Classification of temperature fruits

1. PRESENTED BY,
S. SHARVESH,
M.Sc. HORTICULTURE,
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE,
FACULTY OF AGRICULTUR,
ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY.

2. WhatareTemperateFruitPlants?
•Temperatefruitplantsarespecificintheclimatic
requirement.
•Theycantoleratebothdiurnalandseasonalwide
fluctuationoftemperatureandaregrownonlyinplace
wherewinterisdistinctlycold.
•Theyrequireexposureofspecificchillingtemperaturefor
certainperiodtobreakbuddormancyandinitiatebud
break.
•Thesefruitplantsaregenerallydeciduousandsuitableof
higherelevationastheycanwithstandfrost.
•Examples:apple,pear,plum,apricot,almond,peach,
strawberry,walnut,pecannutandcherry.

3. Horticulturalclassificationoftemperatefruits
•Classificationisasystemofplacinganindividualora
numberinvariousgroups,ortocategorizesthem
accordingtoaparticularplanorsequencewhichisin
conformitywiththenomenclature
Classificationhelps:
•Toidentifyandnamethem
•Tofindsomeideaoftheclosenessoftheir
relationship
•Tosuggestwithwhatotherkindtheypossiblymayor
maynotbeinterbredorcrossed
•Tosuggestthekindwithwhichtheypossiblymayor
maynotbeintergrafted
•Tosuggestsoilandculturalrequirementsand
climaticadaptations.

4. 1.Classificationonthebasisofplantstature:
1.Temperatetreefruits:Fruitsborneonthe
treesgrowinginthetemperateclimatessuchas
apple,pear,stonefruitsetc.
2.Temperatesmallfruits:Fruitsgenerallyborne
onthevines,bramblesorherbaceousplants
grownundertemperateclimatelikestrawberry,
craneberry,blackberry,blueberryetc.
3.Temperatenuts:Nutsarecharacterizedby
thehardshelloutside,separatingthekerneland
huskofthefruit.Pecannut,hazelnutandwalnut
aregoodexamplesoftemperatefruitplants
producingnuts.

5. 2.Classificationbasedonfruit
morphology
Dependingonnumberofovariesinvolvedinfruit
formation,fruitsareclassifiedintothreegroups.
(i)Simplefruits
(ii)Aggregatefruits
(iii)Multiple(composite)fruits
Simplefruits:
Simplefruitsarederivedfromasingleovaryof
oneflower.Developedfromsingleflowerwithor
withoutaccessaryorgan

6. Simplefruitsarefurtherclassifiedasfleshyanddryfruits.
SimpleFruits
1.Dehiscent(Nofruitcrop)
2.Indehiscente.g.Nut
3.Schizocarpice.g.lomentum(Temarind)
4.Fleshy
A.Fleshyfruits
1.Pome3.Berry/Becca5.Balausta
2.Drupe4.Hesperidium6.Amphisaria
B.Dryfruit(Indehiscent)
1.Nut

9. A.Fleshyfruits
•Thesearethefruitswhose
pericarp(ovarywall)becomes
fleshyorsucculentatmaturity.
•Thetemperatefleshyfruitsmay
beeitherpomeordrupe.

10. 1.Pome
•Thepomeisaninferior,twoormore
celledfleshy,syncarpousfruit
surroundedbythethalamus.
•Thefruitisreferredasfalsefruitas
theediblefleshypartisnotderived
fromtheovariantissuesbutfrom
externalovariantissuethalamus.
•Examplesoftemperatepomefruits
areapple,pearandquince

11. Fleshy fruit: Pomes
Leathery carpels
Edible portion is receptacle
HORT 319 -Temperate Fruit and Nut
Production

12. Fleshy fruit : Pome(leathery carples, edible portion is receptacles)

14. b.Drupe(stone)
•Thistypeoffruitderivedfromasinglecarpel,
•However,theoliveisanexceptioninthatthe
flowerhastwocarplesandfourovulesbut
onecarpeldevelop.
•Twoovulesareborneinmostofdrupesbut
oneseeddevelops.
•Inthistypeoffruit,thepericarpis
differentiatedintothreedistinctlayers;thin
exocarporpeelofthefruits.
•Themesocarpwhichisfleshyandhardand
stonyendocarp,enclosingseed.

15. •Examplesoftemperatedrupefruits
arecherry,peach,plumandapricot.
•Inalmondatmaturityexocarpand
mesocarpgetseparatedasleatheryin
volucreandareremovedbefore
marketing,onlyendocarpcontaining
theedibleseedisusedhenceitisnut.

16. Fleshy fruit: Drupes
One seeded
Seed within stony endocarp
•Peach, plum, apricot, cherry
–Skin = exocarp
–Eat mesocarp
–Pit = endocarp
HORT 319 -Temperate Fruit and Nut
Production

17. Fleshyfruit:Drupes(oneseeded,seedwithinstonyendocarp)

26. B.Dryfruits:
•Thistypeoffruithasbeenclassifiedon
thebasisofpericarp(ovarywall)at
maturity.
•Theentirepericarpbecomesdryand
oftenbrittleorhardatmaturity.
•Theyaredehiscent(inwhichtheseeds
aredispersedfromfruitatmaturity)and
indehiscent(notsplitopenwhenripe)
•Nutsaretypicalexampleofindehiscent
dryfruits

27. 1.Nut
•Afruitinwhichcarpelwallishardorbonyintexture.
•Fruitisderivedfromanhypogynousflower(filbert)
oranepigynousone(walnut)andisenclosedindry
involucres(husk).
•Itisonlyoneseeded,butinmostcasesinderived
fromtwocarpels.
•Examplesarewalnut,almond,chestnut,hazelnutand
pecannut.
•Dryfruitsarenotjuicyorsucculentwhenmatureand
ripe.
•Whendry,theymaysplitopenanddischargetheir
seeds(calleddehiscentfruits)orretaintheirseeds
(calledindehiscentfruits).

28. Dry fruit
One seeded
Seed within stony endocarp
•Almond
–Mesocarp dries and separates
–Endocarp is hard to soft
–Eat seed
HORT 319 -Temperate Fruit and Nut
Production

29. Dry fruit: Indehiscent
Single carpel
Does not split when ripe
•Achene
–One seeded, free from pericarp
–Strawberry, sunflower
•Nut
–Similar to achene
–Enclosed by pericarp (leathery in chestnut, woody in walnut)
–Husk (shuck) is fusion of sepals, bracts, bracteoles.
HORT 319 -Temperate Fruit and Nut
Production

33. ii.Aggregatefruits
•Aggregatefruitsdevelopfromnumerous
ovariesofthesameflower.
•Fruitdevelopedfromapocarpuspistil
•Itisaggregationsimplefruitsbornbysingle
flower
•Individualovarymaybedrupeorberry.
e.g.etarioofachense(strawberry)
etarioofberry(C’apple),
etarioofdrupes(raspberry,blackberry,
longanberryetc.)

34. Achene
•Aoneseededfruitinwhich
theseedisattachedtoovary
wallatonepoint.
•Exampleisstrawberry.

35. Aggregate Fruit
Many ovules
One flower
HORT 319 -Temperate Fruit and Nut
Production

37. iii.Multiple(composite)fruits
•Multipleorcompositefruitsareproducedfrom
theripenedovariesofseveralflowerscrowded
onthesameinflorescence.
•Asaresultoffusionofnumberofflowers
•Examplesare
1.Sorosisegp’apple,Jackfruit,breadfruit,
mulberry
2.SynconusegFig(Developedfromhypenthodium)

38. Multiple fruit
Many flowers
Along a common axis or inflorescence
HORT 319 -Temperate Fruit and Nut
Production

39. 3.Classificationbasedonbearinghabit
•Theflowerbudiseitherterminalorlateral.
•Baseduponthelocationoffruitbudsandtype
offlowerbearingstructuretowhichtheygive
rise,thetemperatefruitsareclassifiedas
under.
1.Terminalbearer:
•Flowerbudsmixed,floweringshootwith
terminalinflorescences.
•Examplesareapple,pear,walnut(pistillate
flowers)andpecan(pistillateflowers)

40. 2.Lateralbearer:
(a)Flowerbudcontainingflowerpartsonly
e.g.peach,apricot,plum,cherry,almond,
walnut(staminatecatkin)andpecan
(staminatecatkin)
(b)Flowerbudsmixed,floweringshootwith
terminalinflorescencese.gblackberry,
raspberry,blueberry,apple and
pear(occasionally)
(c)Flowerbudsmixed,floweringshootwith
lateralinflorescencese.g.persimmon,
chestnut,pistachionut,craneberry.

41. 4.BasedonFruitGrowthPattern:
Sigmoidpattern:
•Thecombinedgrowthoffruitresultsfrom
celldivision,cellenlargementandair
spaceformationresultsinsigmoidal(S-
shaped)curvewhenfruitweightisplotted
asfunctionoftime.
•Examplesareapple,walnut,pecan,
strawberryandpear

42. Single sigmoidalgrowth curve

43. •Doublesigmoid
•Thefirstslowgrowthperiodcoincideswith
pithardening,duringwhichlignificationof
theendocarp(stone)proceedsrapidly,
whilemesocarpandseedgrowth
suppressed.
•Neartheendofpithardening,fleshcells
enlargerapidlyuntilfruitisripe,afterwhich
growthslowsdownandceases.
•Examplesarepeach,plum,cherryand
kiwifruit

44. Double sigmoidalgrowth curve