Classification of parasites.pptx health t

hyte

1. Classification of parasites Defn ; This refers to the orderly grouping or distinguishing of one parasite from another and two groups of similar parasites by criteria of interest of a parasitologist. The classification of parasites include generic and species names. This system of classification is known as Binomial classification/nomenclature/taxonomy. The name of parasites must be in italics and underlined. Generic beginning with a capital letter e.g. Entamoeba hystolitica. Some parasites e.g. The coccidia are very difficult to group and their classification is usually referred to as Apicomplexa (Normina dubia)

2. Classification suffix commonly used is as follows; Phyla and sub phyla……………………………. a Class…………………………………………………… ea Sb class………………………………………………. ia Order…………………………………………………. ida Sb order…………………………………………….. ina Family………………………………………………... idea, (botany –aceae) (pearse,1936)

3. Importance of classification of parasites For easy identification in the laboratory during diagnosis. For easy allocation of parasites in their specific groups. Its very important for study purposes. It also helps in knowing their lifecycles and infective stages. It enables grouping of parasites with similar characteristics.

4. Parasites are grouped according to the following; Method of reproduction Method of development of the life cycles Method of infection Method of pathogenicity

5. The classification hierarchy Empire>Kingdom>Phylum>Class>Order>Family>Genera>Species>Variety>Strain

6. Classification of protozoa Empire : Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Protozoa (as a case study)

7. General characteristics of protozoa They are unicellular (one celled organisms) They reproduce by binary fission (might be sexual or asexual) Has a limiting cell membrane Cytoplasm is divided into endoplasm and ectoplasm that contain food vacuoles.Food synthesis and storage into glycogen and protein (chromatoidal bodies) occur here. Have one or more nucleus. The nucleus also contains karyosomes (endosomes,nucleolus) and chromatin granules.

8. Sub - Phyla of Protozoa There are 4 sub phyla of medical importance and one of no medical importance; Examples are as follows 1. Sarcomastigophora 2. Sporozoa 3. Cnidospora (No medical importance) 4. Ciliospora 5. Microspora

9. Sb.Phy 1; Sarcomastigophora Sarcomstigophora is divided/grouped in to 2 super classes i.e. Sp class i ; Mastigophora ( class i & ii) Sp class ii ; Sarcodina (class i & ii)

10. Sp class i ; Mastigohora (Flagellates) x-tics; locomotion is mainly by flagella Reproduction is by simple binary fission Trypanosomes and Leishmania posses a kinetoplast. Giardia lamblia is bilatraly symmetrical with 2 nuclei side by side,4 pairs of flagella and 2 axonemes. Its transmitted by consumption of cysts eg. G. lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis has undulating membrane boardered by a flagellum,4 or 5 flagella and an axostyle. Its transmitted sexually.

11. Sp class i ; mastigophora cont’..... Class i; Phytomastigophora ( No med importance) Class ii; Zoomastigophora

12. Class ii ; Zoomastigophora- There are 2 groups; No. Family Genus Species 1. Bodonidae Retortamonas intestinalis 2. Tetramitiidae Embadomonas hominis 3. Hexamitiidae Giardia lamblia 4. Chilomaxtigiidae Chilomastis mensnili 5. Trichomonadiidae Trichomonas vaginalis A. Groups in the intestines and Urogenital tract ( Do not utilize insects as vectors)

13. Class ii ; Zoomastigophora cont’.... No. Family Genus Species 1. Trypanomastiidae Trypanosoma brucei gambiense 2. Trypanomastiidae Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense 3. Trypanomastiidae Trypanosoma cruzi B. Groups in the Tissue and blood flagellates ( Utilize insects as Vectors) (i) - In blood ; Order Kinetoplastiida

14. Class ii ; Zoomastigophora cont’...... No Family Genus Species 1. Trypanomastiidae Leishmania brzilliense 2. Trypanomastiidae Leishmania tropica 3. Trypanomastiidae Leishmania donovani (ii) - In tissues

15. Sp class ii ; Sarcodina (Amoebae) x-tics Consists of shapless mass of moving cytoplasm,divided into clear ectoplasm and granular endoplasm Move by means of pseudopodia Reproduce by binary fission Digested food is stored as chromatoid bodies Form cysts by which they are transmitted

16. Sp class ii ;Sarcodina cont’....... Class i ; Actinopodea (No med importance) Class ii; Rhizopodea Family; Emtamoebidiiae Genus; Entamoeba Species; - histolitica - coli - gingivalis - Dientamoeba fragilis - Iodamoeba butschili - Endolimax nana

17. Sb phy 2; Sporozoa (Apicomplexa) X-tics; They do not have appendages for locomotion They reproduce asexually by schizogony and sexually by sporogony Transmission is by either sporozoites thru insects or ingestion of oocysts as in coccidia

18. Class i ; Telosporea - No locomotor apparatus( Free flowing in the body fluids) Sb class/Order; (a) Gregerina ( No med importance) (b) Coccidia (c) Haemosporina (b) Coccidia; sexual & asexual cycle may occur in the same host. Family; coccidae Genus; (i) Cryptosporidium/Cyclospora Species; parvum,cayetanesis,isospora belli,isospora hominis,Eimeria tanella,Eimeria hominis

19. (C) Haemosporina Genus ; Plasmodium Species; (i) falciparum (ii) ovale (iii) malariae (iv) vivax (v) knowlesi

20. Class ii ; Toxoplasmea Toxoplasma gondii Sarcocystis hominis/lindermani C lass iii ; Haplosporea Pneumocystis carinii - now classified as a fungus causing mycoses Sb Phy 3; Cnidospora ( No med Importance)

21. Sb Phy 4; Ciliospora ( ciliates) X-tics; Move by means of cilia Have 2 dissimilar nuclei (macro & micronucleus) Reproduce by mainly by simple binary fission Form cysts by which they are transmitted. Class ; Ciliatea Order; Suctorea/Suctorida Family; Busamiidae Genus; Balantidium Species ; coli

22. Sb Phy 5; Microspora X-tics Have no locomotor apparatus Reproduce by means of spores Class; Microsporea Order; Microsporida Genus/Species; - Enterocytozoon spp - Encephalitozoon spp - Nosema spp - Microsporidium africanum

23. Phylum 2; Metazoa ( are multicellular) Sb Phy; Helminthes Sp Class; (i) Nematoheminthes( A ) (ii) Platyheminthes( B & C ) Class; (A) Nematoda (B) Cestoda (C) Trematoda Sb class/Order; A (i) Aphasmida (ii) Phasmida B (i) Pseudophlidia (ii) Cyclophilidia C (i) Hermaphroditic (ii) Non- hermaphroditic

24. (A) Nematoda( Round worms) These majority of Nematohelminthes are free living in aquatic or dump environment.However in this sp class, it also includes many species which have become adapted to a parasitic life in either plants or animals, all these species belong class Nematoda General X-tics’ They are non-segmented cylindrical worms that are tapered at both ends and adults worms of the same species are very long. Possess a shinny cutical (skin) which may be smooth,spinned,ridged or rough. The mouth is surrounded by lips and in some species it opens into a bucal cavity which has cutting organs.

25. Nematodes- General x-tics cont’..... They have a simple tubed digestive system which ends in the anus. Sexes are separate with male worms being smaller than females and usually curved ventrally. Females are either viviparous (produce larvae) or oviparous (lay eggs). Nematodes which infect humans live in the tissues or intestinal tract. Tissue nematodes are transmitted mainly by insect vectors while intestinal nematodes are soil transmitted (Geoheminthes) Humans are the most significant hosts of the intestinal nematodes

26. Classification of Nematodes Class; Nematoda Super family(i);...........................Ascaridoidea Species;.......................................Ascaris lumbricoides Super family(ii);...........................Oxyuroidea. Species;.........................................Enterobius vermicularis Super family(iii);.............................Rhabditoidea Species;..........................................Strongyloides stercolaris Super family(iv);..............................Trichinellidea Species;...........................................Trichuris trichura,Trichinella spiralis Super family(v);................................Ancylostomatoidea Species;............................................Hook worm(Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator americanus)

27. (B) - Cestoda (Tape worms-Flat worms) General x-tics of cestodes; - course work (Read more about it)

28. Classification of Cestodes Class; ...............................................Cestoda Order;(A)..........................................Cyclophyllidea Family;(i)...........................................Taenidae Genus;...............................................Taenia Species;.............................................Taenia solium,Taenia saginata,Echinococcus granulosus Family;(ii)..........................................Hymenolepididae Genus;...............................................Hymenolepis Species;.............................................Hymenolepis nana,Hymenolepis diminuta

29. Classification of cestodes cont’................ Order (B)..........................................Pseudophyllidea Family;.............................................Diphylobothridae Genus;..............................................Diphylobothrium Species;.........................................Diphylobothrium latum