Questions:
Question 1. Mir Jumla attacked the Ahom in:
(a) 1662
(b) 1665
(c) 1670
(d) 1672
Question 2. Specialized artisans were:
(a) Smiths, carpenters and peasants were specialized artisans.
(b) Smiths, carpenters and masons were specialized artisans.
(c) King, soldiers, carpenters and masons were specialized artisans.
(d) None.
Question 3. Verna was prescribed by:
(a) Brahmanas
(b) King
(c) Poets
(d) Artisans
Question 4. Many societies in the subcontinent did not follow the social rules and rituals
prescribed by the Brahmanas; they are called:
(a) Poets
(b) Peasants
(c) King and its family
(d) Tribes
Question 5. Khokhar tribes lived in:
(a) Jammu and Kashmir
(b) Assam
(c) Punjab
(d) Tamil Nadu
Question 6. Kamal Khan Gakkhar was mansabdar in region of:
(a) Babin
(b) Akbar
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
Important Questions
➢ Multiple Choice Questions:
Question 1. Mir Jumla attacked the Ahom in:
(a) 1662
(b) 1665
(c) 1670
(d) 1672
Question 2. Specialized artisans were:
(a) Smiths, carpenters and peasants were specialized artisans.
(b) Smiths, carpenters and masons were specialized artisans.
(c) King, soldiers, carpenters and masons were specialized artisans.
(d) None.
Question 3. Verna was prescribed by:
(a) Brahmanas
(b) King
(c) Poets
(d) Artisans
Question 4. Many societies in the subcontinent did not follow the social rules and rituals
prescribed by the Brahmanas; they are called:
(a) Poets
(b) Peasants
(c) King and its family
(d) Tribes
Question 5. Khokhar tribes lived in:
(a) Jammu and Kashmir
(b) Assam
(c) Punjab
(d) Tamil Nadu
Question 6. Kamal Khan Gakkhar was mansabdar in region of:
(a) Babin
(b) Akbar
(11)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
(c) ShahJahan
(d) None
Question 7. Langahs and Arghuns tribal dominated extensive regions which are:
(a) Multan and Sind
(b) North-East
(c) Central India
(d) Southern India
Question 8. Kolis lived particularly in many areas of:
(a) Gujarat
(b) Nagaland
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) Andhra Pradesh
Question 9. Those who specifically made and sold ropes, reeds, straw matting and coarse sacks
are called:
(a) Banjaras
(b) Gonds
(c) Petty Pedlars
(d) Bhils
Question 10. Mangols were hunter-gatherer tribes inhabited in:
(a) Eastern Asia
(b) South Asia
(c) Western Asia
(d) Central Asia
Question 11. Which tribes were influential in Punjab in 13th and 14th centuries?
(a) Khokhar
(b) Ahoms
(c) Banjaras
(d) Gonds
Question 12. Who assumed the title of Sangram Shah?
(a) Bir Narain
(b) Chaman Das
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
(c) ShahJahan
(d) None
Question 7. Langahs and Arghuns tribal dominated extensive regions which are:
(a) Multan and Sind
(b) North-East
(c) Central India
(d) Southern India
Question 8. Kolis lived particularly in many areas of:
(a) Gujarat
(b) Nagaland
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) Andhra Pradesh
Question 9. Those who specifically made and sold ropes, reeds, straw matting and coarse sacks
are called:
(a) Banjaras
(b) Gonds
(c) Petty Pedlars
(d) Bhils
Question 10. Mangols were hunter-gatherer tribes inhabited in:
(a) Eastern Asia
(b) South Asia
(c) Western Asia
(d) Central Asia
Question 11. Which tribes were influential in Punjab in 13th and 14th centuries?
(a) Khokhar
(b) Ahoms
(c) Banjaras
(d) Gonds
Question 12. Who assumed the title of Sangram Shah?
(a) Bir Narain
(b) Chaman Das
(12)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
(c) Dalpat
(d) Aman Das
Question 13. Rani Durgawati ruled in which region?
(a) Punjab
(b) Ambar
(c) Bikaner
(d) Garha Katanga
Question 14. The 84 villages or Chaurasi was further subdivided into what?
(a) Tanda
(b) Barhots
(c) Khel
(d) Clan
Question 15. The Cheros were defeated in 1591 by whom?
(a) Maharana Pratap
(b) Raja Man Singh
(c) Amax Singh
(d) Prithviraj Chauhan
➢ Fill in the blanks:
1. The new castes emerging within varnas were called_______.
2. The Gonds practised ________ cultivation.
3. ______ were historical works written by the Ahoms.
4. The ______ mentions that Garha Katanga had 70,000 villages.
5. As tribal states became bigger and stronger, they gave land grants to ________ and
_______.
➢ Write true (T) or false (F):
1. Tribal societies had rich oral traditions.
2. There were no tribal communities in the northwestern part of the subcontinent.
3. Barhots were made up of 12 villages each.
4. The chaurasi in Gond states contained several cities.
5. In the western Himalaya lived the shepherd tribe of Gaddis.
➢ Very Short Questions:
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
(c) Dalpat
(d) Aman Das
Question 13. Rani Durgawati ruled in which region?
(a) Punjab
(b) Ambar
(c) Bikaner
(d) Garha Katanga
Question 14. The 84 villages or Chaurasi was further subdivided into what?
(a) Tanda
(b) Barhots
(c) Khel
(d) Clan
Question 15. The Cheros were defeated in 1591 by whom?
(a) Maharana Pratap
(b) Raja Man Singh
(c) Amax Singh
(d) Prithviraj Chauhan
➢ Fill in the blanks:
1. The new castes emerging within varnas were called_______.
2. The Gonds practised ________ cultivation.
3. ______ were historical works written by the Ahoms.
4. The ______ mentions that Garha Katanga had 70,000 villages.
5. As tribal states became bigger and stronger, they gave land grants to ________ and
_______.
➢ Write true (T) or false (F):
1. Tribal societies had rich oral traditions.
2. There were no tribal communities in the northwestern part of the subcontinent.
3. Barhots were made up of 12 villages each.
4. The chaurasi in Gond states contained several cities.
5. In the western Himalaya lived the shepherd tribe of Gaddis.
➢ Very Short Questions:
(13)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
1. Who controlled garh?
2. Who were specialised artisans?
3. Who was Chandra Shah?
4. What is the meaning of 'bhuiyans'?
5. Where does the Kutiya Kond tribe live?
6. What do you understand by tanda?
7. Name the shepherd tribe of the Western Himalayas.
8. What was buranjis?
9. Who was the chief of Gakkhar tribe?
10. Which tribe was powerful in north-west?
➢ Short Questions:
1. How do the present day historians use to write tribal histories?
2. Who were Ahoms? How did they build a large state?
3. What changes took place in varna-based society?
4. What do you know about religion practised by Ahom society?
5. How did the tribes earn their livelihood?
➢ Long Questions:
1. Mention some special features of tribal societies.
2. Write about the Rani Durgawati.
3. Write about Ahom society.
4. How did tribal societies change after being organized into a state?
5. What do you know about Mongols?
ANSWER KEY –
➢ Multiple Choice Answer:
1. (a) 1662
2. (b) Smiths, carpenters and masons were specialized artisans.
3. (a) Brahmanas
4. (d) Tribes
5. (c) Punjab
6. (b) Akbar
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
1. Who controlled garh?
2. Who were specialised artisans?
3. Who was Chandra Shah?
4. What is the meaning of 'bhuiyans'?
5. Where does the Kutiya Kond tribe live?
6. What do you understand by tanda?
7. Name the shepherd tribe of the Western Himalayas.
8. What was buranjis?
9. Who was the chief of Gakkhar tribe?
10. Which tribe was powerful in north-west?
➢ Short Questions:
1. How do the present day historians use to write tribal histories?
2. Who were Ahoms? How did they build a large state?
3. What changes took place in varna-based society?
4. What do you know about religion practised by Ahom society?
5. How did the tribes earn their livelihood?
➢ Long Questions:
1. Mention some special features of tribal societies.
2. Write about the Rani Durgawati.
3. Write about Ahom society.
4. How did tribal societies change after being organized into a state?
5. What do you know about Mongols?
ANSWER KEY –
➢ Multiple Choice Answer:
1. (a) 1662
2. (b) Smiths, carpenters and masons were specialized artisans.
3. (a) Brahmanas
4. (d) Tribes
5. (c) Punjab
6. (b) Akbar
(14)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
7.(a) Multan and Sind
8.(a) Gujarat
9.(c) Petty Pedlars
10.(d) Central Asia
11.(a) Khokhar
12.(d) Aman Das
13.(d) Garha Katanga
14.(b) Barhots
15.(b) Raja Man Singh
➢ Fill in the blanks:
1.Jatis
2.shifting
3.Buranjis
4.Akbar Nama
5.Poets, scholars
➢ Write true (T) or false (F):
1.True
2.False
3.True
4.False
5.True
➢ Very Short Answer:
1.Each garh was controlled by a particular Gond clan.
2.Specialised artisans include smiths, carpenters and masons.
3.Chandra Shah was uncle of Bir Narain.
4.Landlords
5.Kutiya Kond tribe lives in Orissa.
6.Caravan of banjaras was called tanda.
7.Gaddis
8.Historical works was known as buranjis.
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
7.(a) Multan and Sind
8.(a) Gujarat
9.(c) Petty Pedlars
10.(d) Central Asia
11.(a) Khokhar
12.(d) Aman Das
13.(d) Garha Katanga
14.(b) Barhots
15.(b) Raja Man Singh
➢ Fill in the blanks:
1.Jatis
2.shifting
3.Buranjis
4.Akbar Nama
5.Poets, scholars
➢ Write true (T) or false (F):
1.True
2.False
3.True
4.False
5.True
➢ Very Short Answer:
1.Each garh was controlled by a particular Gond clan.
2.Specialised artisans include smiths, carpenters and masons.
3.Chandra Shah was uncle of Bir Narain.
4.Landlords
5.Kutiya Kond tribe lives in Orissa.
6.Caravan of banjaras was called tanda.
7.Gaddis
8.Historical works was known as buranjis.
(15)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
9. Kamal Khan Gakkhar was the chief of Gakkhar tribe.
10. The Balochis tribe was powerful in the north-west.
➢ Short Answer:
1. Contemporary historians and travellers give very scanty information about tribes. A
few exceptions apart, tribal people did not keep written records. But they preserved
rich customs and oral traditions. These were passed down to each new generation.
Present day historians have started using such oral traditions to write tribal histories.
2. The Ahoms migrated to the Brahmaputra valley from present-day Myanmar in the
thirteenth century. They created a new state by suppressing the older political system
of the bhuiyans (landlords). During the sixteenth century, they annexed the kingdoms
of the Chhutiyas (1523) and of Koch-Hajo (1581) and subjugated many other tribes.
3. Smaller castes, or jatis, emerged within varnas. For example, new castes appeared
amongst the Brahmanas. On the other hand, many tribes and social groups were
taken into caste-based society and given the status of jatis. Specialised artisans –
smiths, carpenters and masons – were also recognised as separate jatis by the
Brahmanas. Jatis, rather than varna, became the basis for organising society.
4. Originally, the Ahoms worshipped their own tribal gods. During the first half of the
seventeenth century, however, the influence of Brahmanas increased. Temples and
Brahmanas were granted land by the king. In the reign of Sib Singh (1714-1744),
Hinduism became the predominant religion. But the Ahom kings did not completely
give up their traditional beliefs after adopting Hinduism.
5. Many tribes obtained their livelihood from agriculture. Others were hunter-gatherers
or herders. Most often they combined these activities to make full use of the natural
resources of the area in which they lived. Some tribes were nomadic and moved from
one place to another. A tribal group controlled land and pastures jointly, and divided
these amongst households according to its own rules.
➢ Long Answer:
1. Special features of tribal societies were:
i. They did not follow the social rules and rituals prescribed by the Brahmanas. Nor were
they divided into numerous unequal classes.
ii. Members of each tribe were united by kinship bonds.
iii. Many tribes obtained their livelihood from agriculture. Others were hunter-gatherers or
herders.
iv. Some tribes were nomadic and moved from one place to another. A tribal group
controlled land and pastures jointly, and divided these amongst households according
to its own rules.
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
9. Kamal Khan Gakkhar was the chief of Gakkhar tribe.
10. The Balochis tribe was powerful in the north-west.
➢ Short Answer:
1. Contemporary historians and travellers give very scanty information about tribes. A
few exceptions apart, tribal people did not keep written records. But they preserved
rich customs and oral traditions. These were passed down to each new generation.
Present day historians have started using such oral traditions to write tribal histories.
2. The Ahoms migrated to the Brahmaputra valley from present-day Myanmar in the
thirteenth century. They created a new state by suppressing the older political system
of the bhuiyans (landlords). During the sixteenth century, they annexed the kingdoms
of the Chhutiyas (1523) and of Koch-Hajo (1581) and subjugated many other tribes.
3. Smaller castes, or jatis, emerged within varnas. For example, new castes appeared
amongst the Brahmanas. On the other hand, many tribes and social groups were
taken into caste-based society and given the status of jatis. Specialised artisans –
smiths, carpenters and masons – were also recognised as separate jatis by the
Brahmanas. Jatis, rather than varna, became the basis for organising society.
4. Originally, the Ahoms worshipped their own tribal gods. During the first half of the
seventeenth century, however, the influence of Brahmanas increased. Temples and
Brahmanas were granted land by the king. In the reign of Sib Singh (1714-1744),
Hinduism became the predominant religion. But the Ahom kings did not completely
give up their traditional beliefs after adopting Hinduism.
5. Many tribes obtained their livelihood from agriculture. Others were hunter-gatherers
or herders. Most often they combined these activities to make full use of the natural
resources of the area in which they lived. Some tribes were nomadic and moved from
one place to another. A tribal group controlled land and pastures jointly, and divided
these amongst households according to its own rules.
➢ Long Answer:
1. Special features of tribal societies were:
i. They did not follow the social rules and rituals prescribed by the Brahmanas. Nor were
they divided into numerous unequal classes.
ii. Members of each tribe were united by kinship bonds.
iii. Many tribes obtained their livelihood from agriculture. Others were hunter-gatherers or
herders.
iv. Some tribes were nomadic and moved from one place to another. A tribal group
controlled land and pastures jointly, and divided these amongst households according
to its own rules.
(16)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
2. Rani Durgawati:
i. Durgawati was the daughter of Salbahan, the Chandel Rajput raja of Mahoba. She got
married to Dalpat, the son of Gond raja Aman Das.
ii. Dalpat, however, died early. Rani Durgawati was very capable, and started ruling on
behalf of her five-year-old son, Bir Narain.
iii. Under her, the kingdom became even more extensive. In 1565, the Mughal forces under
Asaf Khan attacked Garha Katanga.
iv. A strong resistance was put up by Rani Durgawati. She was defeated and preferred to
die rather than surrender. Her son, too, died fighting soon after.
3. Ahom society:
Ahom society was divided into clans or khels. There were very few castes of artisans,
so artisans in the Ahom areas came from the adjoining kingdoms. A khel often
controlled several villages. The peasant was given land by his village community. Even
the king could not take it away without the community’s consent. Originally, the
Ahoms worshipped their own tribal gods. During the first half of the seventeenth
century, however, the influence of Brahmanas increased. Temples and Brahmanas
were granted land by the king. In the reign of Sib Singh (1714-1744), Hinduism became
the predominant religion. But the Ahom kings did not completely give up their
traditional beliefs after adopting Hinduism. Ahom society was very sophisticated.
Poets and scholars were given land grants. Theatre was encouraged.
4. Changes in tribal societies:
i. Considerable social change took place in the subcontinent. Varna-based society and
tribal people constantly interacted with each other. This interaction caused both kinds
of societies to adapt and change.
ii. There were many different tribes and they took up diverse livelihoods.
iii. Over a period of time, many of them merged with caste based society Others, however,
rejected both the caste system and orthodox Hinduism.
iv. Some tribes established extensive states with well-organised systems of administration.
They thus became politically powerful. This brought them into conflict with larger and
more complex kingdoms and empires.
5. Mongols:
i. The best-known pastoral and hunter gatherer tribe in history were the Mongols. They
inhabited the grasslands (steppes) of Central Asia and the forested areas further north.
ii. By 1206 Genghis Khan had united the Mongol and Turkish tribes into a powerful military
force. At the time of his death (1227) he was the ruler of extensive territories.
iii. His successors created a vast empire. At different points of time, it included parts of
Russia, Eastern Europe and also China and much of West Asia.
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
2. Rani Durgawati:
i. Durgawati was the daughter of Salbahan, the Chandel Rajput raja of Mahoba. She got
married to Dalpat, the son of Gond raja Aman Das.
ii. Dalpat, however, died early. Rani Durgawati was very capable, and started ruling on
behalf of her five-year-old son, Bir Narain.
iii. Under her, the kingdom became even more extensive. In 1565, the Mughal forces under
Asaf Khan attacked Garha Katanga.
iv. A strong resistance was put up by Rani Durgawati. She was defeated and preferred to
die rather than surrender. Her son, too, died fighting soon after.
3. Ahom society:
Ahom society was divided into clans or khels. There were very few castes of artisans,
so artisans in the Ahom areas came from the adjoining kingdoms. A khel often
controlled several villages. The peasant was given land by his village community. Even
the king could not take it away without the community’s consent. Originally, the
Ahoms worshipped their own tribal gods. During the first half of the seventeenth
century, however, the influence of Brahmanas increased. Temples and Brahmanas
were granted land by the king. In the reign of Sib Singh (1714-1744), Hinduism became
the predominant religion. But the Ahom kings did not completely give up their
traditional beliefs after adopting Hinduism. Ahom society was very sophisticated.
Poets and scholars were given land grants. Theatre was encouraged.
4. Changes in tribal societies:
i. Considerable social change took place in the subcontinent. Varna-based society and
tribal people constantly interacted with each other. This interaction caused both kinds
of societies to adapt and change.
ii. There were many different tribes and they took up diverse livelihoods.
iii. Over a period of time, many of them merged with caste based society Others, however,
rejected both the caste system and orthodox Hinduism.
iv. Some tribes established extensive states with well-organised systems of administration.
They thus became politically powerful. This brought them into conflict with larger and
more complex kingdoms and empires.
5. Mongols:
i. The best-known pastoral and hunter gatherer tribe in history were the Mongols. They
inhabited the grasslands (steppes) of Central Asia and the forested areas further north.
ii. By 1206 Genghis Khan had united the Mongol and Turkish tribes into a powerful military
force. At the time of his death (1227) he was the ruler of extensive territories.
iii. His successors created a vast empire. At different points of time, it included parts of
Russia, Eastern Europe and also China and much of West Asia.
(17)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
iv.The Mongols had well-organised military and administrative systems. These were based
on the support of different ethnic and religious groups.
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
07
iv.The Mongols had well-organised military and administrative systems. These were based
on the support of different ethnic and religious groups.
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tribes
nomads
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class 7 history chapter 5
tribal societies notes
nomadic groups history
medieval tribes and communitie
tribal societies in india
nomadic lifestyles
settled communities
agriculture and livelihood
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role of forests and resources
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