Coastal and mangrove vulnerability assessment In the Northern Coast of Java, Indonesia

Presented by Phidju Marrin Sagala (Research Consultant, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.

1. Climate Change Adaptation
and Mitigation with
Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems
Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda
Phidju M. Sagala, Rupesh K. Bhomia, Daniel Murdiyarso
Coastal and mangrove vulnerability assessment
In the Northern Coast of Java, Indonesia

2. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
What is coastal adaptation?
Coastal adaptation involves adjusting our practices in response to
current climate impacts as well as future predictions.
Anthropogenic factors (logging for aquaculture,
mangrove conversion to oil palm, etc) are the main
causes of the global decline in mangrove areas
(Richards & Friess, 2016).
Estimated annual mangrove loss rates were 0.26% -0.66%
from 2000 to 2012, with Indonesia having one of the highest
mangrove loss rates (Hamilton & Casey, 2016).
Why are we evaluating the coast?
Efforts to reduce climate change impact while addressing
underlying causes (Islam et al., 2016)
Photo by: Phidju M. Sagala

3. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Our objectives
•Predefine the extent to which
each variable contributes to
the vulnerability index in the
study area, and
•Provide an overall coastal
and mangrove vulnerability
outcome
Banten
Demak
Banyuwangi
: 19.95 km (42 grids)
: 102.94 km (78 grids)
: 37.03km (35 grids)
Each research location has different
coastal area characteristicsbased on
the parameters observed.
Sagala et al., 2024

4. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Conceptual Framework
The equation for calculating the vulnerability index
coastal and mangrove (Islam et al., 2016;
Mahmood et al., 2020)
CVI = √(a*b*c*d*e*f*g)/n (1)
MVI = √(a*b*c*d*e*f*g*h)/n (2)
CVI: Coastal Vulnerability Index | MVI: Mangrove Vulnerability Index
Sagala et al., 2024

5. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
The results –Each physical parameters
Banten
-2.21 m/yr
Demak
-8.96 m/yr
Banyuwangi
+0.36 m/yr
Shoreline changes rate
Sagala et al., 2024

6. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
The results -CVI
Sagala et al., 2024

7. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
The results -MVI
Sagala et al., 2024

8. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
What are the adaptive
measures at each site?
Adaptation strategy (Western et al., 2011)
•Avoid
•Hold the line
•Managed retreat
•Accommodate
•Loss acceptance

9. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Banten Demak Banyuwangi
Photo by: Phidju M. Sagala

10. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Key Message
•In order (very vulnerable –very low
vulnerable), the results obtained
are:
•Mangroves have an important role
in the survival of humansand
nature.
Demak –Banten -Banyuwangi.

11. CIFOR-ICRAF
CIFOR-ICRAF harnesses the power of trees, forests and agroforestry landscapes
to address the most pressing global challenges of our time -biodiversity loss,
climate change, food security, livelihoods and inequity.Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
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— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Thank you!
[email protected]