Classification and details of Hydraulic Turbines.pptx

The ppt contains classification of hydraulic turbines as well as detail description of each turbine as well as numerical.
Each turbine is explained with construction and working. Also, Blade angles, types of flows, etc. are explained.

1. Fluid Power II Unit No 1 Hydraulic Turbines By- Prof P.B. Borakhede , MGI COET- Shegaon

2. Index General layout of hydraulic power plant Classification of Turbines Types of Turbines ImpulseTurbine I. Pelton Wheel Turbine Radial Flow Reaction Turbines I. Francis Turbine II. Kaplan Turbine Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGICOET Shegaon

3. Introduction Hydraulic machines are defined as those machines which converts either hydraulic energy into mechanical energy (which is further converted into electrical energy) or mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. The machines which converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy are called turbines and machines which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy are called pumps. The study of hydraulic machines consists of study of turbines and pumps. Prof. P.B. Borakhede , MGICOET Shegaon

4. Turbines The machines which converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy are called turbines. This mechanical energy is used in running electric generator which is directly coupled to the shaft of the turbine. Thus the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. The electric power is obtained from hydraulic energy (energy of water) is known as hydraulic power. The generation of hydraulic power is the cheapest as compared by the power generated by other sources like coal, oil etc. Prof. P.B. Borakhede , MGICOET Shegaon

5. General layout of hydraulic power plant General layout is shown in figure. A dam constructed across river to store water. Pipes of large diameters called penstock, which carries under water pressure from the storage reservoir to the turbines. these pipes are made up of reinforced concrete. Turbines having different types of vanes fitted to the wheels. Tail race which is a channel which carries water away from the turbines after the water has worked on the turbines. The surface of water in tail race channel is also known as tail race. Prof. P.B. Borakhede , MGICOET Shegaon

6. Heads and efficiencies of turbines 1. Gross Head Difference between head race level and tail race level when no water is flowing is known as gross head. It is denoted by Hg. 2. Net Head It is also called as effective head and is defined as head available at the inlet of the turbine. When the water is flowing from the head of turbine, a loss of head due to friction between water and penstock occurs. If h f is the head loss due to friction between penstocks and water then net head on turbine H= H g - h f Prof. P.B. Borakhede , MGICOET Shegaon

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8. Classification of Turbines Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGICOET Shegaon

9. Types of Turbines According to Types of energy at inlet Impulse Turbine If at the inlet of turbine, the energy available is only kinetic energy, the turbine is known as impulse turbine. As the water flows over the vanes, the pressure is atmospheric from inlet to outlet of the turbine. Example: Pelton wheel. 2. Reaction Turbine If at the inlet of the turbine, the water posses Kinetic energy as well as pressure energy, the turbine is known as reaction turbine. As the water flows through the runner, the water is under pressure and the pressure energy goes on changing into Kinetic Energy. Example: Francies and Kaplan. Prof. P.B. Borakhede , MGICOET Shegaon

10. According to direction of flow through runner Tangential Flow Turbine If the water flow along the tangent of the runner, the turbine is known as tangential flow turbine. 2. Radial Flow Turbine If the water flows in the radial direction through the runner, the turbine is known as radial flow turbine. If the water flows from outward to inward radially, the turbine is known as inward radial flow. If the water flows radially from inward to outward, the turbine is known as outward radial flow. Prof. P.B. Borakhede , MGICOET Shegaon

11. 3. Axial Flow Turbine If the water flow through the runner along the direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the runner, the turbine is called as axial flow turbine. 4. Mixed flow turbine If the water flows through the runner in the radial direction but leaves in the direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the runner the turbine is known as mixed flow turbine. According to the head at the inlet of the turbine High Head Turbine Medium Head turbine Low Head Turbine Prof. P.B. Borakhede , MGICOET Shegaon

12. According to the specific speed of the turbine Low specific speed Medium specific speed High specific speed Prof. P.B. Borakhede , MGICOET Shegaon

13. Impulse Turbine Pelton Wheel Turbine The  Pelton wheel turbine  is a  tangential flow impulse turbine  used for high heads of water and It is invented by Lester Allan Pelton , an American Engineer. The water strikes the bucket along the tangent of the runner. The energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only kinetic energy. The pressure energy at the inlet and outlet of the turbine is atmospheric. The water from the reservoir flows through the penstock at the outlet of which nozzle is fitted. Nozzle increases Kinetic Energy of water flowing through penstock. At outlet of nozzle water comes in form of jet and strikes the buckets of the runner. Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGICOET Shegaon

14. A Pelton wheel turbine consists of four-major parts and those are: a) Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement b) Runner and buckets c) Casing d) Breaking Jet. a) Nozzle with flow regulating arrangement Amount of water striking on bucket is shown in figure. The spear is a conical needle which is Operated either by handle or automatically in Axial direction. When spear is pushed forward, the amount of Water striking bucket is reduced and vice versa. b) Runner with Buckets It consist of a circular plate on a periphery of which the number of buckets are fixed at even distance. Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGICOET Shegaon

15. The shape of bucket is like double hemispherical cup of bowl. Each bucket is divided in two symmetrical parts by a dividing wall which is called as splitter. The buckets are made of cast iron, cast steel bronze or Stainless steel. c) Casing The function of the casing is to prevent the splashing of the water and to discharge water to the tailrace. It also acts as a safe ground against accidents. It is made of cast iron or fabricated steel plates. The casing of the Pelton wheel does not perform any hydraulic function. Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGICOET Shegaon

16. d) Breaking Jet When the nozzle is completely closed by moving the spear in the forward direction, the amount of water striking the runner reduces to zero. But the runner due to inertia goes on revolving for a long time. To stop the runner in a short time, a small nozzle is provided which directs the jet of water on the back of the vanes. This jet of water is called breaking jet. Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGICOET Shegaon

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21. Velocity of jet striking at moving curved vane Prof. P.B. Borakhede , MGICOET Shegaon

22. Velocity Triangle for Pelton Wheel In the Figure are shown the shapes of buckets of the pelton wheel. Jet of water from the nozzle strikes the buckets of the splitter, which splits up the jet into two parts. These parts of the jet glide over the inner surfaces and come out at the outer edge. Work done from the jet of water to the buckets determined by applying the momentum equation. The splitter is the inlet tip and outer is the outlet of the bucket. Inlet velocity triangle is drawn at splitter and outlet velocity triangle is drawn at the outer edge of the bucket. Prof. P.B. Borakhede , MGICOET Shegaon

23. Blade velocity or bucket velocity considered along the direction tangential for the pitch circle. Vr1 , Vr2 = Relative velocity at inlet and outlet. V w1 , Vw2 = Whirl component of velocity Vf1, Vf2 = Velocity of flow at inlet and outlet U= U1=U2=Velocity of vane in direction of motion (tangential velocity) Prof. P.B. Borakhede , MGICOET Shegaon

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40. Design of Pelton Wheel Prof. P.B. Borakhede , MGICOET Shegaon

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43. Radial Flow Reaction Turbines Radial flow turbines are those turbines in which water flows in radial direction. Water may flow from inward to outward or outward to inward. If water from outward to inward then it is called Inward flow reaction turbine and when water flows inward to outward then it is called outward flow turbine. In reaction turbine, energy available at inlet of turbine is kinetic plus pressure energy. Thus water flows under pressure, the runner is completely enclosed in an air tight casing and casing and the runner always full of water. Prof. P.B. Borakhede , MGICOET Shegaon

44. Main parts of Radial Flow Reaction Turbine 1. Casing 2. Guide Mechanism 3. Runner 4. Draft Tube Casing: The water from penstock enters the casing which is of the spiral shape in which area of cross section of the casing goes decreasing gradually. The casing completely surrounds the runner of the turbine. The casing completely surrounds the runner of the turbine. Casing is made spiral so that water may enters the runner at constant velocity throughout the circumference of the runner. Casing is made of cast steel or plate steel. Prof. P.B. Borakhede , MGICOET Shegaon

45. 2. Guide Mechanism It consist of stationary circular wheel all round the runner of the turbine. The stationary guide vanes are fixed on the guide mechanism. The guide vanes allows the water to strike the vanes fixed on the runner without shock at inlet. The angle of guide vanes can be changes as per need. 3. Runner It is a circular wheel on which a series of radial curved vanes are fixed. Surface of vanes is very smooth. The radial curved vanes are so shaped that water enters and leaves the vanes without shock. Runners are made of cast steel, cast iron or stainless steel. They are keyed to shaft. Prof. P.B. Borakhede , MGICOET Shegaon

46. Inward Radial Flow turbine In this water from the casing enters the stationary guide wheel. Prof. P.B. Borakhede , MGICOET Shegaon

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61. Francis Turbine The inward flow reaction turbine having radial discharge at outlet is known as Francis Turbine. Mr. J.B. Francis in the beginning designed inward radial flow reaction turbine. In modern Francis turbine, the water enters the runner of the turbine in the radial direction at outlet and leaves in the axial direction at inlet thus the modern Francis turbine is mixed flow turbine. Velocity triangle at inlet and outlet of the Francis turbine are drawn in the same way as inward flow reaction turbine. In case of Francis turbine if discharge is zero then velocity of whirl at outlet (Vw2) is zero. Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGICOET Shegaon

62. First, the water is allowed to enter into the spiral casing of the turbine, which guides the water through the stay vanes and guide vanes. The spiral case is kept here in decreasing diameter so that to maintain the flow pressure. The stay vanes being stationary at their place removes the swirls from the water, which are generated due to flow through the spiral casing and tries it to make the flow of water more linear to be deflected by adjustable guide vanes. The angle of guide vanes determines the angle of strikes of water at the runner blades thus make sure the output of the turbine. The runner blades are stationary and can-not pitch or change their angle. In short, the guide vane controls the power output of a turbine. Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGICOET Shegaon

63. The angle of guide vanes determines the angle of strikes of water at the runner blades thus make sure the output of the turbine. The runner blades are stationary and can-not pitch or change their angle. In short, the guide vane controls the power output of a turbine. Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGICOET Shegaon

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68. Axial Flow Reaction Turbine Kaplan Turbine Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGICOET Shegaon

69. Kaplan turbine cover the lowest head hydro sites and are especially suited for high flow conditions. It is a propeller-type water turbine which has adjustable blades.  It is an inward flow reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy.  The design combines features of radial and axial turbines. The water enters in turbine radially and exits axially. The inlet is a scroll-shaped tube that wraps around the turbine's gate. Water is directed tangentially through the wicket gate and spirals on to a propeller shaped runner, causing it to spin. The outlet is a specially shaped draft tube that helps decelerate the water and recover kinetic energy.  The head ranges from 10 to 50 meters and the output ranges from 5 to 200 MW . Prof. P.B. Borakhede, MGICOET Shegaon

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