CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMALS

CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMALS

1. CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMALS

2. Al Quran “And surely we have honoured the children of Adam, and carried them on the land and at the sea, and provided them with good things, and we have made them to excel by an appropriate excellence over many of those we created.” (17:70) “And they ask you about the spirit. Say: The spirit is from the command of my Lord, and you are not given ought of knowledge but a little.” (17:85)

3. MAMMALS Mammalia is a class of animals within the Phylum Chordata Mammals are defined as vertebrates that give birth to live young ones ( viviparity ) , possess hairs which insulate their bodies and mammary glands for feeding young ones with milk and share a unique jaw articulation. They also possess a four-chambered heart , a large cerebral cortex, three distinctive bones: [incus, malleus and stapes] in the middle ear , a diaphragm for breathing, heterodont and thecodont dentition, limbs attached under the body, dicondylic skull and acoelous vertebrae . Mammals also include humans who are the most highly advanced organisms on Earth. ‘Mammal’ possess complex range of form and function in them; and also the large extent of individual flexibility which they demonstrate through their behavior.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMALS Many earlier ideas have been completely abandoned by Linnaeus and modern taxonomists, among these are the idea that bats are related to birds or that humans represent a group outside of other living things . Mammalian classification has been through several iterations since Carl Linnaeus initially defined the class. Most significantly in recent years, cladistic thinking has led to an effort to ensure that all taxonomic designations represent monophyletic groups. The field has also seen a recent surge in interest and modification due to the results of molecular phylogenetics .

5. CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMALS Mammals are actually a class organized into 5420 species ; which are further sub-classified into 135 families , 1,000 genera , 29 orders , and 2 subclasses. While studying these subclasses, we come to know several mammals that were parted some 200-million years ago. These primitive mammals include egg-laying Prototheria (platypus and echidnas being the only survivors) along with live-bearing theria . George Gaylord Simpson's[1945] "Principles of Classification’’ laid out a systematics of mammalian origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century.

6. CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMALS Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals. Various trials have been made to classify mammals Molecular classification Standardized classification McKenna/Bell classification Luo, Kielan-Jaworowska , and Cifelli classification Simplified classification No classification system is universally accepted; McKenna & Bell (1997) and Wilson & Reader (2005) provided useful recent compendiums.

7. How do we classify organisms? Based on Relatedness Overall similarity Use morphology (and genetics) Shared traits are evidence of shared ancestry shared traits: • Internal fertilization; most bear live young ones • Mammary glands • Fur/hair • 1 jaw bone • 3 bones in ear • Endothermy ( warmblooded ) Non-mammals don’t have these traits• Why? Branched off before these traits evolved Help distinguish mammals & non-mammals

8. Molecular classification Afrotheria Xenarthra Boreoeutheria Euarchontoglires Laurasiatheria

9. Standardized classification Subclasses 1. Protheria 2.Theria 2.1Metatheria[marsupial] 2.2Eutheria [placental] This approach emphasizes an initial split between egg-laying prototherians and live-bearing therians . No attempt is made in this classification to further distinguish among the orders within these subclasses and infra classes. This system also makes no note of the position of entirely fossil groups.

10. McKenna/Bell classification McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa , that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia . and introduced some fine distinctions such as legions and sublegions (ranks which fall between classes and orders) . Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theriiformes Several important fossil mammal discoveries have been made that have led researchers to question many of the relationships proposed by McKenna and Bell (1997).

11. Luo, Kielan-Jaworowska , and Cifelli classification Luo et al. (2002) summarized existing ideas and proposed new ideas of relationships among mammals at the most basal level. They argued that the term mammal should be defined based on characters (especially the dentary-squamosal jaw articulation) instead of a crown-based definition (the group that contains most recent common ancestor of monotremes and therians and all of its descendants). They also define their taxonomic levels as clades and do not apply Linnean hierarchies.

12. † Sinoconodon - earliest and most basal of mammals Unnamed clade 1 - a clade that contains all other mammals. These are characterized by determinant growth and occlusal features of the cheek teeth. Unnamed clade 2 - a clade containing all living mammals and some fossil relatives. It is characterized by the loss of a postdentary  trough and a widened braincase. Crown-group  Mammalia  - the group that contains most recent common ancestor of  monotremes  and  therians  and all of its descendants. This group is defined by additional characters relating the occlusion of molars and the presence of a well-developed  masseteric fossa Trechnotheria  -  Therians ,  spalacotheriids  and their relatives. They are characterized by features of the scapula, tibia, and  humerus . Cladotheria Zatheria Boreosphenida † Eutriconodonta

13. CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMALS WILSON AND REEDER recognised about 5420 species of living mammals which are further sub-classified into 152 families , 1229 genera , 29 orders , and 2 subclasses. MOST SPECIES OF EXTANT MAMMALS have already been placed in the classification but approximately 10-12new species continue to be named each year. Still ,the numbers of genera and species are insignificant in comparison with those for invertebrates. The mammalian classsification presented here is largely that of various authors in WILSON AND READER [2005] and is based on phylogenetic relationships as currently understood.

14. MAMMALS classification

15. Over 70% of mammal species are in the orders Rodentia   ( blue ),  Chiroptera  ( red ), and  Soricomorpha ( yellow )

16. Subclass Prototheria: Mammals that lay eggs with leathery shells and nourish the young ones with milk from primitive(open) mammary glands. They possess a cloaca like reptiles, have no urinary bladder but possess hairs, No teeth, but single jaw bone 5 species in 2 families in Order Monotremata Earliest monotreme : 125 mya Teinolophos

17. PROTHERIA Family Ornithorhynchidae : platypuses Family Tachyglossidae : Echidnas (spiny anteaters) platypuses spiny anteaters

18. PROTHERIA Echidnas are insectivores. •They use their long, sticky tongue to catch ants, termites, other insects, and earthworms When attacked, the echidna will quickly burrow into the ground or curl up into a ball

19. Subclass Theria 4470 species in 25 orders • Give birth to live young ones • Specialized dentition based on diet • All continents

20. Infraclass Metatheria : Marsupials Body covered with fur; female with marsupium;give birth to extremely immature infants,complete their development in marsupium;poorly developed or absent corpus callosum diaphragm and seven cervical vertebrae are present and the marsupial bone ( epipubis ) present). 334 species in 7 orders Earliest marsupial: 125 mya Sinodelphys

21. Infraclass Metatheria : Marsupials Order Didelphimorphia [89/1 ] Common opossums Virginia opossum

22. Infraclass Metatheria : Marsupials Order Didelphimorphia [89/1] Order Paucituberculata [6/1] shrew opossums long-nosed shrew opossum

23. Infraclass Metatheria : Marsupials Order Didelphimorphia Order Paucituberculata Order Microbiotheria [1/1] monito del montes South American monito del montes

24. Infraclass Metatheria : Marsupials Order Didelphimorphia Order Paucituberculata Order Microbiotheria Order Dasyuromorphia [71/3] most carnivorous marsupials Tasmanian devil Tasmanian tiger

25. Infraclass Metatheria : Marsupials Order Didelphimorphia Order Paucituberculata Order Microbiotheria Order Dasyuromorphia Order Peramelemorphia [22/3] eastern barred bandicoot bandicoots

26. Infraclass Metatheria : Marsupials Order Didelphimorphia [89/1] Order Microbiotheria [6 sp/1] Order Paucituberculata [1/1] Order Dasyuromorphia [71/3] Order Peramelemorphia [22/3] Order Notoryctemorphia [2/1] marsupial moles southern marsupial mole

27. Infraclass Metatheria : Marsupials Order Didelphimorphia [89] Order Microbiotheria [6 sp/1] Order Paucituberculata [1/1] Order Dasyuromorphia [71/3] Order Peramelemorphia [22/3] Order Notoryctemorphia [2/1] Order Diprotodontia [144/11] [Kangaroos, wallabies, koalas] Kangaroos

28. Infraclass Metatheria : Marsupialia Order Diprotodontia [11 families] ( Kangaroos, wallabies, koalas Possums , vombats ) • Family Macropodidae • Family Phascolarctidae • Family Vombatidae • Family Borramyidae • Family Phalangeridae • Family Pseudocheridae • Family Petauridae • Family Tarsipedidae • Family Acrobatidae • Family Hypsipyrmnitidae • Family Potoroidae

29. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentalia True mammals which are completely viviparous, with chorio-allantoic placenta and in which complete development takes place in uterus,so mature infants are born,well developed corpus callosum,marsupium absent • 4136 species in 21 orders • Longer internal gestation • Placenta nourishes embryo • Single uterus & vagina • More developed infants • All continents Earliest Eutherian : Eomaia 125 mya Eomaia

30. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentalia • Order Cetacea [11/84] beached humpback whale (Big Sur) killer whale [whales, dolphins,porpoises ] California grey whale

31. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentals Order Cetacea [11/84] Order Sirenia [5/2] West African manatee West Indian manatee (dugongs, sea cows,manatees ) dugong

32. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentals • Order Cetacea [11/84] • Order Sirenia [5/2] • Order Tubulidentata [1/1] aardvarks

33. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentals • Order Cetacea • Order Sirenia • Order Tubulidentata • Order Pholidota [8/1] ground pangolin pangolins Indian pangolin

34. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentals • Order Cetacea [84/11] • Order Sirenia [5/2] • Order Tubulidentata [1/1] • Order Pholidota [8/1] • Order Hyracoidea [4/1] western tree hyrax [hyrax] rock hyrax

35. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentals • Order Cetacea [84/11] • Order Sirenia [5/2] • Order Tubulidentata [1/1] • Order Pholidota [8/1] • Order Hyracoidea [4/1] • Order Proboscidea [3/1] [Elephants] Asian elephant African elephant

36. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentals • Order Cetacea [84/11] • Order Sirenia [5/2] • Order Tubulidentata [1/1] • Order Pholidota [8/1] • Order Hyracoidea [4/1] • Order Proboscidea [3/1] • Order Pilosa [10/4] [ anteaters & tree sloths] Giant anteater,long tubular snout,bushy tail( C. & S. America)

37. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentals • Order Cetacea [84/11] • Order Sirenia [5/2] • Order Tubulidentata [1/1] • Order Pholidota [8/1] • Order Hyracoidea [4/1] • Order Proboscidea [3/1] • Order Pilosa [10/4] • Order Afrosoricida [51/2] [ Tenercs ] • Order Soricomorpha [428/4] [ shrews and moles] southern short-tailed shrew European mole

38. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentals • Order Cetacea [84/11] • Order Sirenia [5/2] • Order Tubulidentata [1/1] • Order Pholidota [8/1] • Order Hyracoidea [4/1] • Order Proboscidea [3/1] • Order Pilosa [10/4] • Order Afrosoricida [51/2] • Order Soricomorpha [428/4] • Order Artiodactyle [240/10] ( even-toed ungulates) [ Examples;Pigs,hippos , Giraffee,sheep,goats ] ( Nile Hippopotamus) (Central & eastern Africa ) giraffe

39. Order Artiodactyla : even-toed ungulates Family Hippopotomidae ( hippopotomuses ) • 2 species Family Giraffidae (giraffe, okapi) • 2 species, both African

40. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentals 1 Order Cetacea [84/11] 2 Order Sirenia [5/2] 3 Order Tubulidentata [1/1] 4 Order Pholidota [8/1] 5 Order Hyracoidea [4/1] 6 Order Proboscidea [3/1] 7 Order Pilosa [10/4] 8 Order Afrosoricida [51/2] 9 Order Soricomorpha [428/4] 10 Order Artiodactyle [240/10] 11 Order Perissodactyla [17/3] [ odd-toed ungulates] ( Horses,Rhinos and Zebras) Grant’s zebra Domestic horse Asian or Indian rhino ( Nepal, N.E. India)

41. Order Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) • 19 species in 3 families • Asia, Africa, Americas Herbivores Family Equidae (horses, asses, zebras) • 10 species Excellent peripheral vision Family Tapiridae (tapirs) • 4 primitive species Family Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses) • Critically endangered

42. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentals 12 Order Scandentia treeshrews pen-tailed treeshrew large treeshrew

43. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentals •12 Order Scandentia •13 Order Dermoptera Phillipine colugo colugos Sunda colugo

44. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentals • Order Scandentia • Order Dermoptera • 14 Order Chiroptera leaf-nosed bat Coromo black flying fox bats

45. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentals • Order Scandentia • Order Soricomorpha • Order Dermoptera • Order Chiroptera • 15 Order Macroscelidea elephant shrews black and rufous elephant shrew checkered elephant shrew

46. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentals • Order Scandentia • Order Dermoptera • Order Chiroptera • Order Macroscelidea 16• Order Cingulata ( armadillos) Nine-banded armadillo ( Mexico, C. &S. America, Caribbean) Three-banded armadillo South America

47. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentals • Order Scandentia • Order Dermoptera • Order Chiroptera • Order Macroscelidea • Order Cingulata 17 Order Lagomropha [92/3] ( rabbits, hare, pikas ) Domestic rabbit

48. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentals • Order Scandentia • Order Dermoptera • Order Chiroptera • Order Macroscelidea • Order Cingulata • Order Lagomropha [92/3] 18 Order Rodentia [2278/34] Domestic rat (aka Norway rat) Domestic mouse (aka feeder mice, fancy mice) Grey squirrel

49. Order Rodentia : rodents • 2278 species/ 34 families; 40% of mammals • Large, continuously growing incisors • High reproductive rates • Many colonially living • 3 groups based on jaw muscles • Cavy-like • Squirrel-like • Mouse-like

50. Order Rodentia : rodents Suborder Hystricomorpha (cavy-like) Suborder Sciuromorpha (squirrel-like) Suborder Mymorpha (mouse-like ) 1. Suborder Hystricomorpha (cavy-like) • Capybara,porcupine , chinchilla, naked mole rat,guinea pig (Africa, Asia, Americas) Capybara Domestic guinea pig Chincilla N.A. porcupine

51. Order Rodentia : rodents prairie dogs Grey squirrel Domestic rat 2• Suborder Sciuromorpha (squirrel-like ) Squirrel, beaver, woodchuck, chipmunk, prairie dogs, gophers Global distribution. 3.Suborder Mymorpha (mouse-like) ¼ of all mammal species Mice, rats, voles, lemmings, hamsters, gerbils, muskrat. Woodrat (aka pack rat )

52. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentals • Order Scandentia • Order Dermoptera • Order Chiroptera • Order Macroscelidea • Order Cingulata • Order Lagomropha [92/3] • Order Rodentia [2278/34] 19 Order Erinaceomorpha [24/1] [hedgehogs] European hedgehog long-eared hedgehog

53. Infraclass Eutheria : Placentals • Order Scandentia • Order Dermoptera • Order Chiroptera • Order Macroscelidea • Order Cingulata • Order Lagomropha [92/3] • Order Rodentia [2278/34] • Order Erinaceomorpha [24/1] 20 Order Carnivora [286/15] Most meat-eaters, some omnivores, Binocular vision, good sense of smell & hearing

54. Order Carnivora : carnivores Family Procyonidae (raccoons & allies] Family Felidae [cats, 38 species] • Obligatory carnivores e.g Siberian tiger,Sumatran tiger, African lion,Snow leopard,Fishing cat Family Viverridae (civets, genets,mongooses ) Family Canidae [wolves ,foxes and jackals] Kinkajou Coati (aka coatimundi )

55. Order Carnivora : carnivores Family Mephitidae Family Nandiniidae Family Hyaenida Family Phocidae Family Eupleridae Family Ursidae [ Largest carnivores, Polar bear,Spectacled bear,] Family Ailuridae (true seals) Family Mustelidae (weasels, badgers, & allies) Family Odobenidae [ walruses ] Family Otariidae [Seals , sea lions] Family Herpestidae [mongooses]

56. . , • Order Scandentia [20/2] • Order Dermoptera [2/1] • Order Chiroptera [1116/19] • Order Macroscelidea [15/1] • Order Cingulata [21/1] • Order Lagomropha [92/3] • Order Rodentia [2278/34] • Order Erinaceomorpha [24/1] • Order Carnivora [286/15] 21 Order Primates[376/15] Primates  have well developed hands and feet, with fingers and toes, opposable thumb. have eyes forwards in the head giving them stereoscopic vision Large brains, flatter faces , Shorter snout Based on fossil evidence, the earliest known true primates, represented by the genus  Teilhardina , date to 55.8 million years old

57. Order Primates: primates Family Hominoidea • Apes & humans • Able to swing below branches,No tail,Larger brain than monkeys, Shorter snout Family Hylobatidae [Gibbons] Family Cheirogaleidae [dwarf Lemurs] Family Cercopethicidae [ Old world monkeys, Baboons, macaques, guenon] Family Galagidae [ Galagos ] Family Aotidae [Night monkeys] Family Indriidae [ Wooly lemurs] Family Pethicidae [ titis and sakis ] Family Atelidae [Howlers]

58. Order Primates: primates Primates typically have grasping hands and feet in addition to relatively large brains. They have flatter faces than most other mammals . 350 species/15 families Family Lemuroidea (lemurs] Family Daubentonoidea [aye aye ] Family Lepilemuridae [sportive lemurs] Family Tarsiidae [tarsiers] Family Cebidea [ Squirrel monkeys Black howler monkey, New World monkeys ] Family Hominidea [ Apes & humans] ( Able to swing below branches,No tail, Larger brain than monkeys ,) Squirrel monkeys Black howler monkey lemurs

59. What Distinguishes Humans from Other Animals? Charles Darwin believed we are similar to animals, and merely incrementally more intelligent as a result of our higher evolution. But according to Marc Hauser, director of the cognitive evolution lab at Harvard University,  in contrast to Darwin's theory of a continuity of mind between humans and other species, a profound gap separates our intellect from the animal kind. Hauser and his colleagues have identified four abilities of the human mind that they believe to be the essence of our " humaniqueness " mental traits and abilities that distinguish us from our fellow Earthlings. They are: generative computation, promiscuous combination of ideas, the use of mental symbols, and abstract thought.

60. 1. Generative computation Humans can generate a practically limitless variety of words and concepts. We do so through two modes of operation recursive(allows us to apply a learned rule to create new expressions) and combinatorial( mix different learned elements to create a new concept). 2. Promiscuous combination of ideas "Promiscuous combination of ideas, "allows the mingling of different domains of knowledge such as art, sex, space, causality and friendship thereby generating new laws, social relationships and technologies.“ 3. Mental symbols Mental symbols are our way of encoding sensory experiences. They form the basis of our complex systems of language and communication. We may choose to keep our mental symbols to ourselves, or represent them to others using words or pictures. 4. Abstract thought contemplation of things beyond what we can sense .

61. IMPORTANT FACTS The Kitti’s hog-nosed bat is the smallest mammal weighing no more than 1.5 g (0.05 oz), while the largest mammal in the world is blue whale; the wolves are known to travel 1,000 sq. km (400 sq. mi); the Naked mole rat do not leave one burrow ; the female Virginia opossums litters up to 27 babies; orangutan gives birth to one live baby. None of the aspects of these diverse lives of mammals is random. On the other hand, each individual mammal tries to expand its skill and fitness as compared to their other counterparts, .