Classification of speech sounds.pptx

Classification of speech sounds, phonetics and phonology

1. The production and classifications of speech sounds.

2. How speech sounds are produced? Consonants Definition Classification

3. The speech organs / articulators

4. - At this point, the air may go in either way: It may go into the oral cavity & get out through the mouth Or it may go into the nasal cavity & get out though the nose How are speech sounds produced? - When we are making sounds, the air from the lungs comes up through the windpipe and arrives at the larynx - Then it goes through the vocal cords into the pharynx and up to the uvula

5. Oral sounds vs. Nasal sounds 1. Oral sounds are the sounds in the production of which the soft palate is raised, blocking off the nasal cavity so that the airstream can only get out through the mouth . Eg: /t/, /k/, /f/

6. 2. Nasal sounds are the sounds in the production of which the soft palate is lowered, blocking off the oral cavity so that the airstream can only get out through the nose There are only three nasal sounds in English: /m/, /n, / η / Oral sounds vs. Nasal sounds

7. How are consonant sounds produced? When we are making sounds, if two articulators come together, obstructing the air-stream and the air-stream cannot get out freely, we have consonant sounds E.g. /t/, /p/, /b/, /n/ How are vowel sounds produced? When we are making sounds, if there is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from the larynx to the lips and the air can get out freely, then we have vowel sounds. E.g. / i :/, /α:/, /e/, / ɪ / Consonants vs. Vowels

8. Problem in English : some consonants do not really obstruct the flow of air more than vowels do Eg . the beginning sounds of 'hay' and 'way ' => The classification of sound can be based on their distribution Consonants vs. Vowels

9. How are voiced sounds produced? When we are producing sounds, the air-stream goes through the vocal cords. If the vocal cords come together, obstructing the air-stream, the air-stream cannot get out through them freely and it makes them vibrate , then we have voiced sounds. e.g. /d/, /v/, /m/ How are voiceless sounds produced? When we are making sounds, the air-stream goes through the vocal cords. If the vocal cords come apart, they are open. The air-stream can go out through them freely and it does not make them vibrate, then we have voiceless sounds. e.g. /s/, /t/, / p/ Voiced sounds vs. Voiceless sounds

10. Consonants

11. The sounds in the production of which one articulator moves towards another or two articulators come together, obstructing the air-stream and the air-stream can’t get out free ly Definition

12. In order to form consonants, the air-stream through the vocal cords must be obstructed in some way. Therefore, consonants can be classified according to: the place where the air-stream is obstructed ( the place of articulation ), and the way in which the air-stream is obstructed ( the manner of articulation ) Voice Classification

13. The place of articulation is the location of the obstruction of the air-stream in the articulation of consonants It describes the point at which the articulators actually touch or are at their closest ( Notes : The terms used to describe the sounds are those which denote the place of articulation of the sounds ) According to place of articulation

14. Places Articulators Examples / p /, / b /, / m /, / w / / f /, / v / /θ/ , /ð/ / s /, / z /; / t /, / d /;/ n /;/ l / / j / / k /,/ g /, / ŋ / / h / Bilabial Upper lip + lower lip Labio-dental Upper teeth + lower lip Dental/ Interdental T ongue + teeth Alveolar Alveolar ridge + tongue Palato- alveolar /post alveolar Joint of hard palate and alveolar ridge + tongue Palatal H ard palate+ tongue Velar Soft palate + tongue Glottal Vocal cords According to place of articulation

15. According to place of articulation 1. Bilabials : are the sounds made with the two lips pressed together or coming together. 2. Labio -dentals : are the sounds which are produced with the lower lip touching the upper front teeth.

16. Dentals ( interdentals ) are the sounds which are produced with the tip or blade of the tongue touching the upper front teeth. e.g. Alveolars : are the sounds which are produced with the tip or blade of the tongue touching or approaching the alveolar ridge. e.g.

17. According to place of articulation 5. Palato – alveolars ( Post-alveolar )are the sounds which are produced with the tongue tip or blade coming close to the area between the back of the alveolar ridge and the front of the hard palate. e.g. / r /, / t ∫/; / dʒ /

18. 6. Palatal : is the sound which is produced with the front of the tongue coming close to the hard palate. 7 . Velars : are the sounds which are produced with the back of the tongue touching the soft palate. e.g./ k /, / g /, / η /

19. 8. Glottals : are the sounds which are produced without the active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth. e.g./ h /

20. Manner of articulation is the way in which the air-stream is obstructed or altered in the production of speech sounds. It describes the types of obstruction caused by the narrowing or closure of the articulators. According to manner of articulation

21. According to manner of articulation Movement of Articulators Examples Oral/ stop/plosive Complete closure Fricative Affricate Narrowing, resulting in audible friction Lateral/ Liquid Closure in centre of mouth, air escapes through both sides of the tongue Glide/ Approximant Slight narrowing, not enough to cause friction Nasal Complete closure in the mouth, air escapes through nose Closure, then slow separation

22. 1a. Oral stops (Plosives): are the sounds produced with the air-stream being stopped in the oral cavity and the soft palate is raised blocking off the nasal cavity. Then the two articulators come apart quickly and the air escapes through the oral tract . e.g. /t/, /d/ / p/, /b/ / k/, /g/ According to manner of articulation 1b. Nasal stops (Nasals): they are produced with the air-stream being stopped in the oral cavity but the soft palate is down so that the air can go out through the nose. e.g. /m/, /n/, / η / - A complete closure of articultors or constriction of the air stream - Two articlulators come apart quickly, so a plosion is made

23. 2. Fricatives : are the sounds produc ed with two articulators com ing close together but there is still a small opening between them so the air-stream is partially obstructed and an audible friction noise (a hissing sound) is produced. e.g. /s/, /z/ /f/, /v/ / θ /, / ð / /∫/, / ʒ / According to manner of articulation Notes : Although both oral stops and nasal stops can be classified as “stops”, the term “stop” itself is almost used by phoneticians to indicate an oral stop, and the term “nasal” to indicate a nasal stop.

24. 3. Affricates : are the sounds which are produced when a stop is immediately followed by a fricative. e.g . / t ∫/; / dʒ / According to manner of articulation 4. Lateral/ liquid : is the sound which is made when the air-stream is obstructed at a point along the centre of the oral tract, with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth. e.g./l/ 5. Glide/Approximants : are the sounds in the production of which two articulators come close together but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a friction noise is produced. e.g./j/, /w/, /r/

25. 1. Voiced consonants : are produced when the vocal cords are vibrating. e.g. 2. Voiceless consonants: are produced when the vocal cords are not vibrating. e.g. According to voicing

26. 1. A voiced/voiceless pair such as /s/ and /z/ are distinguished not only by the presence or absence of voice but also by the degree of breath and muscular effort involved in the articulation Fortis vs. Lenis 2. It is generally said that those English consonants which are usually voiced tend to be articulated with relatively weak energy, whereas those which are always voiceless are relatively strong. Thus, the voiceless consonants are sometimes called ‘fortis’ meaning ‘strong ’, and the voice d consonants in opposition are then called ‘ lenis’ meaning ‘weak’. 3. Fortis consonants have the effect of shortening a preceding vowel. The effect is most noticeable in the case of long vowels and diphthong, though it does also affect short vowels. E.g. s ee seed seat

27. / f / voiceless L abio-dental fricative / m / voiced bilabial nasal / k / velar voiceless S top/plosive / d / voiced Describing English consonants alveolar stop

28. Identifying English consonants v oiced velar nasal: voiceless palato-alveolar fricative: voiced bilabial stop: voiced labio-dental fricative: voiced alveolar lateral: voiceless palato-alveolar affricate: voiced dental fricative: / η / / f / / b / / v / / l / /t∫/ /ð/

29. 1. stop 2. Nasal 3. Fricative 4. A ffricate G lide/appximant 1. Bilabial / p /, / b / + /m/ + W + 2. Labio dental / f /, / v / + 3. Interdental 4. P ost alveolar /∫/ , / ʒ / + / t ∫ /, / dʒ / / r /